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Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

ThispassageisadaptedfromColmTóibín,TheMaster.

?2004byColmTóibín.ThenovelisbasedonthelifeofwriterHenryJames(1843-1916).

OnoneofhisstrollsinRye,HenrystoppedatthedoorofMr.Milson,whoafterthefirstmeetinggreetedhiminstantlyasMr.James,andknewhimastheAmericanwriter,havinghiswalkinaRyehewasslowlygrowingtoadmireandlove.UponhissecondorthirdconversationwithMr.Milson,duringhistimeasaresidentofPointHill,heobservedthathelongedforapermanentspotinthearea,inthecountryside,orindeedinthetownitself.Since

Mr.Milsonenjoyedtalking,andsincehewasnotinterestedinliterarymatters,andsincehehadnotbeentoAmericaandknewnootherAmericans,andsinceHenry’sknowledgeofironmongerywasrudimentary,thetwomendiscussedhouses,oneswhichhadbeenforrentinthepast,otherswhichhadbeenputonthemarketorsoldorwithdrawn,andothers,muchcoveted,whichhadneverbeenboughtorsoldorrentedinlivingmemory.Eachtimehevisited,oncetheyhadinitiatedtheirsubject,

Mr.MilsonshowedhimthecardonwhichHenry’s.Londonaddresswasinscribed.Hehadnotmislaidit,hehadnotforgotten,heinsisted,andthenenticinglywouldmentionsomegreatoldhouse,perfectforabachelor’sneeds,butsorrowfullywouldhavetoadmitthatthehouseremainedfirmlyinitsowner’shandsandseemedunlikelytoleavethemintheforeseeablefuture.

HenryviewedhisconversationswithMr.Milsonasaformofplay,justashisconversationswith

30fishermenaboutthesea,orwithfarmersabouttheharvest,wereformsofpoliterelaxation,awayofdrinkinginEngland,allowingitsflavorstocometohiminphrases,turnsofspeechandlocalreferences.Thusevenwhenheopenedtheletterwhicharrived

35athisLondonaddress,havingnoticedthatthehandwritingontheenvelopewasnotthatofsomeoneaccustomedtowritingletters,andevenwhenhesawthenameMilsonasthesender,hewasstillpuzzledbyitsprovenance.Onlywhenheread

40itasecondtimedidherealizewhoitwasfromandthen,asthoughhehadreceivedablowinthestomach,heunderstoodwhatthelettersaid.LambHouseinRyehadfallenvacant,Milsontoldhim,

andcouldbehad.Hisfirstthoughtwasthathewould

45loseit,thehouseatthequietcorneratthetopofacobbledhillwhosegardenroomEdwardWarrenhaddrawnsolovingly,theestablishmenthehadglancedatsoachinglyandcovetouslyonhismanytoursofRye,ahousebothmodestandgrand,both

50centralandsecluded,thesortofhousewhichseemedtobelongsocomfortablyandnaturallytoothersandtobeinhabitedsowarmlyandfruitfullybythem.

Hecheckedthepostmark.Hewonderedifhisironmongerwasfreelybroadcastingthenewsofthis

55vacancytoallcomers.Thiswas,morethananyother,thehousehelovedandlongedfor.Nothinghadevercomeeasily,magicallylikethis.Hecoulddowhatheliked,hecouldsendacable,hecouldtakethenexttrain,butheremainedsurethathewouldloseit.

60Therewasnopurchase,however,inthinking,or

regrettingorworryingtherewasonlyonesolutionandthatwastorushtoRye,thusinsuringthatnoomissiononhispartcouldcausehimnottobecomethenewinhabitantofLambHouse.

65 BeforehelefthewrotetoEdwardwarren,imploringhimtocometoRyealsoassoonashecouldtoinspecttheinsideofthehousewhoseexteriorhehadsoadmired.ButhecouldnotwaitforWarrenandhecertainlycouldnotwork,andon

70thetrainhewonderedifanyonewatchinghimwouldknowhowmomentousthisjourneywasforhim,howexcitingandhowpotentiallydisappointing.

Heknewthatitwasmerelyahouse;othersboughtandsoldhousesandmovedtheirbelongingswith

75easeandnonchalance.ItstruckhimashetraveledtowardsRyethatnoone,savehimself,understoodthemeaningofthis.Forsomanyyearsnowhehadhadnocountry,nofamily,noestablishmentofhisown,merelyaflatinLondonwhereheworked.

80Hedidnothavethenecessaryshell,andhisexposureovertheyearshadlefthimnervousandexhaustedandfearful.Itwasasthoughhelivedalife

whichlackedafacade,astretchoffrontagetoprotecthimfromtheworld.LambHousewouldofferhim

85beautifuloldwindowsfromwhichtoviewtheoutside;theoutside,inturn,couldpeerinonlyathisinvitation.

1

Overthecourseofthepassage,themainfocusofthenarrativeshiftsfrom

asummaryofthereasonsforHenry’sunhappinessinRyetoadescriptionofhisattempttofindhappinessthere.

adepictionoflifeinthetownofRyetoa

meditationonHenry’sreasonsfordecidingtomovethere.

acontrastbetweenHenry’spersonalityandMr.Milson’spersonalitytoapresentationofanimportantsimilaritybetweenthem.

anaccountofMr.Milson’ssearchforasuitablepropertyforHenrytoaportraitofHenry’smusingsonthemeaningofhavingahome.

2

WhichchoicebestsummarizeswhatislearnedaboutHenryandMr.Milsoninthefirstparagraphofthepassage?

Henryisdesperatetomovetothearea;therefore,Mr.MilsontellshimaboutchoicepropertiesthatareavailableforHenrytorent.

Theyhavelittleincommon;therefore,theytalkabouthousesintheareathatmaybeofinteresttoHenry.

Mr.Milsonisnotfondofnewarrivals;therefore,heengagesinsincerelyindiscussionswithHenry.

TheyarebothnewtoRye;therefore,theyagreetocollaborateinordertohelpeachotherfindplacestolive.

3

Whichchoicemostcloselycapturestheliteralmeaningofthefigurative“favors”referredtoinline32?

Thequalitiesofanobjectthatservetomakeitmemorable

Thefeaturesofanenvironmentthatappealmostdirectlytothesenses

Theaspectsofaplacethatgiveititsparticularcharacter

Thecharacteristicsofalocalethataccountforitspopularity

4

ThepassageindicatesthatHenryhaswhichreactionwhenhereceivesMr,Milson’sletter?

HehopestheletterhascomefromsomeoneotherthanMr.Milson.

Heinitiallyfailstoappreciatetheletter’ssignificance.

Hesuspectsthelettercontainsbadnews.

Heassumestheletterwillcommunicatefalseinformation.

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ThepassagesuggeststhatafterreadingandunderstandingMr.Milson’sletter,Henry

wondersifMr.Milsonisactuallyknowledgeableaboutthepropertyinquestion.

regretsnothavingpaidmoreattentiontothehouseMr.Milsonisreferringto.

suspectsthatMr.Milsonmaynotbelookingoutexclusivelyforhisbestinterests.

%)remainsconfusedaboutMr.Milson’smotivationforhelpinghim.

6

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines34-39(“Thus...provenance”)

Lines39-42(“Only...said”)

Lines53-55(“Hewondered...comers”)

Lines55-56(“This...for”)

WhichchoicebestsupportstheclaimthatHenryfeelsthathislifehasbeencharacterizedbyastruggleattainthingsthathedesired?

Lines56-57(“Nothing...this”)

Lines60-64(“Therewas...House”)

Lines68-72(“Buthe...disappointing”)

Lines73-75(“Heknew...nonchalance”)

9

Thelastparagraphmainlyservesto

sketchasetofeventsthatcarryHenry’sadventuretoitslogicalconclusion.

providecontextthatexplainsHenry’sparticularaspiration.

createamoodofanticipationthatheightensthedramaofHenry’sarrival.

describeanenvironmentthatwillserveasthenewsettingforHenry’sexperiences.

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ItcanbeinferredthatHenryfearsthathewilllosethepossibilityofbeingabletoliveinLambHousebecausehe

realizesthathiscommitmentsinLondonwilldelayhistravels.

cannotbelievethatawishhefeelssointenselycouldpossiblybefulfilled.

worriesthathistreatmentofMr,Milsonmayhavecompromisedhischances.

realizesthathisinnateindecisivenessmightcausehimtodoubthisownjudgment.

Thewords“shell,”“exposure,”“facade,”and“frontage”inlines81-83primarilyserveto

establishaparallelbetweenaspectsofHenry’spersonalityandcertainfeaturesofhouses.

identifysomeofthearchitecturalfeaturesthatfirstmadeLambHouseattractivetoHenry.

emphasizeacontrastbetweenLambHouseandtheotheravailablehousesinRye.

provideametaphorforHenry’spessimismaboutbeingabletoacquirethehousehedesires.

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Questions11-21arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.

Thispassageandaccompanyingfigureareadaptedfrom

WorldDevelopmentReport2015Mind,Society,andBehavior.

?2015byInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank.

Behindeveryinterventionliesanassumptionabouthumanmotivationandbehavior.WhenatunnelprovidingwatertothecityofBogotá,Colombia,partiallycollapsedin1997,triggeringawatershortage,thecitygovernmentdeclaredapublicemergencyandinitiatedacommunicationprogramtowarninhabitantsofthethreatofacrisis:70percentofthecitywouldbeleftwithoutwaterifcurrentwaterusewasnotreduced.

Thecity’sstrategywasbasedontheassumptionthatifindividualswereinformedofthesituation,theywouldadjusttheirbehaviorandreduce

usage—afterall,noonewantstobewithoutwater.Buttheassumptionwaswrong.Infact,thecity’sstrategyincreasedwaterconsumption.Manypeopledidnotchangetheirbehaviorbecausetheydidnotthink

theycouldmakeadifferenceanddidnotknowwhichstepsweremostimportant.Somepeopleevenstartedtostockpilewater.

Recognizingthemistakeinitsassumptions,thecitygovernmentchangeditsstrategy.First,thegovernmentremindedpeopletotakeactionbyconservingwaterattimeswhentheyweremostlikelytooveruseit.StickersfeaturingapictureofastatueofSanRafael—whichwasthenameoftheemergencyreservoirthecitywasrelyingonafterthetunnelcollapse—weredistributedthroughoutthecity.

Peoplewereaskedtoplaceastickerbythefaucetthataparticularhousehold,office,orschoolusedmostfrequently.Thestickersmadetheneedtoconservewateratalltimessalient.Dailyreportsofthecity’swaterconsumptionwereprominentlypublishedinthecountry’smajornewspapers.Thereportsbecame

apartofpublicdiscussionsabouttheemergency.

Second,thecitygovernmentlaunchedengagingandentertainingcampaignstoteachindividualsthe

mosteffectivetechniquesforhouseholdwaterconservation.Thecampaignscontainedmemorableslogansandorganized4,000youthvolunteerstogothroughoutthecitytoinformpeopleabouttheemergencyandteachthemeffectivestrategiestoreduceconsumption.ThemayorhimselfappearedinaTVadtakingashower,explaininghowthetapcouldbeturnedoffwhilesoaping.

45 Third,thecitygovernmentpublicizedinformationaboutwhowascooperatingandwhowasnot.ThechiefexecutiveofficerofthewatercompanypersonallyawardedhouseholdswithexceptionalwatersavingsaposterofSanRafaelwith

50thelegend,“Herewefollowarationalplanforusingthepreciousliquid.”Theseawardsweremadevisibleinthemedia.Threemonthslater,whenasecondtunnelcollapsedinthereservoir,thecityimposedsanctionsfordespilfarradores(squanderers),those

55withthehighestlevelsofoverconsumption.While

thesanctionswereminor—squanderershadtoparticipateinawater-savingworkshopandweresubjecttoanextradayofwatercuts—theywereneverthelesseffectivebecausetheytargetedhighly

60visibleactors.Car-washingbusinesses,althoughcollectivelynotamajorsourceofwaterwaste,weretheprimarytargets.

Theassumptionunderlyingthenewstrategywasthatconservationwouldimproveifthecitycreateda

65greaterscopeforsocialrewardsandpunishmentsthathelpedtoreassurepeoplethatachievingthepublicgood—continuedaccesstowater—waslikely.Thistime,theassumptionwascorrect.Thechangeinstrategyhelpedtocreateasocialnormofwater

70conservation.Bytheeighthweekofthecampaign,citywidewatersavingshadsignificantlyexceededeventhemostoptimistictechnicalpredictions.Moreover,thereductionsinwaterusepersistedlongafterthetunnelwasrepairedandtheemergencyhad

75beenaddressed.

WaterdemandinBogotáColombia,1997-2009

Year

11

14

Themainpurposeofthepassageisto

analyzetheunderlyingreasonsforacity’senvironmentalchallenges.

comparethestrategiesusedbyacityinmanagingtwoemergencies.

promotethetechnologyusedbyacityintocopewithanongoingdifficulty.

discussaneffectivecityinitiativetoaddressacriticalsituation.

Thepassageimpliesthatthecity’sfirstattempttoaddressthewatershortagewasinadequateinthatitfailedto

applyconservationmeasuresconsistentlytoallneighborhoods.

explaintoresidentshowtomakethebestofthenewinformation.

establishamechanismbywhichresidentsdemonstratetheircompliance.

instructresidentsaboutthelong-termdangersofthesituationathand.

12

Whichchoicebestdescribestheoverallstructureofthepassage？

Acomplexproblemisdescribed,afailedattempt

toresolvethatproblemissummarized,andthenthedetailsofasuccessfulresolutionarepresented.

Along-termdilemmaisdiscussed,two

differentsolutionstothatdilemmaareexplored,andthenastudyofthecostofeachsolutionisconsidered.

Arecurrentconflictisexamined,apopularmeansofaddressingthatconflictiscriticized，andthenaseeminglyoutdatedmethodischampioned.

Amajorprogramisoutlined,severalobstaclestothatprogram’sfeasibilityareanalyzed,andthenanargumentforwhytheprogramcanworkisarticulated.

13

Whichchoicebestsupportstheclaimthatcreativetacticswereemployedtoencouragepeopleto

conservewater?

Lines2-9(“When...reduced”)

Lines10-13(“Thecity’s...water”)

Lines21-24(“First...overuseit”)

Lines42-44(“Themayor...soaping”)

15

Asusedinline18,“steps”mostnearlymeans

measures.

strides.

stairs.

phrases.

16

Accordingtothepassage,thepurposeofthestickersdistributedbytheBogotácitygovernmentwasto

remindpeopleoftheongoingneedtoavoidwastingwater.

cautionpeopleaboutthepossibilityoffuturecrises

inspirePeopletotakeprideintheircity’sconservationefforts.

rewardpeopleforsucceedingatwaterconservation.

17

Asusedinline58,“cuts”mostnearlymeans

channels.

reductions.

grades.

shares.

’

18

20

TheconclusionbestdrawnfromtheresultsoftheBogotácitygovernment’scampaignisthatpeopleare

moreresponsivetopraisethantopunishmentinmostsituations.

interestedinlearningaboutnewsubjectsifhelpfulinformationalmaterialisavailable.

abletoeducateeachotherregardingthemosteffectivemeansofhandlingemergencies.

willingtoadoptnewbehaviorsifadequateincentivesareprovided.

19

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines33-34(“Thereports...emergency”)

Lines47-51(“Thechief...liquid”)

Lines63-68(“Theassumption...correct”)

Lines70-72(“Bythe...predictions”)

Accordingtothefigure,waterdemandinBogotáin2005wasapproximately

14cubicmeters/second.

14.25cubicmeters/second.

14.5cubicmeters/second.

14.75cubicmeters/second

21

Accordingtothedatapresentedinthefigure,waterdemandinBogotáisbestdescribedashaving

droppedconsiderablyfrom1999to2002.

risendramaticallyfrom2000to2001.

declinedsteadilyfrom2002to2004.

remainedstablefrom2007to2009.

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Questions22-32arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.

ThispassageisadaptedfromEdYong,”RazzleDazzle’Em.”

?2014byReedBusinessInformationLtd.

In1909,theprevailingbeliefwasthatanimalshidthemselvesbymatchingtheirsurroundings.ThenthepainterandnaturalistAbbottHandersonThayersuggestedadifferentmechanismwasatwork:highlyconspicuousmarkings,suchasthezebra’sstripesandtheoystercatcher’sblack-and-whiteplumage,areactuallydisguises.Predators,hereasoned,locatetheirpreybylookingfortheiroutlines,soanimalswithhigh-contrastmarkingsthatdisrupttelltaleedgesandcreatefalseonescanevadedetection.

Withthisandotherideasaboutanimalmarkings,Thayerearnedhimselfthetitle“fatherofcamouflage”.Butalthoughdisruptivecamouflagewascitedincountlesstextbooks,itremainedlargelyuntesteduntil2005,whenInnesCuthill,MartinStevensandtheircolleaguesattheUniversityofBristol,UnitedKingdom,devisedanexperimentusingfakemothsmadefrompapertriangles.Bypinningthemtooaktrees,theresearchersfoundthat“moths”withblackmarkingsontheiredgeswerelesslikelytobeattackedbybirdsthanthosewithcentralmarkingsoruniformcolors.“Itshowedthatdisruptionwasindeedaverygoodwayofbeinghidden,”saysStevens,nowattheUniversityofExeter,UnitedKingdom.Usingasimilarapproach,heandCuthilllaterdiscoveredthathigh-contrastmarkingsbecomelesseffectiveoncetheircontrastexceedsthatinthecreatures’naturalenvironment.

Onewaytoavoidthisisforsomepartsofthebodytoblendinwhileothersstandout.

CuthillandStevensrevivedinterestindisruptivecamouflage,butthefirstrealinsightsintojusthowitworkscameonlylastyear.RichardWebsteratCarletonUniversityinOttawa,Canada,askedvolunteerstosearchforvirtualmothsonacomputerscreenwhileaneye-trackermonitoredtheirgaze.“Wecouldalmostgetinsidepeople’seyes,”hesays.Hefoundthatthemorepatchesmothshadontheiredges,themoreoftenvolunteersfailedtonoticethem,andtheyneededtofixatetheirgazeon

Themforlongertohaveanychanceofspottingthem.Theeye-trackingvindicatedThayeragain:bybreakingupananimal’soutline,disruptivecamouflagedoesimpairapredator’sabilitytospotitsprey.

Althoughinstructive,theexperimenthadanobviousshortcoming:humansdonotpreyonmoths,letalonecomputer-generatedones.Totestwhetherdisruptivecolouringfoolsitsintendedaudience,

50Stevenshasstartedfieldtrials.InZambiaandSouthAfrica,histeamisstudyingground-nestingbirdsthatrelyondisruptivecamouflage,includingnightjarsandplovers.Histeammeasuresthepatternsonthebirds’featherstoquantifyhowwellhiddentheyare

55intheirenvironment.Theyalsotrackthebirds’survivaltodeterminehoweffectivelytheyevadepredators.

Nightjarsandploversaredifficulttospotinthefirstplace,sotheresearchershaveemployedsharp-

60sightedlocalguidestohelpfindthem.Thisraisesthequestionofwhetherpredators,liketheguides,mightbelesseasilyfooledbydisruptivemarkingsastheybecomemorefamiliarwiththem.Lastyear,Stevensandhisteamfoundthatpeopledograduallyget

65betteratspottingvirtualmoths,especiallyiftheyseeseveralatthesametime.Hesuspectsthatthevolunteerslearntostopthefutilesearchforoutlines,andinsteadstartscanningforthehigh-contrastmarkings.

70 Whethernon-humanpredatorsadoptthesametacticishardtosay.Theymaynotevenseecamouflagemarkingsinthesamewaythatwedo.Butifpredatorscanlearntoseethroughdisruptivecamouflage,itwouldsuggestthatthisconcealment

75strategyismorelikelytoevolveinpreythatfaceshort-livedorgeneralistpredatorsthanlong-livedorspecialistones.

Figure1

SurvivalProbability

ofVirtualMothTargets

Numberofedgepatches

Figure2

SearchTimetoDetectVirtualMothTargets

Numberofedgepatches

FiguresadaptedfromRichardJ.Websteretal,“DisruptiveCamouflageImpairsObjectRecognition.”?2013byRichardJ.Websteretal.

22

Themainpurposeofthepassageisto

explainhowpredatorsareabletohuntanimalsthatusedisruptivecamouflageasadefense.

explorehowdisruptivecamouflagehelpsscientiststrackwingcolorationpatternsinmoths.

discusstheimplicationsofseveralscientificstudiesconcerningdisruptivecamouflage.

defendatheoryregardingdisruptivecamouflageagainstitscritics.

24

Thepassageprovidesachronologicalaccountofhowscientists

increasedtheirunderstandingofaparticularcamouflagestrategy.

acceptedandthenrejectedsuccessivecamouflagemechanisms.

graduallylostinterestincamouflage-relatedresearch.

steadilyincorporatedhumansubjectsintocamouflage-relatedresearch.

25

WhichchoicebeststatestherelationshipbetweenCuthillandStevens’sworkandThayer’swork?

CuthillandStevensprovidedempiricalsupportforThayer’stheory.

CuthillandStevensrefinedthelogicunderlyingThaver’sassumptions.

CuthillandStevenscontinuedanexperientialprocedurethathadbeenintroducedbyThayer.

CuthillandStevenspopularizedanideaofThayer’sthathadbeenlargelyoverlooked.

26

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion

Lines11-13(“With...ofcamouflage”)

Lines13-18(“But...triangles”)

Lines25-28(“Using...environment”)

Lines29-30(“One...out”)

23

Theauthor’scentralclaimaboutdisruptivecamouflageisthatitis

readilyneutralizedbyscanningforoutlines.

aonce-effectiveprotectionstrategythathasbecomeobsolete.

aviabledefenseagainstparticularpredators.

mostusefulwhenitemployscolorsthatdifferfromtheenvironment.

27

31

Theauthormostlikelyusestheword“countless”(line14)to

describethevarietyoftextbookstowhichcamouflageresearchershavecontributedmaterial.

emphasizethewidespreadandlong-standingacceptanceofanuntestedtheoryofcamouflage.

characterizethenumberofdifferentcamouflagepatternsobservedinnature.

D suggesttheimpracticalityofstudyingcamouflagepatternsineveryrelevantspecies.

Thedatainfigurebestsupportwhichstatementaboutthemeanprobabilityofsurvivalforthevirtualmoths?

Itisdirectlycorrelatedwiththetotalnumberofvirtualmothsthatarepresent.

Itiseasiertodeterminethanisthenumberofedgepatchesthatarepresent.

Iteventuallystartstodecreaseasthenumberofedgepatchesincreases.

Itincreaseswiththenumberofpatchesthatarepresent.

28

32

Asusedinline22,“uniform”mostnearlymeans

indistinguishable.

simple.

unvarying.

symmetric.

Accordingtothedatapresentedinfigure2,whatwasthemeansearchtime,inseconds,tolocatevirtualmothswithexactlyfiveedgepatches?

2

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Inthepassage,theauthorsuggeststhathumansandnonhumanpredatorsmaydifferintheirabilitytoperceive

perceivevisualpatterns.

detectsmallmotions.

locateground-nestingbird.

hearhigh-pitchedsounds.

30

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines38-41(“Hefound...spottingthem”)

Lines46-50(“Although...trials”)

Lines63-69(“Last...markings”)

Lines70-72(“Whether...do”)

Questions33-42arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Passage1isadaptedfromaspeechdeliveredtotheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyin1948byEleanorRoosevelt,“OntheAdoptionoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.”Passage2isadaptedfromEricPosner,“TheCaseagainstHumanRights.”?2014byGuardianNewsandMediaLimited.

40 ThisDeclarationisbaseduponthespiritualfactthatmanmusthavefreedominwhichtodevelophisfullstatureandthroughcommonefforttoraisethelevelofhumandignity.Wehavemuchtodotofullyachieveandtoassuretherightssetforthinthis

45Declaration.Buthavingthemputbeforeuswiththemoralbackingof58nationswillbeagreatstepforward.

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Passage1

Ingivingourapprovaltothedeclarationtoday,it

isofprimaryimportancethatwekeepclearlyinmindthebasiccharacterofthedocument.Itisnotatreatyitisnotaninternationalagreement.Itisnotanddoesnotpurporttobeastatementoflaworoflegalobligation.ItisaDeclarationofbasicprinciplesofhumanrightsandfreedoms,tobestampedwiththeapprovaloftheGeneralAssemblybyformalvoteofitsmembers,andtoserveasacommonstandardofachievementforallpeoplesofallnations.

WestandtodayatthethresholdofagreateventbothinthelifeoftheUnitedNationsandinthelifeofMankind,...

Atatimewhentherearesomanyissuesonwhichwefinditdifficulttoreachacommonbasisofagreement,itisasignificantfactthat58stateshavefoundsuchalargemeasureofagreementinthecomplexfieldofhumanrights.ThismustbetakenastestimonyofourcommonaspirationfirstvoicedintheCharteroftheUnitedNationstoliftmen

everywheretoahigherstandardoflifeandtoagreaterenjoymentoffreedom.Man’sdesireforpeaceliesbehindthisDeclaration.TherealizationthattheflagrantviolationofhumanrightsbyNaziand

Fascistcountriessowedtheseedsofthelastworld

warhassuppliedtheimpetusfortheworkwhichbringsustothemomentofachievementheretoday.

InarecentspeechinCanada,GladstoneMurraysaid:

Thecentralfactisthatmanisfundamentallyamoralbeing,thatthelightwehaveisimperfect

doesnotmattersolongaswearealwaystryingtoimproveit...weareequalinsharingthemoralfreedomthatdistinguishesusasmen.

Man’sstatusmakeseachindividualanendinhimself.Nomanisbynaturesimplytheservantofthestateorofanotherman...theidealand

factoffreedom—andnottechnology—arethetruedistinguishingmarksofourcivilization.

Passage2

Manypeoplearguethattheincorporationoftheideaofhumanrightsintointernationallawisoneof

50thegreatmoralachievementsofhumanhistory.Becausehumanrightslawgivesrightstoallpeopleregardlessofnationality,itdeprivesgovernmentsoftheirtraditionalripostewhenforeignerscriticisethemforabusingtheircitizens–namely

55“sovereignty”(whichislaw-speakfor“noneofyourbusiness”).Thus,internationalhumanrightslawprovidespeoplewithinvaluableprotectionsagainstthepowerofthestate.

Andyetitishardtoavoidtheconclusionthat

60governmentscontinuetoviolatehumanrightswithimpunity.Why,forexample,domorethan

150countries(outof193countriesthatbelongtotheUN)engageintorture?Whyhasthenumberofauthoritariancountriesincreasedinthelastseveral

65years?Whydowomenremainasubordinateclassinnearlyallcountriesoftheworld?Whydochildrencontinuetoworkinminesandfactoriesinsomanycountries?

Thetruthisthathumanrightslawhasfailedto

70accomplishitsobjectives.Thereislittleevidencethathumanrightstreaties,onthewhole,haveimprovedthewellbeingofpeople.Therea