熟悉免疫系統(tǒng)的概念及組成，熟悉免疫器官（組成及其在免疫系統(tǒng)中的地位和作用），熟悉免疫細(xì)胞（概念、種類），掌握T、B淋巴細(xì)胞的表面標(biāo)志、功能及亞群，了解T、B淋巴細(xì)胞的發(fā)育成熟及分布，了解淋巴細(xì)胞再循環(huán)，熟悉NK細(xì)胞及M

等免疫細(xì)胞的免疫生物學(xué)功能。熟悉免疫系統(tǒng)的概念及組成，熟悉免疫器官（組成及其在免疫系統(tǒng)1免疫器官（Immuneorgans）免疫細(xì)胞（Immunecells）免疫分子（Immunemolecules）免疫系統(tǒng)的基本組成BasicComponentsoftheImmuneSystem免疫器官（Immuneorgans）免疫系統(tǒng)的基本組成2免疫細(xì)胞和免疫器官ppt課件3免疫細(xì)胞和免疫器官ppt課件42-1造血干細(xì)胞的分化途徑

2-1造血干細(xì)胞的分化途徑5免疫細(xì)胞（Immunecell):與應(yīng)答有關(guān)的細(xì)胞，包括前體細(xì)胞。（特異性免疫）（非特異性免疫）分為執(zhí)行特異性免疫和非特異性免疫的細(xì)胞免疫細(xì)胞（Immunecell):與應(yīng)答有關(guān)的細(xì)胞，包括62-2 粒細(xì)胞系(Granulocytes)中性粒細(xì)胞嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞主要形態(tài)學(xué)特點：胞漿含有明顯的胞漿顆粒。50%~70%1%~3%﹤1%2-2 粒細(xì)胞系(Granulocytes)中性粒細(xì)胞嗜酸7在普通光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察Giemsa染色血涂片，中性粒細(xì)胞呈淡藕荷色，多葉核，胞漿中含有大量的細(xì)胞顆粒。透射電鏡下其胞漿顆粒清晰可辨。I中性粒細(xì)胞(Neutrophil)在普通光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察Giemsa染色血涂片，中性粒細(xì)胞呈淡8RBCNeutrophilsrepresent60-70%ofleukocytesintheperipheralblood.Theirgranulescontainalkalinephosphatase,lysozame,lactoferrinetc.Theyaretheearliestphagocyticcellstoappearinthebacterialinfectionandareprominentconstituentofpus.RBCNeutrophilsrepresent60-709II嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞(Eosinophil)在普通光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察Giemsa染色的血涂片，嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞胞核為雙葉狀，胞漿中含有大量深紅色細(xì)胞顆粒。透射電鏡下其胞漿顆粒呈結(jié)晶狀。II嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞(Eosinophil)在普通光學(xué)顯微鏡10Eosinophilsrepresent2-4%ofperipheralbloodwhitecells.Theirgranulescontainhistaminase,acidphosphatase,andmajorbasicprotein.Theyareimportantindestroyingparasites,phagocytosingAg-boundcomplexes,andcombatinghistaminelevelsduringallergicreaction.嗜酸粒細(xì)胞占外周血白細(xì)胞的2~4%。顆粒中含有組織胺酶，酸性磷酸酶，堿性蛋白。在消滅寄生蟲，吞噬抗原抗體復(fù)合物起重要的作用，在過敏反應(yīng)中有抗組胺的作用。Eosinophilsrepresent2-4%of11TheroleofEosinophilsinAllergicinflammationTheroleofEosinophilsinAll12EosinophilshaveFc

receptorforIgEandcausecytotoxicitytolargemulticellularparasitescoatedwithspecificIgEantibody,analogoustoK

cells.HistopathologyofbladdershowseggsofSchistosomahaematobiumsurroundedbyintenseinfiltratesofeosinophilsEosinophilshaveFc

receptorf13III嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞(Basophil)在普通光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察Giemsa染色的血涂片，嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞胞漿中布滿深藍(lán)色細(xì)胞顆粒。透射電鏡下胞漿顆粒中充滿致密物質(zhì)。III嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞(Basophil)在普通光學(xué)14Basophilsrepresent<1%ofperipheralbloodwhitecells.Theirgranulescontainhistamine,heparin,andchemotacticfactorsforneutrophilsandeosinophils.TheyaresimilartomastcellsinthattheyparticipateinIgE-mediatedhypersensitiveresponses.BasophilsBasophilsrepresent<1%ofper15IV肥大細(xì)胞(mastcell)組織中的肥大細(xì)胞含有大量致密細(xì)胞顆粒（左）。Crohn氏病患者腸粘膜組織的肥大細(xì)胞自發(fā)釋放顆粒的內(nèi)容物，留下許多細(xì)胞顆粒空穴（右）。IV肥大細(xì)胞(mastcell)組織中的肥大細(xì)胞含有大16肥大細(xì)胞形態(tài)大，胞核較小；胞質(zhì)內(nèi)充滿大量粗大而具有異染性的圓形嗜堿性顆粒；這種顆粒被伊紅染成紅色。肥大細(xì)胞形態(tài)大，胞核較小；17靜息肥大細(xì)胞激活后5分鐘激活后60分鐘靜息肥大細(xì)胞激活后5分鐘激活后60分鐘182-3 Dendriticcells(樹突細(xì)胞)Dendriticcellsarebonemarrow-derivedcellsspecializedtopresentantigentoBorTcellsinordertoinitiateaprimaryimmuneresponse.樹突細(xì)胞是骨髓衍生的專職提呈抗原至B或T細(xì)胞，啟動初期免疫反應(yīng)2-3 Dendriticcells(樹突細(xì)胞)Dend19免疫細(xì)胞和免疫器官ppt課件20DendriticCellsBonemarrowBloodTissueBlooddendriticcellMonocyteIndeterminatecellDendriticcellMacrphageMycloidprecursorPluripotentstemcell?DendriticCellsBonemarrow21免疫細(xì)胞和免疫器官ppt課件22I郎格漢斯細(xì)胞(Langerhan’scells)上皮組織中的LC（1，普通光鏡）捕捉外來抗原后即進(jìn)入引流淋巴結(jié)的T細(xì)胞區(qū)，成為IDC（2，掃描電鏡照片）。I郎格漢斯細(xì)胞(Langerhan’scells)23II并指狀樹突細(xì)胞（interdigitatingDC）IDC表達(dá)高水平的II類MHC分子和共刺激分子B7，具有激活T細(xì)胞的能力（外周淋巴組織）。II并指狀樹突細(xì)胞（interdigitatingDC24BcellsFDCIII濾泡樹突細(xì)胞（folicularDC,FDC）淋巴濾泡內(nèi)的FDC通過Fc受體和補體受體捕獲被致敏的抗原，并將其遞呈給B細(xì)胞BcellsFDCIII濾泡樹突細(xì)胞（folicula252-4 單核巨噬細(xì)胞（monocytesandmacrophages）2-4 單核巨噬細(xì)胞（monocytesandmacro26lysosomelysosomeNucleusNucleusPhagosomeMonocyteMacrophagePhagosomePhagosomePhagosomePseudopodiaThemononuclearphagocyticsystemconsistsofmonocytescirculatinginthebloodandmacrophagesinthetissue.lysosomelysosomeNucleusNucleus27MonocyteMacrophageThemononuclearphagocyticsystemconsistsofmonocytescirculatinginthebloodandmacrophagesinthetissue.lysosomelysosomeNucleusNucleusPhagosomePhagosomePhagosomePhagosomePseudopodiaMonocyteMacrophageThemononucl28–單核細(xì)胞Monocyte(blood)–庫普弗細(xì)胞Kupffercells(liver)–腎小球間質(zhì)細(xì)胞Mesangialcells(kidneyglomerulus)–小神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞Microglia(brain)–肺泡巨噬細(xì)胞Alveolarmacrophages(lung)–組織細(xì)胞Histiocyte(connectivetissue)Macrophage--Differentnamesindifferenttissues–單核細(xì)胞Monocyte(blood)Macro29單核巨噬細(xì)胞單核細(xì)胞體積較大，蹄狀核（左，普通光鏡）。透射電鏡顯示其高爾基體發(fā)達(dá)、粒體豐富、胞漿顆粒明顯（中）。掃描電鏡顯示腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞粘附于玻璃表面（右）。單核巨噬細(xì)胞單核細(xì)胞體積較大，30MacrophagesIngestandDegradeantigensbacteriaLongpseudopodia(A)MacrophagesIngestandDegrade31(B)MacrophagesIngestandDegradeantigens(B)MacrophagesIngestandDegr32免疫細(xì)胞和免疫器官ppt課件33免疫細(xì)胞和免疫器官ppt課件342-5 Lymphocytes（淋巴細(xì)胞）Lymphocytesareaclassofwhitebloodcellsthatbearvariablecellsurfacereceptorsforantigens.Therearetwomainclassesoflymphocytes-BandTcells-whichmediatehumoralandcellularimmunityrespectively.2-5 Lymphocytes（淋巴細(xì)胞）Lymphocy35I淋巴細(xì)胞的一般特點(Generalcharacteristicsoflymphocytes)未活化淋巴細(xì)胞直徑6~7微米，漿/核比例很小（左，普通光鏡）。投射電鏡顯示未活化淋巴細(xì)胞胞核致密，胞漿中細(xì)胞器很少（右）。I淋巴細(xì)胞的一般特點未活化淋巴細(xì)胞直徑6~7微米，漿/核36免疫細(xì)胞和免疫器官ppt課件37Restinglymphocyteshavelittlecytoplasmandcondensednuclearchromatin.Uponactivation,thecellenlargestoformalymphoblastandthenproliferatesanddifferentiatesintoanantigen-specificeffectorcell.PCSmalllymphocyte(TorB)6μmlymphoblast(TorB)15μmPlasmacell(B)15μmMemorycell(TorB)Restinglymphocyteshavelittl38CLPNKBTThCTLPCLymphocytesubsetsTCELLSBCELLSCommonLymphoidprecurs0rTHELPERCELLSCYTOTOXICTCELLSPLASMACELLSActivateBcellsAndmacrophagesKillvirusInfectedcellsProduceantibodiesII淋巴細(xì)胞分群(Classificationoflymphocytes)CLPNKBTThCTLPCLymphocytesubse391、T淋巴細(xì)胞Tlymphocytederivetheirnamefromtheirsiteofmaturationinthethymus.1、T淋巴細(xì)胞Tlymphocytederiveth40MHC/抗原肽補體運鐵蛋白TCRCD35CD28B7-2CD4CD8MHC-II/IIL-2CD71CD58（LAF-3）CD2orFcmRFcgR抗體(1)T細(xì)胞表面受體組織胺MHC/抗原肽補體運鐵蛋白TCRCD35CD28B7-241白細(xì)胞分化抗原:CD抗原

(clusterofdifferentiation,)是指血細(xì)胞在分化成熟為不同譜系、分化的不同階段及細(xì)胞活化過程中，出現(xiàn)或消失的細(xì)胞表面標(biāo)記分子。白細(xì)胞分化抗原除表達(dá)在白細(xì)胞之外，還表達(dá)在紅系、巨核和血小板譜系。白細(xì)胞分化抗原還廣泛分布于非造血細(xì)胞如血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞、上皮細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞等。白細(xì)胞分化抗原:CD抗原

(clusterofdif42(2)T細(xì)胞免疫缺陷表現(xiàn)為體液與細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答無能，患者反復(fù)發(fā)生致命性病毒、霉菌、分枝桿菌和寄生蟲感染。先天性胸腺發(fā)育不全（DiGeorge綜合癥）(2)T細(xì)胞免疫缺陷表現(xiàn)為體液與細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答無能，患者反43無胸腺的裸鼠是T細(xì)胞選擇性缺陷的天然動物模型無胸腺的裸鼠是T細(xì)胞選擇性缺陷的天然動物模型44TumorsformedbyRat1cellsexpressingmyr-p110.Nudemicewereinjectedontheleftflankwith1X106Rat-1Acellsexpressingmyr-p110andontherightflankwithanequalnumberofcontrolRat-1Acells.Thispicturewastaken10dayspostinoculation.TumorsformedbyRat1cellsex452、B淋巴細(xì)胞TheBlymphocytederiveditsletterdesignationfromitssitofmaturation,inthe

bursaofFabriciusinbirds,thenameturnedouttobeapt,forbonemarrowisitsmajorsiteofmaturationinanumberofmammalianspecies,includinghumansandmice.2、B淋巴細(xì)胞TheBlymphocytederiv46抗原補體(C3bi)CD23CD28B7-2CD40IL-5FcmR(1)B細(xì)胞表面受體IL-2IgMIgECD21IL-4CD32IgG補體(C3b,C4b)CD40-L抗原補體(C3bi)CD23CD28B747Bcellisoneofthetwomajortypesoflymphocytes.TheantigenreceptoronofBcellsisacell-surfaceIg.OnactivationbyAg,BcellsdifferentiateintoplasmacellsproducingAbmoleculesofthesameAgspecificityasthereceptor.Bcellisoneofthetwomajor48免疫球蛋白（ImmunoglobulinIg）活化B細(xì)胞（ActivatedBcell）漿細(xì)胞(plasmacell)ANTIGEN免疫球蛋白活化B細(xì)胞漿細(xì)胞ANTIGEN49(2)原發(fā)性B細(xì)胞缺陷病：某種原因使B細(xì)胞發(fā)育停滯→先天性B細(xì)胞缺乏或分化成熟障礙。(2)原發(fā)性B細(xì)胞缺陷病：某種原因使B細(xì)胞發(fā)育停滯→先天性50B細(xì)胞免疫缺陷B細(xì)胞發(fā)育障礙或者缺乏T細(xì)胞幫助均可導(dǎo)致體液免疫應(yīng)答缺陷。臨床表現(xiàn)為反復(fù)的胞外寄生菌感染。性聯(lián)無免疫球蛋白血癥（XLA）——Bruton病a1a2bg白蛋白球蛋白（a）（b）（c）B細(xì)胞免疫缺陷B細(xì)胞發(fā)育障礙或者缺乏T細(xì)胞幫助均可導(dǎo)51T、B細(xì)胞聯(lián)合免疫缺陷

SevereCombinedImmunodeficiency，SCIDT、B細(xì)胞聯(lián)合免疫缺陷52

人NK細(xì)胞（大顆粒淋巴細(xì)胞）3、NK細(xì)胞（NaturalKillercells）

NKcellsarelargegranularnon-Tnon-Blymphocytes.人NK細(xì)胞（大顆粒淋巴細(xì)胞）3、NK細(xì)胞（53NKcellsareimportantininnateimmunitytovirusesandotherintracellularpathogens,aswellasinantibody-dependentcellmediatedcytotoxicity.Theyalsokillcertaintumorcells.NK靶細(xì)胞NK殺傷靶細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)ADCC（antibody-dependentcell-mediatedcytotoxicity）NKCR殺傷病原體（virusesandotherintracellularpathogens）NKcellsareimportantininna54An"NK"cell(N)attachedtoa"target"cell"T".TheNKcellwillkillthenowhelplesstargetcellquickly,An"NK"cell(N)attachedtoa552免疫器官OrgansoftheImmuneSystem2免疫器官OrgansoftheImmu56OrgansoftheImmuneSystemOrgansoftheImmuneSystem57外周免疫器官（Peripherallymphoidorgan）中樞免疫器官（Centrallymphoidorgan）淋巴細(xì)胞發(fā)育成熟的場所骨髓（bonemarrow）、胸腺（thymus）淋巴細(xì)胞定居和發(fā)揮功能的場所脾（spleen）、淋巴結(jié)（lymphoidnodes）黏膜相關(guān)淋巴組織（MALT）外周免疫器官（Peripherallymphoidor58免疫細(xì)胞和免疫器官ppt課件59外周免疫器官（Peripherallymphoidorgan）Organortissuethatprovidesamicroenvironmentnecessaryforlymphocytesmaturation中樞免疫器官（Centrallymphoidorgan）淋巴細(xì)胞發(fā)育成熟的場所骨髓（bonemarrow）、胸腺（thymus）淋巴細(xì)胞定居和發(fā)揮功能的場所脾（spleen）、淋巴結(jié)（lymphoidnodes）黏膜相關(guān)淋巴組織（MALT）外周免疫器官（Peripherallymphoidor602-6 中樞免疫器官（Centrallymphoidorgan）

I骨髓和法氏囊

（BoneMarrowandbursaofFabricius）1免疫細(xì)胞生成場所2B細(xì)胞成熟基地2-6 中樞免疫器官I骨髓和法氏囊1免疫細(xì)胞61法氏囊（BursaofFabricius）BruceGlickandCharlieChang法氏囊（BursaofFabricius）Bruce62皮質(zhì)：上皮性網(wǎng)狀支架，發(fā)育早期胸腺細(xì)胞為主髓質(zhì)：上皮性網(wǎng)狀為主，少量胸腺細(xì)胞血-胸屏障：皮質(zhì)毛細(xì)血管及其周圍具有屏障作用功能：分泌多種激素，促進(jìn)胸腺細(xì)胞分化年齡變化：新生兒胸腺相對較大，至青春期達(dá)30-40克，此后胸腺開始萎縮。II胸腺（Thymus）皮質(zhì)：上皮性網(wǎng)狀支架，發(fā)育早期胸腺細(xì)胞為主II胸腺（Th63胸腺由胸腺細(xì)胞(thymocytes)和胸腺基質(zhì)細(xì)胞(thymicstromalcells)組成外周淋巴器官胸腺外周淋巴器官64免疫細(xì)胞和免疫器官ppt課件65T細(xì)胞發(fā)育場所1、出現(xiàn)TCR2、T細(xì)胞能識別自身MHC分子3、大部分自身反應(yīng)性T細(xì)胞克隆被清除4、T細(xì)胞發(fā)育成熟T細(xì)胞發(fā)育場所66先天性胸腺發(fā)育不全（DiGeorge綜合癥）先天性胸腺發(fā)育不全（DiGeorge綜合癥）672-7 外周淋巴器官

（Peripherallymphoidorgan）粘膜相關(guān)淋巴系統(tǒng)（mucosa-associatedlymphoidsystem）脾臟（spleen）淋巴結(jié)（lymphnodes）扁桃體（tonsil）2-7 外周淋巴器官粘膜相關(guān)淋巴系統(tǒng)脾臟（spleen）68*高內(nèi)皮毛細(xì)血管后微靜脈（Highendothelialvenule，HEV）HEVarespecializedvenulesfoundinlymphoidtissues.Lymphocytesmigratefrombloodintolymphoidtissuesbyattachingtoandmigratingacrossthehighendothelialcellsofthevessels.*高內(nèi)皮毛細(xì)血管后微靜脈（Highendothelia69初級淋巴小結(jié)（primaryfollicle）次級淋巴小結(jié)（secondaryfollicle）=生發(fā)中心（germinalcenter）GerminalcentersinsecondarylymphoidtissuesaresitesofintenseBcellproliferation,selection,anddeathduringAbresponses.GerminalcentersformaroundfolliculardendriticcellnetworkwhenactivatedBcellsmigrateintolymphoidfollicles.*生發(fā)中心（germinalcenter）初級淋巴小結(jié)（primaryfollicle）Germin70免疫細(xì)胞和免疫器官ppt課件71免疫細(xì)胞和免疫器官ppt課件72淋巴結(jié)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)HEV髓質(zhì)淋巴竇皮質(zhì)淋巴竇毛細(xì)血管小梁輸入淋巴管輸出淋巴管靜脈動脈髓索生發(fā)中心髓質(zhì)被膜1、淋巴結(jié)

淋巴結(jié)被膜外側(cè)有數(shù)條輸入淋巴管，門處有動、靜脈神經(jīng)和輸出淋巴管。實質(zhì)分為皮質(zhì)和髓質(zhì)。靠近被膜的淺層皮質(zhì)區(qū)有生發(fā)中心（左）。右圖顯示生發(fā)中心的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)淋巴結(jié)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)H73免疫細(xì)胞和免疫器官ppt課件74*白髓（whitepulp）

（1）動脈周圍淋巴鞘（periarteriallymphaticsheath，PALS），圍繞在動脈周圍的彌散淋巴組織，主要由T細(xì)胞組成，相當(dāng)于副皮質(zhì)區(qū)。（2）淋巴小結(jié)，主要由B細(xì)胞組成，可發(fā)展成生發(fā)中心，常出現(xiàn)于PALS的一側(cè)。*紅髓（redpulp）占脾實質(zhì)的2/3，分布于小梁周圍及白髓之間。（1）脾索，