2008高考真題解析第四部分：任務型閱讀（共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分）請認真閱讀下列短文，并根據所讀內容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當的單詞。 注意：每個空格只填1個單詞。請將答案寫在答題卡上相應題號的橫線上。 Teamworkisjustasimportantinscienceasitisontheplayingfieldorinthegym.Scientificinvestigations(調查)arealmostalwayscarriedoutbyteamsofpeopleworkingtogether.Ideasareshared,experimentsaredesigned,dataareanalyzed,andresultsareevaluatedandsharedwithotherinvestigators.Groupworkisnecessary,andisusuallymoreproductivethanworkingalone. Severaltimesthroughouttheyearyoumaybeaskedtoworkwithoneormoreofyourclassmates.Whateverthetaskyourgroupisassigned,afewrulesneedtobefollowedtoensureaproductiveandsuccessfulexperience. Whatcomesfirstistokeepanopenmind,becauseeveryone’sideasdeserveconsiderationandeachgroupmembercanmakehisorherowncontribution.Secondly,itmakesajobeasiertodividethegrouptaskamongallgroupmembers.Choosearoleontheteamthatisbestsuitedtoyourparticularstrengths.Thirdly,alwaysworktogether,taketurns,andencourageeachotherbylistening,clarifying,andtrustingoneanother.Mutualsupportandtrustoftenmakeagreatdifference. Activitieslikeinvestigationsaremosteffectivewhendonebysmallgroups.Herearesomemoresuggestionsforeffectiveteamperformanceduringtheseactivities:Makesureeachgroupmemberunderstandsandagreestothetaskgiventohimorher,andeveryoneknowsexactlywhen,whyandwhattodo;taketurnsdoingvarioustasksduringsimilarandrepeatedactivities;beawareofwhereothergroupmembersareandwhattheyaredoingsoastoensuresafety;beresponsibleforyourownlearning,thoughitisbynomeansunwisetocompareyourobservationswiththoseofothergroupmembers. Whenthereisresearchtobedone,dividethetopicintoseveralareas,andthiscanexploretheissueinaverydetailedway.Youareencouragedtokeeprecordsofthesourcesusedbyeachperson,whichhelpsyoutracebacktotheoriginoftheproblemsthatmayhappenunexpectedly.Aformatforexchanginginformation(e.g.,photocopiesofnotes,oraldiscussion,etc.)isalsoimportant,forawell-chosenmethodnotonlystrengthenswhatyoupresentbutalsomakesyourselfeasilyunderstood.Whenthetimecomestomakeadecisionandtakeapositiononanissue,allowforthecontributionsofeachmemberofthegroup.Mostimportantofall,itisalwayswisetomakedecisionsbycompromiseandagreement. Afteryou’vecompletedataskwithyourteam,makeanevaluationoftheteam’seffectiveness—thestrengthsandweaknesses,opportunitiesandchallenges.TitleWorkingTogetherThemeEffectiveperformanceneedshighlycooperated(71)▲.Generalrules·Keepanopenmindtoeveryone’s(72)▲.·Dividethegrouptaskamonggroupmembers.·(73)▲andtrusteachother.(74)▲·Understandandagreetothe(75)▲taskofone’sown.·Taketurnsdoingvarioustasks.·Showconcernforotherstoensuresafety.·Take(76)▲forone’sownlearning.·Compareyourownobservationswiththoseofothers.Exploreanissue·Breakthe(77)▲intoseveralareas.·Keeprecordsofthesourcesjustin(78)▲.·(79)▲yourinformationwithothersviaproperformat.·Makealldecisionsbycompromiseandagreement.(80)▲Effectiveness·Analyzethestrengthsandweaknesses.·Findouttheopportunitiesandchallenges.[語篇解讀]本文重在講述如何使團隊協作更為有效地進行。第一段概述團隊協作在科學研究中的意義；第二、三段聯系學生實際引出同學間團隊協作的三個規則；第四、五段提出調查研究類活動中如何進行有效協作；最后一段講述如何對團隊協作的有效性進行評估。[答案與剖析]71．[答案]teamwork[剖析]這是對全文的高度概括，文中第一段的中心句即第一句“Teamworkisjustasimportantinscienceasitisontheplayingfieldorinthegym.”也給予了較為明顯的暗示。72．[答案]ideas/opinions/views/thoughts[剖析]由文中第三段第一句“Whatcomesfirstistokeepanopenmind,becauseeveryone’sideasdeserveconsiderationandeachgroupmembercanmakehisorherowncontribution.”可知。注意：名詞單復數的變化。73．[答案]Support/Encourage/Back[剖析]由文中第三段最后兩句“Thirdly,alwaysworktogether,taketurns,andencourageeachotherbylistening,clarifying,andtrustingoneanother.Mutualsupportandtrustoftenmakeagreatdifference.”可知。注意：根據表格中的行文規律，這里是祈使語氣，應用動詞原形且須大寫，與上兩行“Keep,Divide”相一致。74．[答案]Suggestions[剖析]由文中第四段中心句，即該段第二句“Herearesomemoresuggestionsforeffectiveteamperformanceduringtheseactivities.”可知。此外，表格中對應的右邊一格正是suggestions的具體內容。注意：名詞的單復數變化和大、小寫。75．[答案]given/assigned [剖析]由第三段第三行“Makesureeachgroupmemberunderstandsandagreestothetaskgiventohimorher，”可知。注意：這里可以使用given的同意詞assigned“分配”。76．[答案]responsibility[剖析]由文中第四段倒數第三行“beresponsibleforyourownlearning,…”可知。注意：這里根據表格內的表達方式需要進行詞形轉換。將形容詞responsible轉化成名詞responsibility.77．[答案]topic/subject/issue[剖析]由文中第五段第一句“Whenthereisresearchtobedone,dividethetopicintoseveralareas,andthiscanexploretheissueinaverydetailedway.”可知。注意：這里可以使用topic的近義詞：subject,issue.78．[答案]case[剖析]“justincase”在這里表示“以備用，以防用得著”，根據文中第五段第二句“Youareencouragedtokeeprecordsofthesourcesusedbyeachperson,whichhelpsyoutracebacktotheoriginoftheproblemsthatmayhappenunexpectedly.”可知。79．[答案]Exchange/Share [剖析]由文中第五段第三句“Aformatforexchanginginformation(e.g.,photocopiesofnotes,oraldiscussion,etc.)isalsoimportant,…”可知。80．[答案]Evaluate[剖析]由文中最后一段可知。注意：根據表格中表達方式的需要，文中名詞evaluation應轉化成動詞Evaluate.拓展訓練（一)請認真閱讀下面短文，并根據所讀內容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰當的單詞。注意：每空一詞。Somepeoplesucceed,whileothersmaynot.Thisisbecausesomepeoplepossesscertainqualities,whichothersdonot.Thefirstthingyoumustrememberisthatinordertosucceed,youmustbeoptimistic.Ifyoudonotexpecttowin,youwillnottryashardasthosewhodoexpecttowin.Youalsoneedtohaveaclearaimandareasonfordoingsomethingbecausemotivationisakeytoachievingsuccess.Ifyoudonothaveanaim,thenyouwillnotbemotivatedtoworkhardandputyourperformanceunderthemicroscopetomakesurethateverydetailisright.Anotherqualitythathelpspeoplesucceediscreativity---thinkingaboutthingsinadifferentwayandwonderinghowotherswoulddothesamething.Thinkaboutsomesuccessfulpeopleyouknow.Theymightbesuccessfulwithalittlecreativity,butthemostsuccessfulpeoplearethemostcreativeones.Readingisanothertosuccess,asitwillhelpyoulearnabouthowotherpeoplehaveachievedsuccess.Ifyouwanttolearnhowtosetupasuccessfulbusiness,youshouldreadbooksaboutpeoplelikeBillGatesandJerryYang,whohaveachievedamazingsuccessintheirareasofbusiness.Practicingisequallyimportantifyouwanttosuccessbecausepracticemakesperfect.Practiseeverydayatwhatevercareeryouarein,andbydoingso,youwillseeyourself,yourbusinessandyourself-confidencebegintogrow.Ifyoufeelconfidentaboutwhatyoudo,thisconfidencewillmakeotherpeoplebelieveinyouaswell.Yourcolleagueswillbehappytoworkwithyou,andyourbosswillgiveyoumoreresponsibility.Finallyifyouareasuccessfulperson,youwillbeabletolookpeopleintheeyeandsmileconfidently.Successisyoursforthetaking!Cheers!Title(1)▲CertainqualitiesSupportingdetails(2)▲●Tryhard(3)▲peoplewhodoexpecttowin.●Haveaclearaimandareasonfordoingsomethingbecauseakeytoachievingsuccessis(4)▲.(6)▲●(5)▲aboutthingsinadifferentway.●Studyhowotherpeoplewoulddothesamething.Reading●Helpyouknowabouthow(7)▲haveachievedsuccess.●Readbooksabout(8)▲peoplesuchasBillGatesandJerryYangtoencourageyourselves.Practising●(9)▲thesaying“practicemakesperfect.”●(10)▲_inyourselfanddowhatyouwanttodoconfidently.(1)_________(2)_________(3)_________(4)_________(5)_________(6)_________(7)_________(8)_________(9)_________(10)_________（二)請認真閱讀下列短文，并根據所讀內容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰當的單詞。注意：每空格1個單詞。RealpolicemenhardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV.Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvedroundcriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyer,andwhatismore,hehastoapplyitonhisfeet,inthedarkandrain,runningdownastreetaftersomeonehewantstotalkto.Littleofhistimeisspentinchatting.Hewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsad,unimportantpeoplewhoareguiltyofstupidcrimes.Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal:assoonashe’sarrested,thestoryisover.Inreallife,findingcriminalisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattacks,littleeffortisspentonsearching.Havingmadeanarrest,adetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferentevidence.Athirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantpressures:first,asmembersofapoliceforce,theyalwayshavetobehaveabsolutelyinaccordancewiththelaw.Secondly,asexpensivepublicservants,theyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways.Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworld,theworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimple-minded—asheseeit—ofcitizens,socialworkers,doctors,law-makers,andjudges,who,insteadofeliminatingcrime,punishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresult,detectivefeel,isthatnine-tenthsoftheirworkisre-catchingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical(憤世嫉俗的).Policein(1)▲worldPoliceonTVKnowledgeof(2)▲lawHehastoknowasmuchasaprofessionallawyerandappliesittotheir(3)▲work.Thereisno(4)▲forthemtoknowaboutit.Different(5)▲ofspendingtimeHe(6)▲mostofhisworkinglifetocollectingandprovidingevidenceneededtoprovehiscaseincourt.Timeisspentfindingcriminals.Oncethecriminalisfound,thestory(7)▲.Differentpressures(8)▲andthepublicputmuchpressureondetectivesandpolicemen.Theygotnopressurefromthepublic.RelationshipwithsocietyHefeels(9)▲fromcitizens,astheyholddifferent(10)▲towardpunishmentofthecriminals.Nocontactwiththepublic.(1)_________(2)_________(3)_________(4)_________(5)_________(6)_________(7)_________(8)_________(9)_________(10)_________（三）Millionsofwomenusecosmetics,oftencalled“make-up”.Thecosmeticsindustryisoneofthebiggestintheworld.Mostlargestoressellcosmetics,andtherearealwaysshopsatairportssellingthemcheaply.Theword“cosmetics”referstoanythingthatpeopleputontheirfacestomakethemlookbetter.Lipstick,facepowderandcream,andeyemake-uparethemostpopular.Althoughmorewomenthanmenusecosmetics,therearecosmeticsformenaswellaswomen.Somepeopleevenhavecosmeticsurgerytomaketheirfaceslookdifferent.Theyhavetheshapesoftheirnosesandeyeschanged.Themostwidelyusedcosmeticisprobablylipstick,asmanywomenwhodonotwearanyothermake-upwilloftenputonalittlelipstick.Lipstickismadebymixingtogetherdifferentoilsandcolors.Themixtureisthenallowedtogethardandiscutintotheshapeofasmallpencil.Whenawomanpressesthelipsticktoherlips,theendofitbecomessoft,andsomeofitstickstoherlips,givingthemextracolor.CosmeticswereprobablyfirstusedinIndia,butitwastheEgyptians,sixthousandyearsago,whomadethemostuseofthem.RichEgyptianwomenpaintedtheireyesgreenandblack.Theyusedaredcolortopaintprettydesignsontheirfingernails,thepalmsoftheirhandsandthesolesoftheirfeet.PicturesofCleopatraalwaysshowherwearingalotofmake-up.TheRomansalsousedcosmetics.Theylikedtomaketheirskinverywhiteandtopainttheireyes.Theyalsousedakindoflipstick.InEnglandatonetime,veryrichwomenhadbathsinmilktomaketheirskinbeautiful.Theyalsousedalotofsweet-smellingpowdertostoppeoplesmellingtheirbodies,whichwereoftenverydirtybecausetheydidnotwashveryoftenorchangetheirclothes.Title:Cosmetics

Definition

Anythingthatpeopleputontheir(1)▲tomakethemlookbetter

Mainusers

(2)

▲

Main(3)▲Lipstick,facepowderandcream,andeyemake-upMostpopularproductLipstickProducing(4)▲Mixtogetherdifferent

oilsandcolors.Themixturegetshardandiscutintothe(5)▲ofasmallpencil.General(6)▲(7)▲TheuseofcosmeticsIndiaCosmeticswasfirstusedhere.

(8)▲Cosmeticsgotwidelyused.RomeThe

skinandeyeswere(9)▲withcosmetics

EnglandRichwomenhadbathsinmilk;usedalotofsweet-smelling(10)▲.(1)_________(2)_________(3)_________(4)_________(5)_________(6)_________(7)_________(8)_________(9)_________(10)_________（四）請認真閱讀下列短文，并根據所讀內容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰當的單詞。注意：每空格1個單詞。Manypeoplethinkatelephoneisanecessity.ButIthinkitisapestandatimewaste.Veryoftenyoufinditimpossibletoescapefromit.Ifyouhaveatelephoneinyourownhouse,youwilladmitthatittendstoringwhenyouleastwantittoring;whenyouareasleeporinthemiddleofamealoraconversation,orwhenyouarejustgoingout,orwhenyouareinyourbath.Areyoustrong-mindedenoughtoignoreit?Youarenot.Youthinktheremaybesomeimportantnewsormessageforyou.Icanassureyouthatifamessageisreallyimportantitwillreachyousoonerorlater.Haveyouneverrusheddrippingfromthebath,orchewingfromthetable,ordazedfromthebed,onlytobetoldthatyouareawrongnumber?Butyouwillsay,youneednothaveyournameprintedinthetelephonedirectory,andyoucanhaveatelephonewhichisonlyusableforoutgoingcalls.Besides,youwillsay,isn’titimportanttohaveatelephoneincaseofsuddenemergency-illness,accident,orfire?Ofcourse,youareright,buthereinathicklypopulatedcountrylikeEnglandoneisseldomfarfromatelephoneincaseofdreadfulnecessity.IthinkperhapsIhadbettertrytojustifymyselfbytryingtoprovethatwhatIlikeisgood.Iadmitthatindifferentcircumstances-ifIwereawealthyandpowerfulbusinessperson,forinstance,orbadlyillandhadtolieinbed.Imightfindatelephoneanecessity.ButthenifIwereataxi-driverIshouldfindacaranecessity.Letmeputitanotherway:therearetwothingsforwhichtheEnglishseemtoshowparticulartalent:oneismechanicalinvention,theotherliterature.MyownbusinesshappenstobewiththeuseofwordsbutIseeImustnowstopusingthem.ForIhavehadjustbeenhandedaslipofpapertosaythatsomebodyiswaitingtospeaktomeonthetelephone.IthinkIhadbetteranswerit.Afterall,oneneverknows,itmaybesomethingimportant.Title:The(1)▲DifferentopinionsaboutitManypeople:Itis(2)▲whenonewantstomakeacall,especiallyintimeof(3)▲.Theauthor:·Itcan(4)▲timeandevenbe(5)▲.·Noteveryone,(6)▲abusinesspersonorasickpersonwhohastostayinbed,needsit.·Idon’tneeditbecausemyjobis(7)▲.(8)▲withit·Italwaysseemstoringwhenoneisdoingsomethingelseordoesn’twantittoring.·Almost(9)▲canignoreiteveniftheywantto.·One(10)▲toansweritonlytofindthatheismisdialed.(1)_________(2)_________(3)_________(4)_________(5)_________(6)_________(7)_________(8)_________(9)_________(10)_________（五）請認真閱讀下列短文，并根據所讀內容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當的單詞。注意：每空一詞。 Educatinggirlsquitepossiblyharvestsahigherrateofreturnthananyotherinvestmentavailableinthedevelopingworld．Women’seducationmaybeanunusualfieldforeconomists（經濟學家）,butincreasingwomen’scontributiontodevelopmentisactuallyasmuchaneconomicasasocialissue.Andeconomics,withitsfocusonincentives（鼓勵）,providesanexplanationforwhysomanygirlsaredeprivedof（剝奪）aneducation. Parentsinlow-incomecountriesfailtoinvestintheirdaughtersbecausetheydonotexpectthemtomakeaneconomiccontributiontothefamily:girlsgrowuponlytomarryintosomebodyelse’sfamilyandbearchildren.Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool—theprophecy（預言）becomesself-fulfilling,trappingwomeninaviciouscircle（惡性循環）ofneglect. Aneducatedmother,ontheotherhand,hasgreaterearningabilitiesoutsidethehomeandfacesanentirelydifferentsetofchoices.Sheislikelytohavefewerbuthealthierchildrenandcaninsistonthedevelopmentofallherchildren,ensuringthatherdaughtersaregivenafairchance.Theeducationofherdaughtersthenmakesitmuchmorelikelythatthenextgenerationofgirls,aswellasofboys,willbeeducatedandhealthy.Theviciouscircleisthustransformedintoavirtuouscircle. Fewwillarguethateducatingwomenhasgreatsocialbenefits.Butithasenormouseconomicadvantagesaswell.Mostobviously,thereisthedirecteffectofeducationonthewagesoffemaleworkers.Wagesriseby10to20percentforeachadditionalyearofschooling.Suchbigreturnsareimpressivebythestandardofotheravailableinvestments,buttheyarejustthebeginning.Educatingwomenalsohasasignificantimpactonhealthpractices,includingfamilyplanning.Topic:Thesignificanceoffemaleeducationin（1）▲countriesViewpointEducatinggirlsismorebeneficialthananyother（2）▲.FamiliesFromlow-incomefamiliesFromeducatedmothers’familiesAttitudesGirlsareofless（3）▲thanboys.Developmentshouldbeforall（4）▲Practices●Thereis（5）▲investmentindaughters.●Girlsaremadetostayathome,doing（6）▲.Girlsandboyshave（7）▲chances.ConsequencesAviciouscircleAvirtuouscircleSignificanceEducatinggirls（8）▲tosocialbenefits,（9）▲advantagesandhealthpractices,includingfamilyplanning.（10）▲Educatinggirlsindevelopingcountriesisimportantandrewarding.(1)_________(2)_________(3)_________(4)_________(5)_________(6)_________(7)_________(8)_________(9)_________(10)_________（六）請認真閱讀下列短文，并根據所讀內容在文章后表格中的空格中填入最適當的單詞。注意：每空一詞。AlthoughmanyChinesestudentssaythattheirknowledgeofEnglishgrammarisgood,mostwouldadmitthattheirspokenEnglishispoor.WheneverIspeaktoaChinesestudentstheyalwayssay,“MyspokenEnglishispoor.”However,theirspokenEnglishdoesnothavetoremain“poor.”IwouldliketosuggestthattheremaybesomereasonsfortheirproblemswithspokenEnglish.First,theyfailtofindsuitablewordstoexpressthemselvesduetoalimitedvocabulary.Obviouslythebetteransweristoexpandtheirvocabulary.However,youcanspeakwithalimitedvocabulary,ifyourattitudeispositive.Otherswillfollowyouaslongasyouusethewordsthatyouknow.Second,theyareafraidofmakingmistakes.Sometimestheymakemistakeswhentheyarespeakingbecausetheyareskyandnervous.YetstudentsshouldrememberthattheirgoalshouldbeFLUENTLYNOTACCURACY.Youraiminwritingistobeaccuratefollowingtherulesforgrammarandusingtheyourmessageacross,totalktosomeoneinEnglish,asquicklyandwellasyoucan,eventhoughsometimesyoumayuseawrongwordortense,butitdoesn’tmatterbecausethepersonyouarespeakingtowillunderstandyouandmakeallowancesforanymistakeshehears.Thethirdreasonisthatnotenoughattentionispaidto