殖民主義時期的文學a、narratives日志b、journals游記經典的清教徒：JohnCotton&RogerWilliam英國最早移民到美國的詩人：AnneBradstreet在殖民時期最佳的清教徒詩人：thebestofPuritanpoetsisEdwardTayor.Hardwork,thrift,pietyandsobrietyTheworkoftwowriters,AnneBradstreet&EdwardTaylor,reason

and

revolutionBenjaminFranklinPoorRichard'sAlmanac/TheWaytoWealth/TheAutobiography2、ThomasPaine托馬斯·佩因

"GreatCommonofMankind"最平凡的人"CommonSense/AmericanCrisis/RightsofMan/DownfallofDespotism/TheAgeofReason3、ThomasJeffersonDeclarationofIndependence4、PhilipFreneau"FatherofAmericanPoetry"/TheRisingGloryofAmerica/TheBritishPrisonShip/TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans/最佳/TheWildHoneysuckle/TheIndianBuryingGround/RomanticismsTranscendentalismEmerson/ThoreauWashingtonIrvingSketchBook,thefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.(TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的傳說使之成為美國第一種獲得國際聲譽的作家)LegendsoftheConquestofSpain/

AHistoryofNewYork

詼諧文學杰作BracebridgeHall/TalksofTravellers/TheAlhambra/JamesFenimoreCooper詹姆斯.芬尼莫.庫珀theseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersaga/LeatherstockingTales”包括“TheDeerslayer”“TheLastoftheMohicans/ThePathfinder/ThePioneers/ThePrairie/regardas“thenearestTheSpy/ThePilot/TheLittlepageManuscripts/3、WilliamCullenBryant/②HewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet/ToaWaterfowlthemostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage./4、EdgarAllanPoe埃德加.阿倫.坡TheFalloftheHouseofUsher/TheRaven/TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque/firstcollectionofshortstories5、RalphWaldoEmersion拉爾夫.沃爾多.愛默生TranscendentalismtoNewEngland//Nature/Essays/TheAmericanScholarourintellectualDeclarationofIndependenceRepresentativeMen/EnglishTraits/Poems6、HenryDavidThoreauWalden成名作/CivilDisobedience7、NathanielHawthorne納薩尼爾.霍桑TheHouseoftheSevenGables/MossesfromanOldManse/TheMarbleFaun/TheScarletLetter”《紅字》女主角honest,calmlyfacefault8、HermanMelville赫爾曼.麥爾維爾“MobyDick”9、HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利.沃茲沃思.朗費羅poet詩人ThePoetsandPoetryofEurope殊榮Poet’scornerofWestminsterAbbeRealism代表作家：StephenCrane史蒂芬.克萊恩,

FrankNorris弗朗克.諾里斯,

JackLondon

杰克.倫敦,

TheodoreDreiser西奧多.德萊塞.6、Darwinism:達爾文主義:anevidentinfluenceonnaturalism,stresstheanimalityofman,tosuggestthatbewasdominatedbytheirresistibleforcesofevolution.對自然主義影響極大，強調人的動物性，意味著人的命運受進化的不可抗力來決定的。

7、WilliamDeanHowells

威廉.迪安.豪厄斯，Hisdefinedrealism:nothingmoreandnothinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.1、WaltWhitman/freeverse/LeavesofGrassthefirstgenuineepicpoem.

2、EmilyDickinson

愛米麗.狄金森“IdiedforBeauty”“BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath3、HarrietBeecherStowe/UncleTom’sCabin關注農奴制度

4、MarkTwain

代表作AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn

TheGildedAge/TheAdventuresofTomSawyer/LifeontheMississippi”

5、O.Henry/shortstory/theendisalwayssurprising/containagreatdealofslangandcolloquialexpressions/TheFourMillion/TheGiftoftheMagi

★6、HenryJames

亨利.詹姆斯

TheAmerican/DaisyMiller/inthePortraitofaLady(初期最佳的作品)

TheWingsoftheDove/TheAmbassadors/TheGoldenBowl/7、JackLondon杰克.倫敦

/ThePeopleoftheAbyss/TheCalloftheWild/TheSeaWolf//MartinEden(autobiographicalnovel)8、TheodoreDreiser西奧多.德萊塞/SisterCarrie”/TheFinancier.TheTitan,TheStoic”TrilogyofDesire欲望三部曲/AnAmericanTragedy”最恢宏、最成功的小說，體現了金錢萬能的主題。\o"分享您有關本文的見解與觀點。"the

20th

century）一、Background:

①WorldWarI第一次世界大戰，Americahavegreatprofit.

②Jumpintechnology(automobile/radio)科技方面的跳躍（汽車/收音機）

③oldmoralcodebreaks舊道德體系破碎

1、Imagism意象派：isapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheUnitedStates,flourishedfrom1909-1917.Itscredo,expressedinSomeImagistPoets,includedtheuseofthelanguageofcommonspeech,projectmatter,theevocationofimagesinhard,clearpoetry,andconcentration.

2、LostGeneration：迷惘的一代，Writersofthefirstpostwareraself-consciouslyacknowledgedthattheywerea“LostGeneration,”devoidoffaithandalienatedfromacivilization.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoremainedinParisasacolonyof“expatriates”orexiles.ItdescribesthewriterslikeHemingwaywholivedinsemipoverty.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoreturnedtotheirnativelandwithanintenseawarenessoflivinginanunfamiliarchangingworld.3、Modernism現代主義：islooselyasynonymofanythingcontemporary.Strictly,especiallyinliterarycriticism,whichbeganinthelate19thcenturyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Theypaymoreattentiontothepsychictimethanthechronologicalone.

4、現代主義的標志：T.S.Eliot’s“TheWasteLand”,themostsignificantAmericanpoemofthetwentiethcentury,helpedtoestablishamoderntraditionofliteraturerichwithlearningandallusivethought.

5、經典的迷惘一代：F.ScottFitzgerald,“TheGreatGatsby”《了不起的蓋茨比》

novelErnestHemingway“TheSunAlsoRises”《太陽照樣升起》“AFarwelltoArms”《辭別了，武器》WilliamFaulkner

“TheSoundandtheFury”《喧囂與騷動》

6、Playwrights戲劇、劇作家：EugeneO’Neill“TheEmperorJones”《瓊斯國王》、“AnnaChristie”《安娜.克里斯蒂》、“TheHairyApe”《毛猿》

7、TheJazzAge(享樂時代)：whenNewOrleansmusiciansmoved“uptheriver”toChicago,andthetheatreofNewYork’sHarlempulsedwiththemusicthathadbecomeasymbolofthetimes.FitzgeraldportraystheJazzAgeasagenerationof“thebeautifulanddamned”,drowningintheirpleasures.

二、代表作家：1、EzraPound埃茲拉.龐德

詩人

①Imagism意象派的代表人物。PoundandEliotbecametheearlyleadersinrestoringtopoetrytheuseofliteraryreferenceasanimaginativeinstrument.龐德和愛略特都是運用意象主義作為文學體現手法的初期詩人。

②majorworkofpoetryisthelongpoemcalled“TheCantos”

2、RobertFrost

羅伯特.弗洛斯特

自然主義詩人poet

①詩歌特點和內容：(1)rejectedtherevolutionarypoeticprinciplesofhiscontemporaries,choosinginstead“theold-fashionedwaytobenew.”HeemployedtheplainspeechofruralNewEnglandersandpreferredtheshort,traditionalformsoflyricandnarrative.

(2)Hesawnatureasastorehouseofanalogyandsymbol.

(3)Hisconcernwithnaturereflecteddeepmoraluncertainties,andhispoetry,forallitsapparentsimplicity,oftenprobesmysteriesofdarknessandirrationalityinthebleakandchaoticlandscapesofanindifferentuniversewheremenstandalone,unaidedandperplexed.

②hebecomeanationalbard美國民族詩人的翹首,winfourPulitzerPrizes獲得了四次普利茲獎.

③“TheRoadNotTaken”、“StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening”向往大自然，想逃避社會；死亡、困惑

3、WallaceStevens華萊士.斯蒂文斯

詩人

①Hisworkisprimarilymotivatedbythebeliefthat“ideasoforder,”thatis,trueideas,correspondwithaninnateorderinnatureanduniverse,andthatitisthehighprivilegeofindividualsandmankindtodiscoverthiscorrespondence.作品動機來源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然與宇宙天然一致的次序，是人類與個體發現這種一致性的特權。

②代表作：“TheManwiththeBlueGuitar”《帶藍吉他的人》；

“NecessaryAngel”《必要的天使》，collectionofhisoccasionallecturesonpoetry詩歌的評論.

“AnecdoteoftheJar”《壇子的軼事》jar–manmade–art,wildness–nature,jarbringorder/meaningtothenature,藝術到自然的秩序，integrated統一體

③特點：(1)headoptedavarietyofexperimentalstyles,createdpoeticsurfacesofFrenchifiedelegance,exoticimagery,oddsounds,curiousanalogies,andinscrutabletitles.嘗試過多種試驗性的寫作風格。

(2)heconfrontedthecontemporaryabandonmentoftraditionalvaluesandsoughttocometotermswiththeconfusionsofhistime.Theproblemoftheinterrelationbetweentheidealandtherealbecameaconstantthemeinhislaterpoetry.理想和現實中所交叉的矛盾。

(3)aseriesofoppositionsbetweeninnerandouterworlds–betweensubjectandobject,perceiverandperceived,fictionandfact,“imaginationandreality”(想象與現實)

★4、ThomasStearnsEliot托馬斯.斯特恩斯.愛略特現代主義代言人

①多重身份：poet詩人,critic評論家,playwright劇作家

②代表作：

“TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock”poems，holdsitsplaceinthedevelopmentofEliot’spoetryasawhole.

“TraditionandtheIndividualTalent”essay,隨筆《老式和個人天才》,theearlieststatementofhisaesthetics第一次闡釋了自己的審美觀點.providedausefulinstrumentformoderncriticism.成為現代評論極為有效的評判原則。

“TheWasteLand”《荒原》oneofthemajorworksofmodernliterature.Useanewform—theorchestrationofrelatedthemesinsuccessivemovement.新的文學形式即有關的主題在持續運動中構成交響效果。

“FourQuartets”《四個四重奏》poem

“MurderintheCathedral”，poetictragedy,詩歌悲詩,adrama(戲劇)ofimpressivespiritualpower.極富感染力的戲劇

③作品特點：

(1)concernsvariousaspectsofthefrustrationandenfeeblementofindividualcharacterasseeninperspectivewiththedecayofstates,peoples,andreligiousfaith.觸及人性中的軟弱沮喪的弱點，對的思索了國家、人民、宗教信奉等的喪失。

(2)poemconceivedasamadeobject,anorganicthinginitself,whoseconcreteelementsaretruecorrelativesoftheartist’simaginationandexperiencewithrespecttothatpoem.詩歌是客觀成型的東西，詩歌的詳細元素與藝術家的想象和經歷親密有關，也與詩歌相一致。

(3)Thedegreetowhichfusionandconcentrationofintellect,feeling,andexperiencewereachievedwasEliot’scriterionforjudgingthepoem.知識、情感、體驗的融合與集中程度是愛略特鑒定詩歌好壞的原則。

5、F.ScottFitzgerald

F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德

novelist小說家

①作品：“ThisSideofParadise”《人間天堂》，thefirstnovel.

“TheGreatGatsby”

《了不起的蓋茨比》

novel

“TenderIstheNight”《夜色溫柔》novel

②第二本小說的開展過程：dream夢想→Daisyself-centered理想化的淑女，自我為中心→disenchantment,disillusion魔法消失，(因階級差異)夢想破滅→senseoffailureanddespair(light)失敗和絕望

Ash灰(象征)→forest樹木，西部開發，樹木變成灰了

③limitedpointofview有限視角→suspense懸念+mystery神秘真實性→reliable可信的，不偏，不評價

6、ErnestHemingway厄恩斯特.海明威

novelist小說家

①寫作特點：(1)hedevelopedaspare,tight,reportorialprosebasedonsimplysentencestructureandusingarestrictedvocabulary,preciseimagery,andanimpersonal,dramatictone.推進了匯報文學的發展，認為匯報文學句子構造要簡樸，用語要節制，想象要簡潔，要采用不受感情影響的、戲劇化的語氣。

(2)Hisprimaryconcern