Unitone

Lesson2HeatTreatmentofToolSteels教學目標及要求1.掌握課文中相關熱處理方面專業詞匯和專業術語；2.結合熱處理相關專業知識閱讀課文，提升翻譯能力。重點1.相關熱處理專業詞匯和專業術語；2.翻譯課文：熱處理原理;熱處理類型;熱處理步驟。難句分析及翻譯基礎知識Part（Ⅰ）翻譯基礎知識介紹二、翻譯標準1/31教學思緒設計

時間分配（共100min）：1.講解課文中專業詞匯和術語；2.講解課后生詞、大聲朗誦；3.翻譯課文，注意穿插相關專業知識；4.分析難點句型，講解相關翻譯基礎知識；5.學生答疑。

2/31ContentsBackgroundKnowledgeNewWordsandPhrasedTextAnalysisQuestionsGlossaryofTermsLanguagePoints&TranslatingTechniquesReadingMaterials

SummaryReferences3/31ThePrinciplesofHeatTreatmentHeattreatmentconsistsofHeating-UpandCooling-Downprocess.HeatingupthesteelwillchangethemicrostructuretoAustenite.CoolingdownthesteelatdifferentcoolingrateswillchangethemicrostructurefromAustenitetodifferentstructurescorrespondingly.ChangeinMicrostructuresresultinchangeinmechanicalproperties.BackgroundKnowledge4/31Byheattreatment,wecanchangethemechanicalpropertiesofmouldsandmachinecomponentstoourdesiredstate.Forexample,tohardenthemouldwillincreasestrengthandwearresistanceresultinginlongermouldlife.Toannealahardsteelbarwillsoftenittoastategoodformachining.Tonormalizeasteelbarwilltoughenittoastategoodforimpact.

5/31NewWordsandExpressionsTerms：

1.Heattreating熱處理normalize正火spheroidiz球化處理anneal退火harden淬火temper回火caseharden表面淬火stressrelieving應力消除熱處理carburize滲碳quench-hardening淬火硬化6/31NewWordsandExpressionsTerms：

2.Iron-carbonequilibriumdiagram鐵碳平衡相圖ferrite鐵素體austenite奧氏體pearlite珠光體carbide碳化物bainite貝氏體martensite馬氏體liquid液態delta-ironα-鐵alpha-ironβ-鐵gamma-ironγ-鐵7/31Iron-carbonequilibriumdiagram

8/319/31Time-temperaturetransformation(TTT)diagrams

10/31AContinuouscoolingtransformation(CCT)curvecomparedtoTTTdiagram11/31亞微觀；普通顯微鏡下看不出來TemperingDuringtempering,martensiteundergoesatransformationprocessfromthatofcarbonatomssupersaturatedinirontoastructuretermedtemperedmartensitewhichconsistsofhighlydispersedsubmicroscopiccarbideparticlesinaferritematrix.Theextentofincreaseinductilityhencetoughnessandthecorrespondingreductioninhardnessandstrengthisafunctionoftemperingtemperatureandtime.

回火；調和12/31AnnealingIfasteelbariscooledslowlyinafurnacefromatemperatureaboveitsuppercriticaltemperaturetoatemperaturebelowthelowercriticaltemperature,thestructureofthesteelwillbecomeferriteandcementiteagain.Thissteelconsistsofasomewhatcoarsergrainstructurethatislowinstrength,highinductileandsoft.Thisprocessofheattreatmentiscalled'Annealing'.退火，緩冷，韌化13/31正火NormalizingHowever,insteadofcoolinginfurnaceasdescribedabove,thesteelistakenoutfromthefurnaceandcooledinstillair,itistermed'Normalizing'.Anormalizedsteelbarpossesseshigherstrengthandtoughnessthanitsannealedcounterpart.對應物，配對物14/31Quench-HardeningIfasteelbarisrapidlycooledfromit'suppercriticaltemperaturebyplungingitintoacoolantsuchaswateroroil(termedquenching),theeffectistotransformtheausteniteintoastructurecalled'martensite'.Martensiteisaveryhard,butbrittleconstituentofsteel.Forsteelshavingacarboncontentlessthan0.8%,atemperatureatbetween30degCto50degCabovetheuppercriticaltemperature(723degC)isusedforquenchingandtheresultingstructurecomprisesmartensiteandferrite.15/31TheHeatTreatmentProcessBasically,HeatTreatmentjustconsistsofheatingupandcoolingdownprocess.Theseprocesscanbefurtherdividedintofoursteps.OneStep1

ConstructionofTime-Temperature-TransformationDiagram(TTT)andContinuousCoolingTransformationsDiagram(CCT)TTTDiagrams-canbequiteusefulindeterminingthekineticsoftransformationandthenatureoftheproducts.Thecurveshowsthetimerequiredtocompletethetransformationatthattemperature.16/31OneStep2CCTDiagrams-AlthoughtheTTTdiagramscanprovideusefulinformationaboutthestructuresobtainedthroughnon-equilibriumthermalprocessing,theyarenotrigorouslyapplicabletoengineeringapplicationsbecausetheassumptionsofinstantaneouscoolingfromelevatedtemperatureisfarmorerealistic,andadiagramshowingtheresultsofcontinuouscoolingatvariousrateswouldbefarmoreuseful.17/31TwoStepsThesecondstepisaheatingoperationdesignedtoproduceanelevatedtemperaturehomogeneoussingle-phasesolidsolution.Theheatingshouldnotexceedtheeutectictemperatureortheremightbemeltingifacoredstructurewerepresent.

ThreeAndFourStepsAftersoakingtoassureauniformchemistrysinglephase,thealloyiscooled.Thecoolingrateofthealloydependsonthepropertyofmetalrequired.Theheattreatedmaterialisthenleftfordiffusion.Diffusionisnecessarytoconverttheunstablesupersaturatedsolutionintothestablestructure.

18/31SurfaceHardeningFormanyengineeringpurposesitisdesirableforpartstohaveahardsurfacetoresistwearandabrasionandtheinnerportionremainssoftandtoughtosustainimpactloading.Thisdepthofthehardenedsurfaceisnormallyfrom0.0001mmtoafewmmdependingonapplications.Thesepropertiescanbeobtainedbysurfacehardeningwhichisgenerallydividedintothefollowingthreetypes:19/31Gascarburizing

NitridingMethodPrincipleofInductionHardening

20/31QuestionsWhatprocessisusedtoremovetheinternalstressescreatedduringahardeningoperation?Whatheattreatingprocessmakesthemetalliccarbidesinametalformintosmallroundedglobules?Whatarethemainpurposesofheattreating?Howmanyheattreatingprocessesareinvolvedinferrousmaterials?21/31GlossaryofTerms1．Hardenability淬透性2．hardenabilitycurve淬透性曲線3．hardeningcapacity淬硬性（硬化能力）4．hardnessprofile硬度分布（硬度梯度）5．heattreatmentprocedure熱處理規范6．heattreatmentinstallation熱處理設備7．heattreatmentfurnace熱處理爐8．heattreatmentcycle熱處理工藝周期9．heattime加熱時間10．heatsystem加熱系統11．heatinguptime升溫時間12．heatingcurve加熱曲線

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13．hightemperaturecarburizing高溫滲碳14．hightemperaturetempering高溫回火15．isothermaltransformation等溫轉變16．isothermalannealing等溫退火17．interruptedageingtreatment分級時效處理18．localheattreatment局部熱處理19．overheatedstructure過熱組織20．packcarburizing固體滲碳21．oxynitrocarburizing氧氮碳共滲22．partialannealing不完全退火23．spheroidizedstructure球化組織24．recrystallizationtemperature再結晶溫度23/31Example1:

Thiscombinationofheatingandcontrolledcoolingdeterminesnotonlythenatureanddistributionofthemicroconstituents,whichinturndeterminetheproperties,butalsothegrainsize.（在熱處理過程中），加熱與冷卻控制相結合方法不但決定著材料中微觀組織分布和性質（進而決定了該材料性能），而且也決定了材料內部晶粒大小。句中第一個and連接是heating和controlledcooling，第二個and連接是nature和distribution，而whichinturndeterminetheproperties為非限定性定語從句,修飾thenatureanddistribution。LanguagePoints&TranslatingTechniques24/31Example2:

Withmostofthemediumcarbonforgingsteels,alloyedandunalloyed,normalizingishighlyrecommendedafterforgingandbeforemachiningtoproducemorehomogeneousstructures,andinmostcases,improvedmachinability.對于大多數中碳鍛鋼來說，不論它是否合金化，在鑄造后或加工前通常推薦采取正火處理工藝，這么有利于形成更均勻組織，而且在大多數情況下可改進材料切削加工性能。句首介詞with短語意為“對……來說”；inmostcases可譯為“在大多數情況下”。

25/31二、翻譯標準翻譯任務在于準確而完整地介紹原文思想內容，使讀者對原文思想內容有正確了解。然而，怎樣才算是準確、完整翻譯呢？要處理這個問題，就需要有一個共同翻譯標準。談到翻譯標準，不免要提到嚴復“信、達、雅”。嚴復在他一部譯著序言中提出了“信、達、雅”。“信”就是忠實原文，“達”就是表示清楚，“雅”即是文字文雅。以后，魯迅先生在此基礎上又提出了“信”和“順”這兩條標準。“信”和“順”，即“忠實”、“通順”，今天已成為公認兩條標準了。Example3:26/31“忠實”是指譯文思想內容必須忠實于原文，這一標準對科技英語尤為主要，因為科技作品任務在于準確而系統地敘述科學技術問題，它要求高度準確性，尤其是對術語、定義、定理和結論翻譯更應重視。然而，忠實原文并不是形式上保持原文，而是內容上保持原文。翻譯時切忌逐字死譯，這么會有損原意。請看例句：Aroughingcutisusuallytobefollowedbyafishingcut.粗切削通常要被精切削跟隨。譯文毛病在于即使詞類或句子成份都與原文一致，保持了原文形式，但卻失去了原文精神。若譯成“粗切之后，通常還要精切”才算忠實原文。翻譯第二條標準是“通順”?！巴槨笔侵缸g文語言形式必須符合漢語規范，翻譯時要按照漢語語法規律和習慣來遣詞造句，做到通順易懂。但要指出，“通順”是在“忠實”前提下，任何“順而不信”都是不行，屬于亂譯。27/31看下面一個例子：Thefoundationofthemachineshouldnotbeconstructedataplaceofconspicuou