Part (30ThedigitalPartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15SevenwaytoSavetheForgettheoldideathatconservingenergyisaformofself-denial—ridingbicycles,dimmingthelights,andtakingfewershowers.Thesedaysconservationisallaboutefficiency:gettingthesame—orbetter—resultsfromjustafractionoftheenergy.WhenaslumpinbusinesstravelforcedUlrichRamertocutcostsathisfamily—ownedhotelinGermany,hereplacedhundredsofthehotel’swastefullightbulbs,gettingthesamelightfor80percentlesspower.Heboughtanewwaterboilerwithadigitallycontrolledpump,andwrappedinsulationaroundthepipes.Spendingabout￡100,000ontheseandotherimprovements,heslashedhis￡90,000fuelandpowerbillby￡60,000.Asabonus,thehotel’slowerenergyneedshavereduceditsannualcarbonemissionsbymorethan200metrictons.“Forus,savingenergyhasbeenvery,veryprofitable,”hesays.“Andmostimportantly,we’renotgivingupasinglecomfortforourEfficiencyisalsoagreatwaytolowercarbonemissionsandhelpslowglobalwarming.Butthebestargumentforefficiencyisitscost—or,moreprecisely,itsprofitability.That’sbecausequicklygrowingenergydemandrequiresimmenseinvestmentinnewsupply,nottomentionthedrainofrisingenergyprices.Nowonderefficiencyhasmovedtothetopofthepoliticalagenda.OnJan.10,theEuropeanUnionunveiledaplantocutenergyuseacrossthecontinentby20percentby2020.LastMarch,Chinaimposeda20percentincreaseinenergyefficiencyby2020.EvenGeorgeW.Bush,theTexasoilman,isexpectedtotalkaboutenergyconservationinhisStateoftheUnionspeechthisweek.Thegoodnewsisthattheworldisfullofproven,cheapwaystosaveenergy.Herearetheseventhatcouldhavebiggestimpact.Spaceheatingandcoolingeatsup36percentofalltheworld’senergy.There’svirtuallynolimittohowmuchofthatcanbesaved,asprototype“zero-energyhomes”inSwitzerlandandGermanyhaveshown.There’sbeenasurgeinnewwaysofkeepingheatinandcoldout(orviceversa).Themostadvancedinsulationfollowsthelawofincreasingreturns:ifyouaddenoughyoucanscaledownoreveneliminateheatingandair-conditioningequipment,loweringcostsevenbeforeyoustartsavingonutilitybills.Studieshaveshownthatgreenworkplaces(onesthatdon’tconstantlyneedtohavetheheatorair-conditionerrunning)havehigherworkerproductivityandlowersickrates.ChangeLightingeatsup20percentoftheworld’selectricity,ortheequivalentofroughly600,000tonsofcoaladay.Fortypercentofthatpowersold-fashionedincandescentlightbulbs—a19th-centurytechnologythatwastesmostofthepoweritconsumesonunwantedheat.Compactfluorescentlamps,orCFLS,notonlyuse75to80percentlesselectricitythanincandescentbulbstogeneratethesameamountoflight,buttheyalsolast10timeslonger.Phasingoldbulbsoutby2030wouldsavetheoutputof650powerplantsandavoidthereleaseof700milliontonsofcarbonintotheatmosphereeachyear.ComfortWaterboilers,spaceheatersandairconditionershavebeennotoriouslyinefficient.Theheatpumphasalteredthatequation.Itremovesheatfromtheairoutsideorthegroundbelowandusesittosupplyheattoabuildingoritswatersupply.Inthesummer,thesystemcanbereversedtocoolbuildingsaswell.MostnewresidentialbuildingsinSwedenarealreadyheatedwithground-sourceheatpumps.Suchsystemsconsumealmostnoconventionalfuelatall.Severalcountrieshaveusedsubsidiestojump-startthemarket,includingJapan,wherealmostImillionheatpumpshavebeeninstalledinthepasttwoyearstoheatwaterforshowersandhottubs.RemakeFromsteelmillstopaperfactories,industryeatsupaboutathirdoftheworld’senergy.Theopportunitiestosavearevast.InLudwigshafen,GermanchemicalsgiantBASFrunsaninterconnectedcomplexofmorethan200chemicalfactories,whereheatproducedbyonechemicalprocessisusedtopowerthenext.AttheLudwigshafensitesitealone,suchrecyclingofheatandenergysavesthecompany￡200millionayearandalmosthalfitsCO2emissions.NowBASFisdoingthesamefornewplantsinChina.“Optimizing(優(yōu)化)energyefficiencyisadecisivecompetitiveadvantage,”saysBASFCEOJurgenHambrecht.GreenAquarteroftheworld’senergy---includingtwothirdsoftheannualproductionofoil—isusedfortransportation.Somesavingscomefreeofcharge:youcanboostfuelefficiencyby6percentsimplybykeepingyourcar’stiresproperlyinflated(充氣).Gasoline-electrichybrid(混合型的)modelsliketheToyotaPriusimprovemileagebyafurther20percentoverconventionalmodels.ABetterMorethanhalfofallresidentialpowergoesintorunninghouseholdappliances,producingafifthoftheworld’scarbonemissions.Andthat’strueeventhoughmanufacturershavealreadyhikedtheefficiencyofrefrigeratorsandotherwhitegoodsbyasmuchas70percentsincethe1980s.AccordingtoanInternationalEnergyAgencystudy,ifconsumerschosethosemodelsthatwouldsavethemthemostmoneyoverthelifeoftheappliance,they’dcutglobalresidentialpowerconsumption(andtheirutilitybills)by43percent.FlexibleWhosaysyouhavetopayforallyourconservationinvestments?“Energyservicecontractors”willpayforretrofitting（翻新改造）inreturnforashareoftheclient’sannualutility-billsavings.InBeijing.ShenwuThermalEnergyTechnologyCo.specializesinretrofittingChina’ssteelfurnaces.Shenwuputsuptheinitialinvestmenttoinstallaheatexchangerthatpreheatstheairgoingintothefurnace,slashingtheclient’sfuelcosts.Shenwupocketsacutofthosesavings,sobothShenwuandtheclientprofit.Ifsavingenergyissoeasyandprofitable,whyisn’teveryonedoingit?Ithasdowithpsychologyandalackofinformation.Mostofustendtolookattoday’spricetagmorethantomorrow’spotentialsaving.Thatholdsdoubleforthelandlordordeveloper,whowon’tactuallyseeapennyofthesavingshisinvestmentinbetterinsulationorabetterheatingsystemmightgenerate.Inmanypeople’sminds,conservationisstillassociatedwithself-denial.Manyenvironmentalistsstillpushthatview.Smartgovernmentscanhelppushthemarketintherightdirection.TheEU’s1994lawonlabelingwassuchasuccessthatitextendedthesameideatoentirebuildingslastyear.Toboostthemarketvalueofefficiency,allnewbuildingsarerequiredtohavean“energypass”detailingpowerandheatingconsumption.CountrieslikeJapanandGermanyhavesuccessivelytightenedbuildingcodes,requiringanincreaseininsulationlevelsbutleavingituptobuilderstodecidehowtomeetthem.Themostpowerfulincentives,ofcourse,willcomefromthemarketitself.Overthepastyear,sky-highfuelpriceshavefocusedmindsonefficiencylikeneverbefore.Ever-increasingpressuretocutcostshasfinallyforcedmorecompaniestodosomemathontheirenergyuse.Willitbeenough?Withglobaldemandandemissionsrisingsofast,wemaynothaveanychoicebuttotry.Efficienttechnologyisherenow,provenandcheap.Comparedwithallotheroptions,it’sthebiggest,easiestandmostprofitablebangforthebuck.WhatissaidtobebestwaytoconserveenergyRaising B)CuttingunnecessaryC)Findingalternative D)SacrificingsomepersonalWhatdoestheEuropeanUnionplantoDiversifyenergy B)CutenergyC)Reducecarbon D)RaiseproductionRaiseproductionIfyouaddenoughinsulationtoyourhouse,youmaybeable improveyourwork B)cutyourutilitybillsbyC)getridofair- D)enjoymuchbetterHowmuchofthepowerconsumedbyincandescentbulbsisconvertedintoAsmall B)Some40 C)Almost D)75to80Somecountrieshavetriedtojump-startthemarketofheatpumps upgradingtheequipmentB)encouraginginvestmentsC)implementinghigh-techD)providingGermanchemicalsgiantBASFsaves￡200millionayear recyclingheatand B)settingupfactoriesinC)usingthenewest D)reducingtheCO2emissionsofitsGlobalresidentialpowerconsumptioncanbecutby43percent weincreasetheinsulationofwallsandwaterWechoosesimplermodelsofelectricalWecutdownontheuseofrefrigeratorsandotherwhiteWechoosethemostefficientmodelsofrefrigeratorsandotherwhiteEnergyservicecontractorsprofitbytakingapartof Manyenvironmentalistsmaintaintheviewthatconservationhasmuchtodo Thestrongestincentivesforenergyconservationwillderive PartIIIListeningComprehension SectionAA)Proceedinhisown B)SticktotheoriginalC)Compromisewithhis D)Trytochangehiscolleague’sA)Maryhasakeeneyefor B)NancyregretsbuyingtheC)NancyandMarywentshoppingtogetherin D)NancyandMaryliketofollowthelatestA)Washthe B)GototheC)PickupGeorgeand D)TakeherdaughtertoA)Sheenjoysmakingupstoriesaboutother B)ShecanneverkeepanythingtoherselfforC)Sheiseagertosharenewswiththe D)SheisthebestinformedwomaninA)Acar B)A C)Adriving D)AtechnicalA)Theshoppingmallhasbeendeserted B)ShopperscanonlyfindgoodstoresintheC)Lotsofpeoplemovedoutofthedowntown D)Thereisn’tmuchbusinessdowntownA)Hewillhelpthewomanwithher B)TheloungeisnotaplaceforhimtostudyC)Hefeelssleepywheneverhetriesto D)AcozyplaceisratherhardtofindonA)Toprotectherfromgetting B)TohelprelieveheroftheC)Topreventmosquito D)ToavoidgettingQuestions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)Ina B)Inaclothing C)Atabeach D)AtafashionA)Tolivethere B)TostaythereforhalfaC)Tofindabetterjobtosupport D)TosellleathergoodsforaBritishA)Designingfashionitemsforseveral B)Modelingforaworld-famousItalianC)Workingasanemployeefor D)ServingasasalesagentforA)Ithasseenasteadydeclineinits B)IthasbecomemuchmoreC)Ithaslostmanycustomerstoforeign D)IthasattractedlotmoredesignersfromA)Ithelpshertoattractmorepublic B)ItimprovesherchanceofgettingC)Itstrengthensherrelationshipwith D)ItenableshertounderstandpeopleA) B) C) D)A)Itkeepshauntingherdayand B)HerteachingwassomewhataffectedbyC)Itvanishesthemomentshestepsintoher D)HermindgoesblankonceshegetsontheSectionBQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)TowinoverthemajorityofpassengersfromairlinesintwentyToreformrailroadmanagementinwesternEuropeanToelectrifytherailwaylinesbetweenmajorEuropeanTosetupanexpresstrainnetworkthroughoutA)MajorEuropeanairlinerwillgoEuropeanswillpaymuchlessforTravelingtimebytrainbetweenmajorEuropeancitieswillbecutbyTrainswillbecomethesafestandmostefficientmeansoftravelinA)TraintravelwillprovemuchmorecomfortablethanairPassengerswillfeelmuchsaferonboardatrainthanonaRailtransportwillbeenvironmentallyfriendlierthanairTravelingbytrainmaybeasquickas,orevenquickerthan,byA)In B)In C)In D)InPassageQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)TherecanbenospeedyrecoveryformentalApproachestohealingpatientsareessentiallytheThemindandbodyshouldbetakenasanintegralThereisnocleardivisionoflaborinthemedicalA)Adoctor’sfamestrengthensthepatients’faithinAbuseofmedicinesiswidespreadinmanyurbanOnethirdofthepatientsdependonharmlesssubstancesforApatient’sexpectationsofadrughaveaneffectontheirA)ExpensivedrugsmaynotprovethemostTheworkingsofthemindmayhelppatientsDoctorsoftenexaggeratetheeffectoftheirMostillnessescanbecuredwithoutPassageQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)Enjoyingstrongfeelingsand B)DefyingalldangerswhentheyhaveC)Beingfondofmakingsensational D)DreamingofbecomingfamousoneA)Workinginanemergency B)WatchinghorrorC)Listeningtorock D)DoingdailyA)Arockclimber. B)Apsychologist. C)Aresidentdoctor. D)Acareerconsultant.SectionCIfyou’relikemostpeople,you’veindulgedinfakelisteningmanytimes.Yougotohistoryclass,sitinthethirdrow,andlook(36) attheinstructorasshespeaks.Butyourmindisfaraway,(37) inthecloudsofpleasantdaydreams.(38) youcomebacktoearth:theinstructorwritesanimportanttermonthechalkboard,andyou(39) copyitinyournotebook.Everyonceinawhiletheinstructormakesa(40) causingothersintheclasstolaugh.Yousmilepolitely,pretendingthatyou’veheardtheremarkandfounditmildly(41).Youhaveavaguesenseof(42) thatyouaren’tpayingcloseattention,butyoutellyourselfthatany(43) youmisscanbepickedupfromafriend’snotes.Besides,(44) .Sobackyougointoyourprivatelittleworld.Onlylaterdoyourealizeyou’vemissedimportantinformationforatest.Fakelisteningmaybeeasilyexposed,sincemanyspeakersaresensitivetofacialcuesandcantellifyou’remerelypretendingtolisten.(45) Evenifyou’renotexposed,there’sanotherreasontoavoidfakery;it’seasyforthisbehaviortobecomeahabit.Forsomepeople,thehabitissodeeplyrootedthat(46) .Asaresult,theymisslotsofvaluablePartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionAQuestions47to51arebasedonthefollowingMen,thesedays,areembracingfatherhoodwiththeround-the-clockinvolvementtheirpartnershavealwaysdreamedof–handlingnightfeedings,packinglunchesandbandagingknees.Butunlikewomen,manyfindthey’renegotiatingtheirnewroleswithlittlesupportorinformation.“Meninmygeneration(aged25-40)haveafearofbecomingdadsbecausewehavenorolemodels,”saysJonSmith,awriter.Theyoftenfindthemselvesexcludedfrommothers’supportnetworks,andareeyedwarily(警覺地)ontheplayground.Thechallengeisparticularlyevidentinthework—place.There,menarestillexpectedtobebreadwinnersthecorporateladder;traditionally-mindedbossesareoftenunsympathetictofamilyneeds.InDenmarkmostnewfathersonlytaketwoweeksofpaternityleave(父親的陪產(chǎn)假)—eventhoughtheyareallowed34days.Asmuchasifnotmoresothanwomen,fathersstruggletobetakenseriouslywhentheyrequestflexiblearrangements.ThoughWilfried-FritzMaring,54,adata-bankandInternetspecialistwithGermanfirmFIZKarlsruhe,feelsthatthetimehespendswithhisdaughteroutweighsanydisadvantages,headmits,“WithmydecisiontoworkfromhomeIdismissedanyopportunityforMind-sets思維定勢arechanginggradually.WhenMaringhadadaughter,thecompanyequippedhimwithahomeofficeandallowedhimtochooseajobthatcouldbeperformedfromthere.DanishtelecomcompanyTDCinitiatedaninternalcampaignlastyeartoencouragedadstotakepaternityleave:97percentnowdo.“Whenanemployeegoesonpaternityleaveandiswithhiskidshegetsanewkindoftraining:inhowtokeepcoolunderstress,”saysspokespersonChristineElbergHolm.Foranewgenerationofdads,kidsmaycomebeforethecompany–butit’sashiftthatbenefitsUnlikewomen,menoftengetlittlesupportorinformation Besidessupportingthefamily,menwerealsoexpected Likewomen,menhopethattheirdesireforaflexibleschedulewill WhenMaringwasonpaternityleave,hewasallowedbyhiscompanyto ChristineHolmbelievespaternityleaveprovidesanewkindoftrainingformeninthatitcanhelpthemcope.SectionBPassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingLikemostpeople,I’velongunderstoodthatIwillbejudgedbymyoccupation,thatmyprofessionisagaugepeopleusetoseehowsmartortalentedIam.Recently,however,IwasdisappointedtoseethatitalsodecideshowI’mtreatedasaperson.LastyearIleftaprofessionalpositionasasmall-townreporterandtookajobwaitingtables.Assomeonepaidtoservefoodtopeople.IhadcustomerssayanddothingstomeIsuspectthey’dneversayordototheirmostcasualacquaintances.Onenightamantalkingonhiscellphonewavedmeaway,thenbeckoned(示意)mebackwithhisfingeraminutelater,complaininghewasreadytoorderandaskingwhereI’dbeen.Ihadwaitedtablesduringsummersincollegeandwastreatedlikeapeon(勤雜工)byplentyofpeople.Butat19yearsold.IbelievedIdeservedinferiortreatmentfromprofessionaladults.Besides,peoplerespondedtomedifferentlyafterItoldthemIwasincollege.CustomerswouldjokethatonedayI’dbesittingattheirtable,waitingtobeserved.OnceIgraduatedItookajobatacommunitynewspaper.Frommyfirstday,Iheardarespectfultonefromeveryonewhocalledme.Iassumedthiswasthewaytheprofessionalworldworked-cordially.Isoonfoundoutdifferently,Isatseveralfeetawayfromanadvertisingsalesrepresentativewithasimilarname.OurcallswouldoftengetmixedupandsomeoneaskingforKristenwouldbetransferredtoChristie.Themistakewasimmediatelyevident.Perhapsitwasbecausemoneywasinvolved,butpeopleusedatonewithKristenthattheyneverusedwithme.Myjobtitlemadepeopletreatmewithcourtesy.SoitwasashocktoreturntotherestaurantIt’snosecretthatthere’salottoputupwithwhenwaitingtables,andfortunately,muchofitcanbeeasilyforgottenwhenyoupocketthetips.Theserviceindustry,bydefinition,existstocatertoothers’needs.Still,itseemedthatmanyofmycustomersdidn’tgetthedifferencebetweenserverandservant.I’mnowapplyingtograduateschool,whichmeanssomedayI’llreturntoaprofessionwherepeopleneedtobenicetomeinordertogetwhattheywant.IthinkI’lltakethemtodinnerfirst,andseehowtheytreatsomeonewhoseonlyjobistoservethem.Theauthorwasdisappointedtofind one’spositionisusedasagaugetomeasureone’stalentedpeoplelikehershouldfailtogetarespectableone’soccupationaffectsthewayoneistreatedasaprofessionalstendtolookdownuponmanualWhatdoestheauthorintendtosaybytheexampleinthesecondSomecustomerssimplyshownorespecttothosewhoservePeopleabsorbedinaphoneconversationtendtobeabsent-WaitressesareoftentreatedbycustomersascasualSomecustomersliketomakeloudcomplaintsfornoreasonatHowdidtheauthorfeelwhenwaitingtablesattheageofShefeltitunfairtobetreatedasamereservantbyShefeltbadlyhurtwhenhercustomersregardedherasaShewasembarrassedeachtimehercustomersjokedwithShefounditnaturalforprofessionalstotreatherasWhatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“…manyofmycustomersdidn’tgetthedifferencebetweenserverandservant”(Lines3-4,Para.7)?Thosewhocatertoothers’needsaredestinedtobelookeddownThoseworkingintheserviceindustryshouldn’tbetreatedasThoseservingothershavetoputupwithroughtreatmenttoearnaThemajorityofcustomerstendtolookonaservantasaserverTheauthorsaysshe’llonedaytakeherclientstodinnerinorder seewhatkindofpersonthey B)experiencethefeelingofbeingC）showhergenerositytowardspeopleinferiorto D）arousetheirsympathyforpeoplelivingahumblePassageQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingWhat’shotfor2007amongtheveryrich?AS7.3milliondiamondring.AtriptoTanzaniatohuntwildanimals.Oh.andincomeinequality.Sure,someleftishbillionaireslikeGeorgeSoroshavebeenrailingagainstincomeinequalityforyears.Butincreasingly,centristandright-wingbillionairesarestartingtoworryaboutincomeinequalityandthefateofthemiddleInDecember.MortimerZuckermanwroteacolumninU.SNews&WorldReport,whichheowns.“Ournation’scorebargainwiththemiddleclassisdisintegrating,”lamented(哀嘆)the117th-richestmaninAmerica.“Mostofoureconomicgainshavegonetopeopleattheverytopoftheincomeladder.Averageincomeforahouseholdofpeopleofworkingage,bycontrast,hasfallenfiveyearsinarow.”Henotedthat“TensofmillionsofAmericansliveinfearthatamajorhealthproblemcanreducethemtobankruptcy.”WilburRossJr.hasechoedZuckerman’sangeroverthebitterstrugglesfacedbymiddle-Americans.“It’sanoutragethatanyAmerican’slifeexpectancyshouldbeshortenedsimplybecausethecompanytheyworkedforwentbankruptandendedhealth-carecoverage,”saidtheformerchairmanoftheInternationalSteelWhat’shappening?TheveryricharejustastrendyasyouandI,andcanbesowhenitcomestopoliticsandpolicy.GiventherecentchangeofcontrolinCongress,popularityofmeasureslikeincreasingtheminimumwage,andeffortsbyCalifornia’governortoofferuniversalhealthcare,theseguysdon’tneedtheirownpersonalweathermentoknowwhichwaythewindblows.It’spossiblethatplutocrats(有錢有勢的人)areexpressingsolidaritywiththestrugglingmiddleclassaspartofanefforttoinsulatethemselvesfromconfiscatory(沒收性的)taxpolicies.Buttheprospectthatincomeinequalitywillleadtohighertaxesonthewealthydoesn’tkeepplutocratsupatnight.Theycanlivewiththat.No,whattheyfearwasthatthepoliticalchallengesofsustainingsupportforglobaleconomicintegrationwillbemoredifficultintheUnitedStatesbecauseofwhathashappenedtothedistributionofincomeandeconomicinsecurity.Inotherwords,ifmiddle-classAmericanscontinuetostrugglefinanciallyastheultrawealthygroweverwealthier,itwillbeincreasinglydifficulttomaintainpoliticalsupportforthefreeflowofgoods,services,andcapitalacrossborders.AndwhentheUnitedStatesplacesobstaclesinthewayofforeigninvestorsandforeigngoods,it’slikelytoencouragereciprocalactionabroad.Forpeoplewhobuyandsellcompanies,orwhoallocatecapitaltomarketsallaroundtheworld,that’stherealnightmare.WhatisthecurrenttopicofcommoninterestamongtheveryrichinThefateoftheultrawealthyThedisintegrationofthemiddleTheinequalityinthedistributionofTheconflictbetweentheleftandtherightWhatdowelearnfromMortimerZuckerman’sManymiddle-incomefamilieshavefailedtomakeabargainforbetterTheAmericaneconomicsystemhascausedmanycompaniestogoTheAmericannationisbecomingmoreandmoredivideddespiteitsThemajorityofAmericansbenefitlittlefromthenation’sgrowingFromthefifthparagraphwecanlearn theveryricharefashion-theveryricharepoliticallyuniversalhealthcareistobeimplementedthroughoutCongresshasgainedpopularitybyincreasingtheminimumWhatistherealreasonforplutocratstoexpresssolidaritywiththemiddleTheywanttoprotectthemselvesfromconfiscatoryTheyknowthatthemiddleclasscontributesmosttoTheywanttogainsupportforglobaleconomicTheyfeelincreasinglythreatenedbyeconomicWhatmayhappeniftheUnitedStatesplacesobstaclesinthewayofforeigninvestorsandforeignThepricesofimportedgoodswillinevitablysoarbeyondTheinvestorswillhavetomakegreateffortstore-allocateThewealthywillattempttobuyforeigncompaniesacrossForeigncountrieswillplacethesameeconomicbarriersinPartVCloze(15In1915EinsteinmadeatriptoGattingentogivesomelecturesattheinvitationofthemathematicalphysicistDavidHilbert.Hewasparticularlyeager—tooeager,itwouldturn62--toexplainalltheintricaciesofrelativitytohim.Thevisitwasatriumph,andhesaidtoafriendexcitedly.“Iwasableto63Hilbertofthegeneraltheoryof64allofEinstein’spersonalturmoil(焦躁)atthetime,anewscie