財務(wù)報表粉飾與分析7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing1黃世忠教授Ph.D

CPA

MBA廈門大學(xué)管理學(xué)院副院長電話/p>

Levitt的觀點審計總署（GAO）的調(diào)查中國上市公司報表粉飾的典型手段報表粉飾的傳統(tǒng)手段報表粉飾的現(xiàn)代手段中國上市公司報表粉飾典型案例分析財務(wù)報表分析框架（Harward

Model

of

F.S.A)附錄：Sarbanes-Oxley

Act簡要介紹該法案對獨(dú)立董事的啟示，特別是與CPA溝通應(yīng)注意的問題7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

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Dressing2Overview

of

Financial

Fraud7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing3Biggest

U.S

Bankruptcies

Since

19807/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing4Debts

owned

to

Banks

and

Institutional

Investors

by

WorldCom(

Total

Assets:

BV

$

107

billion;

MV

$15

billion;

Total

Debts

$41

billion)7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing5$

in

millionBank

&

TrustAmountInstitutional

InvestorsamountJP

Morgan

Trust

Co.17,200.00CALPERS387.5Deutsche

Bank240.25Prudential386.5ABN

Amco

Bank202.75Metropolitan

Life

Insur.300.3Citibank154.88Vanguard281.9Fleet150.00Travelers

Asset

mgt.270.1Bank

One100.00Northwest

Invest.

Mgt.267.0Mellon

Bank100.00Alliance

Capital

Mgt.253.9Wells

Fargo

Bank100.00American

Express

F.A212.4JP

Morgan

Chase6.00Wellington

Mgt.212.1Merck’

Faked

Revenue7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

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Dressing6Financial

Frauds

and

Independent

Directors7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing7Overview

of

financial

frauds

or

earnings

management其他公司–

Microsoft,

GE,

IBM,

Boeing,

Lucent,

Cisco,

Oracle,

AOL,

Nortel,

Qwest,Tyco,

Global

Crossing,

Cendant,

WMX,

Sunbeam,

Adelphia公司名稱(事務(wù)所名稱）舞弊種類及金額是否由AC發(fā)現(xiàn)？是否由CPA發(fā)現(xiàn)？獨(dú)立懂事/董事會人數(shù)Enron

(AA)虛增利潤6億美元,隱瞞負(fù)債30多億美元否否15/17Xerox

(KPMG)虛增利潤15億美元否否7/9Rite

Aid(KPMG)虛增利潤22億美元否否7/9WorldCom(AA)虛增利潤93億美元否否9/11CFE’s

Classification

SchemeFraudCorruptionAssetMisappropriationFraudulentStatementsConflicts

of

InterestBriberyIllegal

GratuitiesEconomic

ExtortionCashFraudulentDisbursementsInventories

andAll

Other

AssetsBogus

RevenueTiming

DifferencesConcealed

L

&

EImproper

DisclosureImproper

Valuation7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

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Dressing8CFE:

Duration

of

by

Scheme

Type7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing9CFE:

Initial

Detection

of

Fraud發(fā)現(xiàn)舞弊方法及比例雇員舉報偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)部控制內(nèi)部審計外部審計客戶舉報匿名舉報賣方舉報執(zhí)法部門通報26.3%18.8%18.6%15.4%11.5%8.6%6.2%5.1%1.7%7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing10CFE:

Effective

Measures

to

Prevent

Fraud7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing11SAS

99

:Consideration

of

Fraud

in

aFinancial

Statement

Audit7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing12AICPA恢復(fù)公眾信任的一個重大舉措2002.10.15，AICPA發(fā)布采納SAS

99的決定取代SAS

82

（1996）自2002年12月15日生效SAS將在2002年10月末或11月初正式頒布Significant

Changes

in

the

New

Fraud

Standard7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing134個重大變化進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)職業(yè)懷疑（Professional

Skepticism)的重要性對舞弊及其特征進(jìn)行描述要求審計小組應(yīng)當(dāng)直面舞弊應(yīng)當(dāng)具有職業(yè)懷疑的心態(tài)（Mindset

of

PS)重大變化實施意想不到的審計測試（Unpredictable

Audit

Tests)對客戶沒料到的地區(qū)、場所和賬戶進(jìn)行測試對管理當(dāng)局逾越控制（Override

of

Control)作出反映提出測試管理當(dāng)局逾越控制的審計程序Description

and

Characteristics

of

Fraud7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing141個關(guān)鍵要素舞弊是蓄意行為（Intentional

Behavior)

舞弊是個法律概念，CPA不對某項行為是否屬于舞弊作出法律決定舞弊與差錯的差別在于是否故意造成錯報或漏報實際工作中難以判斷，如不合理會計估計（Unreasonable

AccountingEstimates)2種舞弊類型虛假財務(wù)報告產(chǎn)生的錯報Misstatements

arising

from

fraudulent

financial

reporting挪用資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的錯報Misstatements

arising

from

misappropriation

of

AssetsDescription

and

Characteristics

of

Fraud7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing153個必備條件動機(jī)或壓力

Management

or

employees

have

an

incentive

or

areunder

pressure機(jī)會

Circumstances

exist

(e.g.

absence

of

control,

ineffeccontrol,

ability

of

management

to

override

controls)

tprovide

an

opportunity

for

a

fraud

to

be

perpetrated理由

Those

involved

are

able

to

rationalize

a

fraudulent

abeing

consistent

with

their

personal

code

of

ethicsTriangle

of

FraudAlbrecht

el.al提出的舞弊鐵三角PressureOpportunityRationalizatioFraud7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing16Arthur

Levitt’s

Comments

on

“

Number

Game”7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing175

Methods

Game

Playing

identified

by

LevittBig-bath

charges(洗大澡或巨額沖銷）Creative

acquisition

accounting

（創(chuàng)造性并購會計）Cook-jar

reserves

（甜餅盒式準(zhǔn)備金）Revenue

recognition

（收入確認(rèn)）Materiality

（重大性）GAO

:

Restatement

by

Reason,

1997-20027/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing18中國上市公司報表粉飾典型手段報表粉飾的傳統(tǒng)手段收入確認(rèn)虛擬資產(chǎn)期間費(fèi)用資本化股權(quán)投資存貨及應(yīng)收賬款其他應(yīng)收應(yīng)付款報表粉飾的現(xiàn)代手段資產(chǎn)重組關(guān)聯(lián)交易資產(chǎn)評估補(bǔ)貼收入八項準(zhǔn)備會計調(diào)整7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing19A公司的財務(wù)圖象(單位：萬元）年度凈資產(chǎn)主營收入凈利潤199920,7096,75720,01020003,0146,797-16,5852001-

198,8685,187-225,7247/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing20A公司2001年度減值明細(xì)表(單位：萬元）7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing21項目年初余額本年增加數(shù)本年轉(zhuǎn)回數(shù)年末余額壞賬準(zhǔn)備其中：應(yīng)收賬款其他應(yīng)收款42,72432,66710,057166,049128,05537,994---------208,773160,72248,051存貨跌價準(zhǔn)備其中:原材料12,60610,85514,95312,572838327,47623,344長期投資減值準(zhǔn)備2,3511,335---3,686固定資產(chǎn)減值準(zhǔn)備---7,657---7,657在建工程減值準(zhǔn)備---232---232合

計57,681190,22683247,824三、A公司案例---巨額沖銷7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing22A公司對巨額壞賬的解釋應(yīng)收賬款的壞賬準(zhǔn)備關(guān)聯(lián)公司欠款單位名稱本年增加本年余額賬齡以前年度累計準(zhǔn)備本年計提準(zhǔn)備累計壞賬準(zhǔn)備香港XX自行車有限公司19,29859,816>

5

y11,73948,07759,816DB

(HK)

Co.Ltd6,13824,155>

5

y1,80822,34724,155XX國際有限公司---13,940>

5

y3,52310,41713,940合

計25,43697,91117,07080,84197,911A公司案例---巨額沖銷7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing23–非關(guān)聯(lián)方欠款：S

Co.Ltd,Au

Co.Ltd，其他出口經(jīng)商商、國內(nèi)客戶欠款單位名稱本年增加本年欠款余額賬齡以前年度累計準(zhǔn)備本年計提準(zhǔn)備累計壞賬準(zhǔn)備S

Co.Ltd*4,8229,793>

5

y---9,7939,793Au

Co.Ltd---4,166>

5

y---4,1664,166其他出口經(jīng)銷商*3,67412,711>

5

y12312,58812,711國內(nèi)客戶**---35,648>

3

y15,42520,22335,648合計8,49662,31815,54846,77062,318A公司案例---巨額沖銷7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing24其他應(yīng)收賬款的壞賬準(zhǔn)備關(guān)聯(lián)公司欠款單位名稱本年增加本年余額賬齡以前年度累計準(zhǔn)備本年計提準(zhǔn)備累計壞賬準(zhǔn)備XX復(fù)合材料制品（深圳）公司---6,128>

5

y---6,1286,128深圳XX工貿(mào)發(fā)展有限公司---5,029>

5

y1,8073,2225,029香港XX自行車有限公司---3,089>

5

y---3,0893,089合

計---14,2461,80712,43914,246A公司案例---巨額沖銷7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing25其他應(yīng)收賬款的壞賬準(zhǔn)備非關(guān)聯(lián)公司欠款單位名稱本年增加本年余額賬齡以前年度累計準(zhǔn)備本年計提準(zhǔn)備累計壞賬準(zhǔn)備S

Co.Ltd*---22,004>

5

y6,44915,55522,004ML

Co.Ltd

*---3,006>

5

y---3,0063,006其他**---6,817>

3

y1,7625,0556,817合

計---31,8278,21123,61631,827A公司的八大疑點7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing26巨額壞賬準(zhǔn)備與以前年度收入確認(rèn)的關(guān)系？

在本年度主營業(yè)務(wù)收入只有5187萬元的情況下，為何本年度增加對關(guān)聯(lián)方的應(yīng)收賬款竟達(dá)到25,436萬元？為何本年對非關(guān)聯(lián)方增加的應(yīng)收賬款高達(dá)8496萬元？

本年度對關(guān)聯(lián)方的應(yīng)收賬款和其他應(yīng)收款計提的壞賬準(zhǔn)備高達(dá)

93,280萬元，主要理由是聯(lián)系不到。為何聯(lián)系不到？誰應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任？是否存在違法違規(guī)行為？以前年度壞賬準(zhǔn)備計提比率為何如此之低？

本年度對非關(guān)聯(lián)方的應(yīng)收賬款和其他應(yīng)收款計提的壞賬準(zhǔn)備也高達(dá)70,386萬元，主要理由是聯(lián)系不到或資不抵債。是否存在違法違規(guī)行為？以前年度壞賬準(zhǔn)備計提比率為何如此之低？

應(yīng)收關(guān)聯(lián)方和非關(guān)聯(lián)方的上述款項全額計提壞賬準(zhǔn)備，累計金額高達(dá)206,302萬元。背后的真實故事是什么？虛假收入？收入確認(rèn)違反規(guī)定？關(guān)聯(lián)公司和非關(guān)聯(lián)公司逃廢債務(wù)？將來若由收回，如何進(jìn)行會計處理？全額計提的壞賬若今后又收回，如何進(jìn)行會計處理？

對這樣的喪失持續(xù)經(jīng)營能力（凈資產(chǎn)-225,724萬元）、應(yīng)收賬款內(nèi)部控制缺失、隨意計提巨額壞賬的公司，CPA發(fā)表無保留意見的依據(jù)何在？B公司案例：抵債背后的真實故事經(jīng)營業(yè)績一覽表年度主營業(yè)務(wù)收入凈利潤1998112,14711,8001999111,29615,5252000105,7535482001112,282-97,8567/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing27B公司經(jīng)營業(yè)績的嬗變(單位：%）年度凈資產(chǎn)收益率銷售利潤率19989.610.5199911.713.920000.40.52001-397.1-87.27/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing28B公司財務(wù)狀況的嬗變(單位：萬元）財務(wù)狀況一覽表年度股東權(quán)益凈資產(chǎn)比率（%）1998123,02439.11999132,79240.82000122,67135.2200124,6449.17/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing29B公司財務(wù)狀況的嬗變(單位：%）財務(wù)狀況一覽表年度凈資產(chǎn)率流動比率199839.1141.2199940.8143.0200035.280.320019.155.07/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing30B公司利潤結(jié)構(gòu)1998年金額占利潤總額%營業(yè)利潤5,88539.2投資收益7,12347.4補(bǔ)貼收入1,98913.2營業(yè)外收支凈額220.2利潤總額15,019100.07/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing31B公司利潤結(jié)構(gòu)1999年金額占利潤總額%營業(yè)利潤7,88543.2投資收益7,85543.1補(bǔ)貼收入2,42413.3營業(yè)外收支凈額680.4利潤總額18,232100.07/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing32B公司利潤結(jié)構(gòu)2000年金額占利潤總額%營業(yè)利潤-5,300投資收益7,067補(bǔ)貼收入0.5營業(yè)外收支凈額-

496利潤總額1,271.57/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing33B公司利潤結(jié)構(gòu)2001年金額占利潤總額%營業(yè)利潤-29,945投資收益814補(bǔ)貼收入100營業(yè)外收支凈額-71,947利潤總額-100,9787/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing34B公司(單位：萬元）投資收益與現(xiàn)金流量年度投資收益投資收益相關(guān)的現(xiàn)金流入19987,12377119997,8551,48420007,06744120018142,9807/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing35B公司投資收益構(gòu)成7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing36項目名稱1998199920002001委托貸款收益43,627,932.6447,018,425.3732,516,159.86(250,000.00)委托貸款準(zhǔn)備(2,063,492.78)(2,062,014.44)------股權(quán)投資收益25,181,284.8133,163,288.0134,421,843.267,809,254.00非控股公司分配的利潤5,376,000.001,700,000.004,631,999.985,300,400.00股權(quán)投資差額攤銷(899,748.42)(899,748.42)(899,748.42)(899,748.42)債券投資收益8,750.00---------轉(zhuǎn)讓收益---(368,869.26)------長期投資減值準(zhǔn)備---------(3,816,255.16)合計71,230,726.2578,551,081.2870,670,254.708,143,650.44B公司7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing372001巨虧的原因剖析董事會的說明董事會的信號發(fā)送B公司董事永遠(yuǎn)是正確的都是《企業(yè)會計制度》和新聞媒體惹的禍不是B公司無能，而是市場競爭太激勵存在的疑問為何不說明資產(chǎn)減值的原因？為何不說明2000年度抵債的影響？B公司7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing38–營業(yè)外支出明細(xì)項目2001年2000年固定資產(chǎn)清理凈損失1,939,922.21107,011.62固定資產(chǎn)盤虧---6,750.91固定資產(chǎn)減值準(zhǔn)備101,653,386.863,082,589.97無形資產(chǎn)減值準(zhǔn)備328,677,500.86---對外擔(dān)保預(yù)計負(fù)債286,357,085.06---捐贈支出128,928.602,187,890.00債務(wù)重組損失982,928.60---其他100,240.0315,732.00合

計719,839,465.285,399,974.50B公司7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing39資產(chǎn)減值的原因2000年6月份大股東的抵債交易–短期貸款23,099,247.00–短期投資664,095,572.75應(yīng)提多少準(zhǔn)備？–應(yīng)收賬款38,720,381.381,936,029.37–其他應(yīng)收款553,011,748.8527,650,587.44–其他應(yīng)付款3,246,949.98–

合計1,275,680,000.00其他關(guān)聯(lián)交易1998年年末向大股東及其他關(guān)聯(lián)方提供資金余額為

1,103,594,212.82元，收取利息131,084,164.92元，占當(dāng)年利潤總額87.3%，占凈利潤111.1%1999年末向大股東及其他關(guān)聯(lián)方提供的資金余額為

805,704,235.42元，收取利息92,219,696.20元，占當(dāng)年利潤總額50.6%，占凈利潤59.4%B公司7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing40–2000年度因抵債，向大股東及其他關(guān)聯(lián)企業(yè)提供資金的年末余額為零，收取的利息為46,760,153.38元，占當(dāng)年利潤總額

367.7%，占凈利潤852.6%抵償?shù)馁Y產(chǎn)及其減值項目名稱2000年6月評估價值2000年6月抵償作價2001年度減值準(zhǔn)備減值準(zhǔn)備占抵償價比例房屋建筑物38,04838,04810,13926.7%土地使用權(quán)53,52053,52019,43836.3%商標(biāo)權(quán)31,22030,00013,43044.8%股權(quán)6,2176,000------合

計129,005127,56843,00733.7%C公司案例：“巨額沖銷+銷售退回”背后的故事—“奇圣膠囊”演繹的神話經(jīng)營業(yè)績一覽表年度主營業(yè)務(wù)收入凈利潤199827,0996,568199928,4918,135200050,41924,191200110,043-58,4127/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing41C公司：2001年度上下半年的反差經(jīng)營業(yè)績一覽表年度主營業(yè)務(wù)收入凈利潤上半年20,5616,154下半年-10,518-64,566全年10,043-58,4127/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing42C公司：凈利潤與經(jīng)營業(yè)績的反差NI

v.s

CFFOA年度凈利潤C(jī)FFOA19986,568-

6,29319998,135-

8,062200024,19119,6152001-58,412-74,0347/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing43C公司---經(jīng)營活動產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流量7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing44CFFOA：2001v.s

2000項 目

名

稱20012000銷售商品、提供勞務(wù)收到的現(xiàn)金154,902,472.69514,146,801.97收取的租金562,784.00收到的稅費(fèi)返還---11,154,500.80收到的其他與經(jīng)營活動有關(guān)的現(xiàn)金126,146,385.1411,854,612.64現(xiàn)金流入小計281,048,857.83537,718,699.41購買商品、接受勞務(wù)支付的現(xiàn)金38,661,406.7458,904,277.28經(jīng)營租賃所支付的現(xiàn)金---224,088.00支付給職工以及為職工支付的現(xiàn)金15,312,928.7815,312,719.45支付的各項稅款243,148,586.14110,460,669.35支付的其他與經(jīng)營活動有關(guān)的現(xiàn)金724,266,389.07152,975,914.86現(xiàn)金流出小計1,021,389,310.73341,564,738.92經(jīng)營活動產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流量凈額-740,266,389.07196,153,960.49C---令人費(fèi)解的現(xiàn)金流入流出項目7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing45收到或支付的其他與經(jīng)營活動有關(guān)的現(xiàn)金流量項目名稱20012000收到的其他與經(jīng)營活動有關(guān)的現(xiàn)金126,146,385.1411,854,612.64其中：蕪湖市財政局給予的國有企業(yè)虧損補(bǔ)貼91,000,000.00銀行存款利息21,142,855.77支付的其他與經(jīng)營活動有關(guān)的現(xiàn)金724,266,389.07152,975,914.86其中：北京飛霞廣告有限公司（借款）380,000,000.00北京京華天地廣告藝術(shù)公司（預(yù)付廣告費(fèi)）100,611,963.90通化三利化工有限公司借款108,800,000.00支付各種廣告費(fèi)用81,464,228.87銷售員借款及提成款67,398,360.29C公司：2000-2002股價最高、最低7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing46C公司---“奇圣膠囊”的功效Window

Dressing“奇圣膠囊”對主營業(yè)務(wù)的貢獻(xiàn)項

目2001年度2000年度主營收入主營成本毛利率主營收入主營成本毛利率奇圣膠囊5,0972,91443%52,09125,14752%治麋靈栓3,01341586%7,81092988%參蓮膠囊-

1,328-

23682%2,98149983%壯骨伸筋膠囊2,22053876%2,20739882%其他5,1891,67568%9,6442,59573%內(nèi)部抵銷4,1472,25946%24,31422,5207%合計10,0433,04770%50,4197,04886%7/22/202347Comparative

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ofC公司---“成也蕭何，敗也蕭何”Window

Dressing董事會對“奇圣膠囊”迥然不同的說法2000年度董事會報告2001年董事會報告1、經(jīng)公司2000年第二次臨時股東大會審1、公司主打產(chǎn)品“奇圣膠囊”，議通過，決定延緩實施配股募集資金投資由于市場運(yùn)作不利，銷路不暢，22,077.99萬元進(jìn)行……將投資進(jìn)行調(diào)整，上年度以及本年上半年部分已用于購買恒春奇圣膠囊全部技術(shù)及生產(chǎn)經(jīng)銷售的“奇圣膠囊”藥品出現(xiàn)銷權(quán)和購買張恒春藥業(yè)有限公司股權(quán)。總銷售退回，沖減了本期營業(yè)收投資34,466.8萬元（購買奇圣膠囊31,800入，致使2001年度營業(yè)收入大萬元，購買張恒春藥業(yè)股權(quán)2666.8萬幅下降。元）……2、由于“奇圣膠囊”銷路不暢，2、公司于2000年10月16日至17日在通化出于謹(jǐn)慎考慮，將購買“奇圣市召開了“奇圣膠囊銷售代理招商大會”，膠囊”全部技術(shù)及生產(chǎn)經(jīng)銷權(quán)與全國176家醫(yī)藥經(jīng)銷單位簽定了“奇圣的無形資產(chǎn)全額計提減值準(zhǔn)備，膠囊經(jīng)銷協(xié)議”，總金額14.85億元，其是導(dǎo)致2001年度出現(xiàn)虧損的重中現(xiàn)款現(xiàn)貨2.15億元，預(yù)售12.7億元……要原因。奇圣膠囊區(qū)域經(jīng)銷拍賣總成交金額1450萬元……7/22/2023

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48C公司---價值連城？一文不值？“奇圣膠囊”的價值變遷日期變化過程金額2000.10臨時股東大會批準(zhǔn)購買318,000,0002000.11-12計提2個月攤銷5,300,0002000.12.31攤余價值312,700,0002001.1-12計提12個月攤銷31,800,0002001.12.31攤余價值280,900,0002001.12.26董事會臨時電話會議決定全額計提減值準(zhǔn)備280,900,0002001.12.31賬面價值0影響分析：倘若“奇圣膠囊”物有所值，全額計提攤銷意味著通化金馬在未來的8年中，每年可增加3180萬元的利潤；倘若“奇圣膠囊”一文不值，那么通化金馬的股東損失了3.18億元，那么，受益者又是誰7/？22/2023

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49Window

DressingD公司案例---高科技公司的法寶R&D7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing502、利用研究開發(fā)費(fèi)用調(diào)節(jié)利潤上市公司類型高科技上市公司做法

以收入與成本配比為由，將R

&

D計入長期待攤費(fèi)用、在建工程或固定資產(chǎn)典型案例剖析D公司D公司：經(jīng)營業(yè)績變動趨勢年度主營業(yè)務(wù)收入凈利潤199890,3829,8761999108,87412,6312000239,76217,8442001205,1453,6102002Q129,367-

4,8357/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing51D公司：凈利潤與現(xiàn)金流量之反差年度凈利潤C(jī)FFOA19989,876-

17,191199912,308-

21,248200017,844-

53,57620013,610-

2,5947/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing52D公司：2000年度凈利潤創(chuàng)新高的秘笈年度凈利潤比例調(diào)整前17,844調(diào)整后6,99539.2%調(diào)整額10,84960.8%調(diào)整將原計入長期待攤費(fèi)用原因和在建工程的R

&

D，作為重大會計差錯進(jìn)行調(diào)整7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing53D公司案例---高科技公司的法寶R&D7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing542001年報的解釋董事會報告的說明重大事項說明其他疑問2001年研發(fā)費(fèi)用支出多少？是否存在推遲研發(fā)支出時間的現(xiàn)象？1999年度是否存在將研發(fā)費(fèi)用資本化的現(xiàn)象？–1999年長期待攤費(fèi)用只有幾十萬，但當(dāng)年在建工程增加了4.33億元，研發(fā)費(fèi)用是否混跡其中？

R

&

D費(fèi)用化后，上市公司是否應(yīng)當(dāng)披露當(dāng)期發(fā)生的研發(fā)支出？占收入的比例？同行業(yè)或主要競爭對手在研發(fā)費(fèi)用的投資收入應(yīng)否披露？CPA如何判斷在建工程、固定資產(chǎn)、無形資產(chǎn)是否包括研發(fā)費(fèi)用？

如果上市公司與關(guān)聯(lián)企業(yè)合作進(jìn)行研發(fā)，然后將研發(fā)成果轉(zhuǎn)讓給上市公司，如何進(jìn)行會計處理？E公司案例---“知錯必改”7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing553、利用會計差錯更正調(diào)節(jié)利潤情形會計違規(guī)被監(jiān)管部門稽查發(fā)現(xiàn)面臨ST或退市邊緣更換會計師事務(wù)所更換大股東更換高管人員做法

以時間換空間，某一年度明知故犯，下一年度再予以更正典型案例剖析P公司P公司案例---“知錯必改”7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing562001年報關(guān)于“會計差錯更正”的披露（疑點之一）

根據(jù)企業(yè)會計制度，公司本年度調(diào)減2001年年初留存收益

13,296,326.62元，其中調(diào)減了2000年年初留存收益14,579,451.77元；調(diào)增2000年度的凈利潤1,283,125.15元。調(diào)整原因如下：項

目追溯調(diào)整（2000年以前）追溯調(diào)整（2000年度）備注壞賬準(zhǔn)備追溯調(diào)整-8,999,677.931,054,365.91A長期股權(quán)投資減值準(zhǔn)備追溯調(diào)整-

848,305.27230,530.21B利息等費(fèi)用追溯調(diào)整-1,731,468.57165,947.40C賠償支出追溯調(diào)整----399,058.60D代銷收入追溯調(diào)整---231,340.23E預(yù)計負(fù)債追溯調(diào)整-3,000,000.00---F合

計-14,579,451.771,283,125.15PT百花村案例---“知錯必改”7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing57A、壞賬準(zhǔn)備追溯調(diào)整

2001年2月本公司收到人民法院”民事裁定書，由于被執(zhí)行人XX電器有限公司、XX有限責(zé)任公司已停業(yè)，無任何財產(chǎn)，裁定“支付令”終結(jié)執(zhí)行。本公司2000年及以前年度計提壞賬時未考慮以上因素，故本年在核銷XX電器有限公司、XX有限責(zé)任公司應(yīng)收賬款時對上述壞賬準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)行了更正–

Note:

Audit

report

for

2000

dated

March

2001,

what

are

theimplications?

Subsequent

event,

type

1

or

type

2?Is

thisaccounting

treatment

justifiable?

In

what

grounds?PT百花村案例---“知錯必改”7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing58B、長期股權(quán)投資減值準(zhǔn)備追溯調(diào)整

XX發(fā)展中心長期經(jīng)營狀況不佳，XX高新技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)行政管理局

于1998年7月21日公告吊銷了該公司的營業(yè)執(zhí)照。以上投資在2000年以前已全部形成損失，公司本年度核銷了對其的投資，并對長期投資計提了減值準(zhǔn)備。C、利息等費(fèi)用追溯調(diào)整

公司在1997年-1998年欠XX貿(mào)易發(fā)展中心利息，當(dāng)時股份公司主辦會計將利息單在本人抽屜中未進(jìn)行賬務(wù)處理，2001年對賬時發(fā)現(xiàn)，就進(jìn)行了追溯調(diào)整。D、賠償支出追溯調(diào)整

本公司在2000年7月29日發(fā)生特大交通事故，死亡11人，應(yīng)該在

2000年度賠償死者家屬45萬元，因資金緊張還差24萬元未賠付也未進(jìn)行掛賬，另外本公司與一商戶于2000年解除了租賃合同，應(yīng)賠付23萬元，因資金緊張，只賠付了7萬元，本公司漏計以上業(yè)務(wù)，本年度進(jìn)行了追溯調(diào)整。PT百花村案例---“知錯必改”7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing59E、代銷收入追溯調(diào)整

系分公司XX購物中心將2000年代銷商品產(chǎn)生的收入

2000年未入賬，計入2001年度。應(yīng)進(jìn)行追溯調(diào)整。F、預(yù)計負(fù)債追溯調(diào)整

本公司于1995年12月為XX有限責(zé)任公司提供300萬元

三年期技改貸款擔(dān)保，該項貸款已于1998年12月到期。目前該借款尚未歸還。由于該公司長期以來財務(wù)狀況

不佳，無力償還借款。對以上擔(dān)保應(yīng)預(yù)計負(fù)債，本公

司漏計此筆業(yè)務(wù)，本年度對此進(jìn)行了更正。G公司案例---“控股權(quán)變動=業(yè)績增長”7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing60股權(quán)變動1999年，原第一大股東與XYZ科技發(fā)展有限公司簽定了《股份轉(zhuǎn)讓合同書》，但尚未辦理過戶手續(xù)經(jīng)營權(quán)實質(zhì)上從1999年起托管給XYZ2000年XYZ入主G公司經(jīng)營業(yè)績顯著改善1998至2001年的經(jīng)營成果控股權(quán)變動前后的G公司經(jīng)營業(yè)績(單位：萬元）年度主營收入主營利潤凈利潤19987,7541,38332199915,4979,1066,352200022,5287,8672,994200125,1179,4462,1857/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing61控股權(quán)變動前后的G公司經(jīng)營業(yè)績(單位：萬元）年度主營利潤率銷售利潤率凈資產(chǎn)收益率199817.8%0.4%0.08%199958.8%41.0%16.3%200034.9%13.3%7.3%200137.6%8.7%5.1%7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing62奧秘所在—來自分行業(yè)的資料7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing63項目名稱1998199920002001發(fā)電機(jī)組：主營業(yè)務(wù)收入主營業(yè)務(wù)成本毛利率5,7664,65419.3%5,8724,59721.7%6,8366,8080.4%6,4375,8529.1%通信產(chǎn)品：主營業(yè)務(wù)收入主營業(yè)務(wù)成本毛利率------------------7,1245,21326.8%10,7597,33631.8%技術(shù)服務(wù)：主營業(yè)務(wù)收入主營業(yè)務(wù)成本毛利率---------7,777---100%6,88942693.8%5,25835393.3%蓄電池隔板

主營業(yè)務(wù)收入機(jī)電新材料

主營業(yè)務(wù)成本及其他：

毛利率1,9881,64717.2%1,8481,50018.8%1,6801,36718.6%2,6671,98225.7%G公司毛利率7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing64G公司案例---“控股權(quán)變動=業(yè)績增長”7/22/2023Comparative

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Measures

ofWindow

Dressing65審計問題CPA連續(xù)四年均發(fā)表標(biāo)準(zhǔn)無保留意見CPA確認(rèn)技術(shù)服務(wù)收入的依據(jù)技術(shù)服務(wù)合同–主要為軟件開發(fā)服務(wù)，一頁紙，開發(fā)周期3至6個月銀行進(jìn)賬單或函證疑點CPA是否評估該公司是否具有軟件開發(fā)能力？CPA是否審計該公司開發(fā)的軟件或提供的服務(wù)？

軟件服務(wù)1999年只有收入，沒有成本，2000至2001年的毛利率也高達(dá)90%以上，CPA為何沒有保持應(yīng)有的職業(yè)謹(jǐn)慎？CPA是否合理地懷疑這部分收入來源的合法性？財務(wù)分析框架1、From

Business

Activities

to

Financial

StatementsBusiness

ActivitiesOperating

ActivitiesInvestment

ActivitiesFinancing

ActivitiesAccounting

SystemMeasure

and

ReportEconomic

Consequencesof

Business

ActivitiesFinancial

StatementsManagers’

Superior

inf.On

Business

ActivitiesEstimation

ErrorsDistortions

fm

Managers’Accounting

ChoicesBusiness

EnvironmentLabor

MarketsCapital

MarketsProduct

MarketsSupplierCustomersCompetitorsBusiness

RegulationsAccounting

EnvironmentCapital

Market

StructureContracting

&

GovernanceAccounting

ConventionsAnd

RegulationsTax

&

Financial

AccountingLinkageThird-party

AuditingLegal

System

forAccounting

DisputesBusiness

StrategyScope

of

Business:Degree

of

DiversificationType

of

DiversificationCompetitive

Positioning:Cost

LeadershipDifferentiationKey

Success

Factors

andRiskAccounting

StrategyChoice

of

Acctg

PoliciesChoice

of

Acctg

EstimatesChoice

of

Reporting

FormatChoice

of

SupplementaryDisclosures7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing66財務(wù)報表分析框架2、Doing

Business

Analysis

Using

Financial

StatementsFinancial

StatementsManagers’

superior

inf

on

business

activitiesNoise

from

estimation

errorsDistortions

from

managers’

acctg

choicesOther

Public

DataIndustry

and

firm

dataOutside

financial

statementsBusiness

Application

ContextCredit

analysisSecurities

analysisMergers

and

acquisition

analysisDebt/dividend

analysisCorporate

communication

strategy

analysisGeneral

business

analysisAnalysis

ToolsBusiness

Strategy

AnalysisGenerate

performance

expectations

throughIndustry

analysis

and

competitive

strategyAnalysisAccounting

AnalysisEvaluate

accounting

qualityBy

assessing

accountingPolicies

and

estimatesFinancial

AnalysisEvaluate

performance

using

ratiosAnd

cash

flow

analysisProspective

AnalysisMaking

forecasts

and

valueBusiness7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing67會計分析7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing681、Doing

Accounting

AnalysisStep

1:

Identify

key

accounting

policiesStep

2:

Access

accounting

flexibilityStep

3:

Evaluate

accounting

strategyKey

questionsHow

do

the

firm’s

accounting

policies

compare

to

the

norms

in

theindustry?

If

they

are

different,

is

it

because

the

firm’s

competitive

sis

unique?Does

management

face

strong

incentives

to

use

accounting

discretion

foearnings

management?Has

the

firm

changed

any

of

its

policies

and

estimates?

What

is

thejustification?

What

is

impact

of

changes?Have

the

firm’s

policies

and

estimates

been

realistic

in

the

past?Does

the

firm

structure

any

significant

business

transactions

so

that

iachieve

certain

accounting

objectives?會計分析7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing69Step

4:

Evaluate

the

quality

of

disclosureKey

questionsDoes

the

firm

provide

adequate

disclosure

to

assess

the

firm’s

businesstrategy

and

its

economic

consequences?Do

the

footnotes

adequately

explain

the

key

accounting

policies

andassumptions

and

their

logic?Does

the

firm

adequately

explain

its

current

performance?

(MD&A)If

accounting

rules

and

conventions

restrict

the

firm

from

measuring

itsuccess

factors

appropriately,

does

the

firm

provide

adequate

additiondisclosure

to

help

outsiders

understand

how

these

factors

are

being

manaIf

the

firm

is

in

multiple

business

segments,

what

is

the

quality

of

segdisclosure?How

forthcoming

is

the

management

with

respect

to

bad

news?How

good

is

the

firm’s

investor

relations

program?

Does

the

firm

provifact

books

with

detaileddata

on

the

firm’s

business

and

performance?Ithe

management

accessible

to

analysts?會計分析7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing70Step

5:

Identify

potential

red

flagsCommon

red

flagsUnexplained

changes

in

accounting

policies

and

estimates,

especially

whenperformance

is

poorUnexplained

transactions

that

boost

profitsUnusual

increases

in

account

receivable

in

relation

to

sales

increasesUnusual

increases

in

inventories

in

relation

to

sales

increasesAn

increasing

gap

between

a

firm’s

reported

income

and

its

cash

flow

fromoperating

activitiesAn

increasing

gap

between

a

firm’s

reported

income

and

its

tax

incomeA

tendency

to

use

financing

mechanisms

like

research

and

development

partnershipsand

the

sale

of

receivables

with

recourseLarge

fourth-quarter

or

fist-quarter

adjustmentsQualified

audit

opinions

or

change

in

independent

auditors

that

are

not

well

justifieRelated-party

transactions

or

transactions

between

related

entitiesStep

6:

Undo

accounting

distortions4

approaches

(

refer

to

window-dressing

of

financial

statements)附錄：Sarbanes-Oxley

Act7/22/2023Comparative

Study

on

Measures

ofWindow

Dressing71Sarbanes-Oxley

Act

of

2002

2002.7.25參眾兩院通過，2002.7.30布什總統(tǒng)簽署,主要內(nèi)容包括7個方面1、設(shè)立Public

Company

Accounting

Oversight

Board（公眾公司會計監(jiān)察委員會）委員會的組建和管理所有為證券發(fā)行公