Unit5ReadingManuscriptsTopicalHighlights

1.ImportanceofManuscriptReading:readingfordifficultexpressions,readingforsmoothpresentation,readingforfinishingtouches2.VariousFormulas:mathematicalexpressions,chemicalformulas3.FrequentlyUsedLatinAbbreviations:ca.,etal.,etc.,eg.,ibid.,i.e.,i.q.,N.B.,op.cit.,v.v.,viz4.DifferentPunctuations:parentheses/brackets,comma,quotationmarks,dash,dots,slant5.Long/ComplexSentences:analyzingsentencestructure,dividingsensegroups,pay-ingattentiontobreathingskills,wideningtheeyespan,controllingthespeechrate6.StressedandUnstressedSyllables:stressedsentences/words,unstressedsentences/words,soundlinking7.Pronunciation/IntonationThemePresentation1.ImportanceofManuscriptReading1)ReadingforDifficultExpressionsPreparationpriortotheoralpresentationofapaperataninternationalacademicconferencecannotbeover-stressed;oneofthepracticalandeffectivewaysofpreparationisthereadingofmanuscripts.Thepresentationofapaperdoesnotmeantoreaditverbatim.However,itneedscarefulpreparationforreading.

2)ReadingforSmoothPresentationManuscriptreadingpriortoaconferenceisactuallybuildingabridgeoverthegapbetweenwrittentextandoralpresentation,whichlinkstheskillsofwritingandspeakingtogetherandshowsthepresenter'soveralllanguageproficiency.3)ReadingforFinishingTouchesBepreparedtofindoutmistakes,leaks,faults,andotherproblemsthroughcarefulreadingofthemanuscript.Experiencesfrommanyconference-goersshowthatreadingaloudamanuscriptisaneffectivewayofscrutinizingthepaper.2.VariousFormulasVariousformulas,suchasmathematicalexpressions,chemicalformulasandotherequations,areconsideredasoneofthemostdifficultpointsinthepracticalreadingofprofessionalpapers.1)MathematicalExpressionsTherearedifferentkindsofmathematicalformulainEnglishexpressionsinscientificwriting.Someexampleswillbegivenheretodemonstratethewayofreadingthebasicitemsofsuchformulas.Ex.5-1Itisgenerallyreadas:eightplussixandfive-eighthsminusthreepointeighty-eightmultipliedbyfour,alldividedbytwoandahalf.Ex.5-2Itisreadas:atimesrtothenminusonepowerplusthecuberootofx,equalsAplusBoverr,plusroverlogR.Ex.5-3Itcanbereadsimplyas:theintegralfromzerotopiovertwoofdxoveroneplusatimescosineof;c,plusthesumfromrequalszerotorequalsnofthequantitynthingstakenratatimesquared,equalstheintegralfromx=0toboffofx.

Ex.5-4

Itcanbereadas:thequantityaplusbtothenthpowerequalsatothenthpowerplusntimesthequantityatothenminusonepowertimesbplusntimesnminusonedividedbytwotimesthequantityatothenminustwopowertimesbsquareddowntobtothenthpower.2)ChemicalFormulasLiketheabove-mentionedmathematicalequations,chemicalformulasadddifficultiestomanuscriptreadingbutatthesametimefollowcertainrules.Itisbesttoreaditinaliteralmanner.Ex.5-5Itcanbereadas:FEandSreacttogiveFES.Ex.5-6Itcanbereadas:SI0twoandtwoCreacttoformSIandtwoC0.Ex.5-7Itcanbereadas:openbracketNHfourclosebrackettwiceCRtwo0seven.Ex.5-8Itcanbereadas:twoKCL0three,whenheatedinthepresenceofamanganesedioxideasacatalystformstwoKCLandreleasesthree0two.Ex.5-9Whenammoniumhydroxideisaddedtoasolutionofaluminumsulfate,aluminumhydroxideandammoniumsulfateareformed.Ex.5-10(1)CHfourandtwo0tworeacttogiveC0twoandtwoHtwo0.(2)Methanereactswithoxygentoproducecarbondioxideandwater.(3)Onemoleculeofmethanereactswithtwomoleculesofoxygentoformonemoleculeofcarbondioxideandtwomoleculesofwater.(4)Onemoleofmethaneand2molesofoxygenreacttoproduce1moleofcarbondioxideand2molesofwater.(5)OnemoleofCHfourplus2molesof0tworeacttoproduce1moleofC0twoand2molesofHtwo0.Thefirstmethodisfineforreadingahequationasitappearsontheprintedpage.Ex:5-11Itcanbereaddirectly:PVequalsNRTequalsgoverMtimesRT.where:P=pressureV=volumeN=g/MR=ideal-gasconstantT=absolutetemperature(t+273.15)Kg=weightofgasofmolecularweightM3.FrequentlyUsedLatinAbbreviationsLatinabbreviationsarefrequentlyusedinscientificwriting.Let'slookatthefollowingthreeexamples.

Ex.5-12PresentstudyconfirmsthesuggestionofsuchaphenomenonbyMilleretal.andisconsistentwiththetwo-levelcollective-emissionmodel.Ex.5-13Totreatthissingularity,e.g.,thesubtractionmethod6canbeused.Ex.5-14ItcanthenbeidentifiedwithavectorfieldonthemanifoldX,i.e.,across-sectionofthetangentbundleT(X).(ibid.)Forexample,intheaboveexamples,"etal."reads:"andothers,fordetailsyoumayrefertoreferencesNo.4andNo.5ofthispaper";"thesubtractionmethod6"reads,"thesubtractionmethodwhichisshowninreferenceNo.6ofthispaper."Withtheseadditionalwords,thereadingconveysthemessagesmoreclearlyinthepaper,andthusmakesiteasierfortheaudiencetounderstand.SomeofthefrequentlyusedLatinabbreviationsarelistedinthefollowingtablewiththeirEnglishequivalences:LatinWordAbbreviationEnglishMeaningcircaca.aboutetalii,eteliaeeeeliaeeliaeeliaeetal.andothersetceteraetc.andsoonvideinfrav.iseebelowlexempligratiae.g.forexampleibidemibid.inthesameplaceidesti.e.thatistosayidemquodi.q.thesameaslocacitatoloc.cit.intheplacecitednotabeneN.B.orn.b.observecarefully;takenotice(inwritingtobeginanote)operecitatoop.cit.intheworkcitedabovequodvideq.vwhichsee(tolookinanotherplacetofind...)sicso;thus(inthebracketafterthequotationnotingthatthemistakeisfromtheoriginaltext)viceversav.v.theotherwayroundvideintraseeabovevidelicetviznamely;thatisidesupralookatanearlierplaceinabook(usedfortellingareaderwheretofindmoreaboutthesubject)4.DifferentPunctuationsInawrittenpaper,punctuationmarksaredemonstratedbyprintedsymbolswhichmaynotcauseanymisunderstanding,butinreading,themeaningoftheseprintedpunctuationsmaynotbeexpressedsoeasilybydirectreadingwithoutcertaintreatment.Inawrittenpaper,punctuationmarksaredemonstratedbyprintedsymbolswhichmaynotcauseanymisunderstanding,butinreading,themeaningoftheseprintedpunctuationsmaynotbeexpressedsoeasilybydirectreadingwithoutcertaintreatment.1)Parentheses/BracketsEx.5-15Intheexperimentmentionedabove,weexaminedthematerialandallthephysicalquantities(temperature,pressureandspecificweight,etc.)wereobtained.

Inthiscase,itisadvisabletoadoptthefollowingtransitionalphrasestoreplacethebracket:...,whichinclude(s)...,…,whichare(is)......,…,inwhichare(is)shownas......,fromwhichweobtain......,thatis......,including......,thatmeans......,pleasesee......,asindicatedin......,suchas......,namely...Thesephrasesresultinmorefluentandappropriatereading.Thus,theaboveexampleEx.5-15runs:Intheabovementionedexperiment,weexaminedthematerial,andallthephysicalquantitiesincludingtemperature,pressureandspecificweight,andsoonwereobtained.2)CommaInEnglish,pausebetweentwomeaningfulunitswithinasentenceand/oranutteranceisachievedbyacomma.Sometimesthisshortpause,ifnotindicatedclearlyenoughaccordingtocircumstances,mightcausemisunderstanding.Ex.5-16TheK=0component,whichdoesnotgiverisetoacurrentfluctuation,willnotinfluencethebandshape.

Iftheoralpauseafterthecommaistooshortandmakesthenon-restrictiveattributiveclausesoundlikearestrictiveattributiveclause,as"TheK=0componentwhichdoesnotgiverisetoacurrentfluctuationwillnotinfluencethebandshape",theoriginalmeaningofthesentencehaschanged.Andbyreadinginthisway,theutterancemightimplythefollowing:(1)morethanonecomponentwhichhaszerovalueforK;(2)thecomponentwhichdoesnotinfluencethebandshapeincludesonlytheonewhichdoesnotgiverisetoacurrentfluctuation,whichleadstoambiguity.Ex.5-17...Andunderthatcondition,theelectricalenergywasconvertedtoheat,lightorsound.Inthemanuscriptreading,misunderstandingslikethatcanbeavoidedbymakingarelativelylongerpauseasinEx.5-17orbyaddingaword"or"between"light"and"sound."Thatistosay,thewholesentencemaybereadas:...Andunderthatcondition,theelectricalenergywasconvertedtoV(換氣符號)heatorlightorsound.QuotationMarksEx.5-18Theresonanceisanextratunnelingchannel,or"window",inthebarriertunnelingelectronswithtotalenergyE+Erwillalwaysbeabletoseethe"window",butdonotnecessarilyexitthroughit.Ex.5-19The“head-to-foot”erectiontheybegantopracticeintheearly70'shasnowbeenadoptedworldwide."Head-to-foot"erectionisspeciallyusedreferringtoakindofinstallationmethod.Inmanuscriptreading,theadditionofthephrase"so-called"beforethequotedwordsmightconveythemeaningmoreeffectively:Theso-called"head-to-foot"erectiontheybegantopracticeintheearly70'shasnowbeenadoptedworldwide.4)DashAdashisusuallyadoublehyphen.Inatext,supplementationorexplanationofwhatismentionedalwaysfollowsadash.Adashissimilarinitsfunctiontothecommaandthecolon.Apairofdashesfunctionslikeapairofparentheses.

Ex.5-20.Inthecontextofdiscussingpropertiesofsolutionofdifferentialequations,thescatteringwavefunctionshouldnotbegiveninclosedform.Itsdefinition—aparticularsolutionofSchrodinger'sdifferentialequation—thenistheoptimalform.Inreading,thedashinthesentencecouldbereplacedbyarelativeclauseledby"which,"Thenthesentencemaybereadas:Inthecontextofdiscussingpropertiesofsolutionofdifferentialequations,thescatteringwavefunctionshouldnotbegiveninclosedform.Itsdefinition,whichisaparticularsolutionofSchrodinger'sdifferentialequation,thenistheoptimalform.Ex.5-21WeknowthatMadameCurieandherhusband'slongandarduouseffortswerefinallycrownedwithgreatsuccessinJuly1898—theydiscoveredaradioactiveelement,namelypolonium.Theaboveexamplecouldbereadwiththedashreplacedby"thatis"andby"namely":WeknowthatMadameCurieandherhusband'slongandarduouseffortswerefinallycrownedwithgreatsuccessinJuly1898,thatis,theydiscoveredaradioactiveelement,namely,polonium.5)DotDotsinscientificwritingvaryinfunctionsandconsequentlydifficultyarisesinthewaysofreading.Adotrepresentingthesign"x"canbereaddirectlyas"multipliedby"or"times."Forexample,"a?b"=creadsamultipliedbybequalsc,or,atimesbequalsc.Adotinachemistryequationcanbereadas"dot."Forexample,theequationcanbereadasNAtwoCOthreedottenHtwoO.6)SlantThesign"/"referringtoalternativesinwritinggenerallymeans"and","or",or"and/or"Ex.5-22Thecirculatingwatersystem(CWS)willbeaclosed-cycletypeofcoolingsystemwhichconsistsofcoolingtower/basin,pumpstructureandsupply/returnpipelines.Itgenerallyrunsinreading":Thecirculatingwatersystem,whichisabbreviatedasCWS,willbeaclosed-cycletypeofcoolingsystemwhichconsistsofcoolingtowerandbasin,pumpstructureandsupplyorreturnpipelines.Ex.5-23AsdiscussedinRef.7,thesecondtermontherightoftheaboveequationrepresentserrorsand/orambiguitiesintheresultofthemeasurement,whilethethirdtermrepresentsthedistortionofthestateofthesystem(whichisalsoassociatedwithpossibleerrorsand/orambiguities).5.Long/ComplexSentencesScientificwritingischaracterizedbylongsentenceswhichconstituteanotherdifficultyinmanuscriptreading.Howtodealwiththereadingoftheselongsentencesdeservesexploration.Let'sfirstanalyzethefollowingtwosentences.Ex.5-24Inotherwords,theaveragevariationofillustratedinFig.4byheavylinesagreeswellwiththechangeofexospherictemperatureeventhoughthediurnalbehaviorof^honanindividualdayiscontrollednotonlybythechangeofexospherictemperaturebutalsobyallkindsofexosphericdisturbancestakingplaceatanyheight.Ex.5-25Ithasalsoprovidedthatbasesforthetraditionalmethodologyofscience:objectiveobservationanddescriptionofsomephenomena,theformulationofahypothesisorhypothesesabouttheeventsobservedandpossiblerelationshipsamongthem,theuseofthesetopredictfutureevents,theverificationofthehypothesesand,onthisbasis,theconstructionofatheoryofsomeareaofnaturalactivity.Fluentreadingofsuchlongsentencescanbeachievedthroughthefollowingsteps:1)AnalyzingSentenceStructureAnalyzinggrammaticalstructuresprovesessentialfortheunderstandingoflongsentencesaswellasfortheadoptionofcertainreadingtechniques.Itisclearthatdifferentgrammaticalstructureshavedifferentfunctions,anddifferentelementsofasentenceneeddifferentreadingskills.Byanalyzingsentencestructure,aspeakercanhaveabetterunderstandingofsentencestructuresandelementsofasentence,soastodeterminewhatskilltoadoptforthespecificreading.Thecommonreadingskills,apartfromtheprecedingdiscussionsandexamples,willbefurtherintroducedinthefollowingparagraphs.2)DividingSenseGroupsSensegroupsshouldbedividedaccordingtothegrammaticalstructureandtherelationshipbetweenmeaningfulunits.IntheaboveexamplesEx.5-24andEx.5-25,sensegroupscanberespectivelydividedasfollows:...Inotherwords,//theaveragevariationof//

illustratedinFig.4byheavylines//agreeswellwiththechangeofexospheretemperature//whichistheequationofNo.5//eventhoughthediurnalbehaviorof//onanindividualday//iscontrollednotonlybythechangeofexospheretemperature//butalsobyallkindsofexosphericdisturbances//takingplaceatanyheight.Ithasalsoprovidedthatbasesforthetraditionalmethodologyofscience://objectiveobservationanddescriptionofsomephenomena,//theformulationofahypothesisorhypothesesabouttheeventsobservedandpossiblerelationshipsamongthem,//theuseofthesetopredictfutureevents,//theverificationofthehypothesesand,onthisbasis,//theconstructionofatheoryofsomeareaofnaturalactivity.3)PayingAttentiontoBreathingSkillsThecontrolofbreathusuallyaccordstothepausebetweensensegroups.Intheabovetwoexamples,breaths(usingthesign"V")canbetakenasfollows:...Inotherwords,VtheaveragevariationofHillustratedinFig.4byheavylinesVagreeswellwiththechangeofexospherictemperaturewhichistheequationofNo.5VeventhoughthediurnalbehaviorofHonanindividualdayiscontrolledVnotonlybythechangeofexospherictemperatureVbutalsobyallkindsofexosphericdisturbancestakingplaceatanyheight.IthasalsoprovidedthatVbasesforthetraditionalmethodologyofscience:objectiveobservationanddescriptionofsomephenomena,Vtheformulationofahypothesisorhypothesesabouttheeventsobservedandpossiblerelationshipsamongthem,Vtheuseofthesetopredictfutureevents,Vtheverificationofthehypothesesand,onthisbasis,Vtheconstructionofatheoryofsomeareaofnaturalactivity.4)WideningEyeSpanWideningtheeyespanmayfacilitateabetterreadingoflongsentencesbypreviewingofthesubsequentpartofthesentence.Theeyeballmovementisimportantinconnectionwiththeeyespan.Accordingtopsychologicalexperiments,agazeofaperson,ingeneral,cancover4-5relatedwordswithatotalofabout20Englishletters.Thefrequencyoftheeyeballmovementscanbereducedwhiletheeyespaniswidenedbytraining.Throughreadingandpractice,areaderwillbeabletograduallyexpandthecoverageofthewordstoberead,andtoachievecontinuous"previewing"—readingthepresentwordswithintheeyespanandpreviewingthesubsequentialwordswithintherestoftheeyecoverage.Thussmoothandfluentreadingoflongsentencescanbeachievedbywideningeyespanandcontinuouspre-viewing.5)ControllingSpeechRateGoodspeakersknowhowtoattractadequateattentionfromtheaudiencebyproperlycontrolledspeechrate.Controllingthespeechrateisusuallyrealizedfunctionally,semantically,grammatically,andemotionally.Functionallyandsemantically,itisnecessarytoslowdownforabitforimportantdata,significantmainclauses,conclusions,etc.,soastomakethelistenersfullyawareoftheideasandmeaningsconveyed.Grammatically,transitoryparts,subordinateclauses,andfunctionalwordsshouldbereadatafasterspeed,whilethemainclausesandsubstantialpartsneedtobereadatarelativelyslowerrateandcallforastressedreading.Emotionally,ittendstocreateasenseofmotionwithvariedrhythmobtainedfromtheflexiblespeechratewithaviewofachievingdramaticeffects.6.Stressed/UnstressedSyllables1)StressedSentences/WordsGenerallyspeaking,thebeginningortheendingofeachparagraphusuallyraisesaquestionoroffersaconclusivestatement.Towellreadtheseimportantparts,thespeakerneedstostressthemandmakethemstandout.Inotherwords,thesignificantwordsandphrasesinthesepartsaretobereadwithstress.Forexample:Ex.5-26.Theoutputpowerofthenewly-builthydrogenmaser,whichispresentedinEx.(4),isobviouslysmallerthanitsinputpower.Inthissentence,thenon-restrictiveclauseledby"which"shouldbereadfastandlightly,while"isobviouslysmaller..."shouldbereadslowlywithstress.2)UnstressedSentences/WordsThelessimportantpartsof