OldandMedievalEnglishLiterature（中世紀英語時期文學）=1\*ROMANIUnderstandingandapplication:(理解應用)1.

England’sinhabitantsareCelts.AnditisconqueredbyRomans（羅馬）,AngloSaxons(盎格魯撒克遜人)andNormans（日耳曼）.TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheGermaniclanguageandculturetoEngland,whileNormansbroughttheMediterraneancivilization（地中海文明）,includingGreekculture（古希臘文化）,Romelaw（羅馬法律）andtheChristianreligion（基督教）.ItistheculturalinfluenceofthesetwoconqueststhatprovidedthesourcefortheriseandgrowthofEnglishliterature.2.TheoldEnglishliterature（古英語文學）extendsfromabout450to1066,theyearoftheNormanconquestofEngland.3.TheoldEnglishpoetry(古英語詩)thathassurvivedcanbedividedintotwogroups:Thereligiousgroupandthesecularone(宗教類和世俗類)4.Beowulf（貝爾武夫）:atypicalexampleofOldEnglishpoetryisregardedasthenationalepic(民族史詩)oftheAnglo-Saxons.Itisanexampleoftheminglingofnaturemythsandheroiclegends.一、GeofferyChaucer杰弗里?喬叟1343~1400(首創“雙韻體”，英國文學史上首先用倫敦方言寫作。約翰·德萊頓（JohnDryden）稱其為“英國詩歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)ThefatherofEnglishpoetry.Writingstyle:wisdom,humor,humanity.作品：=1\*GB3①<TheCanterburyTales>坎特伯雷故事集：firsttimetouse‘heroiccouplet’(雙韻體)bymiddleEnglish=2\*GB3②<TroilusandCriseyde>特羅勒斯與克麗西德③<TheHouseofFame>聲譽之堂=4\*GB3④<ThebookoftheDuchess>公爵夫人之書⑤<TheParliamentofFowls>百鳥議會Heroiccouplet（英雄雙韻體）:Heroiccoupletisarhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter.itisthemostcommonEnglishmeter,inwhicheachfootcontainsanunaccentedsyllableandanaccentedsyllablecanunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedone.“TheFatherofEnglishpoetry”:（喬叟的貢獻）①ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetrytoreplaceit.②InTheRomauntoftheRose(玫瑰傳奇),hefirstintroducedtotheEnglishtheoctosyllabiccouplet(八音節對偶句).③InTheLegendofGoodWomen,heusedforthefirsttimeinEnglishheroiccouplet.④Andinhismasterpiece,TheCanterburyTales,heemployedheroiccoupletwithtrueeaseandcharmforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.⑤HisartmadehimoneofthegreatestpoetsinEnglish;JohnDrydencalledhim“thefatherofEnglishpoetry”.Chapter1:TheRenaissancePeriod文藝復興TheRenaissance:TheRenaissancemarksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.Generally,itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14th&17thcenturies.ItfirststartedinItaly,withthefloweringofpainting,sculpture&literature.FromItalythemovementwenttoembracetherestofEurope.TheRenaissance,whichmeans"rebirth"or"revival,"isactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchas:①There-discoveryofancientRoman&Greekculture古羅馬和古希臘文化的發掘②Thenewdiscoveriesingeography&astrology地理天文大發現,thereligiousreformation&theeconomicexpansion席卷歐洲的宗教改革.③TheRenaissance,therefore,inessenceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkers&scholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,&torecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.2.Humanism:（人文主義）HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Renaissancehumanistsfoundintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfections,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebuttoquestion,explore,andenjoy.Thus,byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.1.EdmundSpencer(斯賓塞):Thepoets’poet.（后人稱之為“詩人的詩人”。）ThefirsttobeburiedinthePoet’scornerofWesterminsterAbbey

①Spenser'smostimportantwork&masterpieceis<TheFaerieQueen>仙后(forQueenElizabeth),hisgreatallegoryThethemeisnot“Armsandtheman”,butsomethingmoreromantic“Fiercewarsandfaithfullloves”.

Artisticfeatures:

1.UsingSpenserianStanza

SpenserianStanza斯賓塞詩節:astanzaofninelinesababbcbcc.Eightlinesiniambicpentameter,andlastlineiniambichexameter.

②<TheShepherdsCalendar>牧人日歷

ThethemeistolamentoverthelossofRosalind.

③<Amoretti>愛情小唱

3.領會HisInfluenceMainqualitiesofSpenser'spoetry

Bacon’squote1knowledgeispower知識就是力量。Beautyisassummerfruits,whichareeasytocorrupt,andcannotlast;andforthemostpartitmakesadissoluteyouth,andanagealittleoutofcountenance美猶如盛夏的水果，是容易腐爛而難保持的，世上有許多美人，她們有過放蕩的青春，卻迎受著愧悔的晚年。Naturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.天生的能力好像天然生成的植物，必須通過學習加以修整；然而學習本身如若不由實踐去約束，必然方向紛雜而漫無目的。Virtueislikearichstone,bestplainset美德好比寶石，在樸素背景的襯托下反而更華麗。評價thefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophy.ThefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.arepresentativeoftheEnglishrenaissance.awell-knownphilosopher,scientistandessayist.Bacon’sworksestablishandpopularizeaninductivemethodologyforscientificinquiry,oftencalledtheBaconianmethod.Induction（歸納法）impliesdrawingknowledgefromthenaturalworldthroughexperimentation,observation,andtestingofhypotheses.（哲學家、散文家；在論述探究知識的著作中提出了知識就是力量這一著名論斷；近代唯物主義哲學的奠基人和近代實驗科學的先驅。）Philosopher,scientist,laythefoundationformodernscience.ThefirstEnglishessayist.馬克思稱他為“英國唯物主義及現代實驗科學之父”Writingstyle:brevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandphilosophytoman’sreason.十七世紀英國詩人JohnDonne約翰鄧恩theMetaphysicalpoet(17世紀玄學派詩人)Englishpoet,preacher英國詩人牧師HewasthemostoutstandingoftheEnglishMetaphysicalPoets他是最杰出的玄學派詩人作品：SongsandSonnets《歌與十四行詩》TheGood-Morrow《早安》BreakofDay《破曉》Epithalamions,ormarriagesongs《頌歌》Elegies《挽歌》OnHisMistressToHisMistressGoingtobedDivinepoems《圣歌》HolySonnets《神圣十四行詩》AttheRoundEarthsImaginedCorner,BelowDeathBeNotProud<死神休的張狂>Artisticfeatures:藝術特點conceitsorimagery奇思妙喻syllogism三段論Metaphysicalpoetry玄學派詩歌：用語thedictionissimple,theimageryisfromtheactual,(形式)theformisfrequentlyanargumentwiththepoetsbeloved,withgod,orwithhimself.（主題：love,religious,thought）Metaphysicalpoetry:Theterm"metaphysicalpoetry"iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Witharebelliousspirit,themetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.ThedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicperiods,andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.Theimageryindrawnfromtheactuallife.Theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoet'sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.JohnMilton約翰?彌爾頓1608~1674革命詩人JohnMiltonwasanEnglishpoet,政論家，\o"Polemicist"polemicist(辯論家）Heisbestknownforhis\o"Epicpoetry"epicpoem\o"ParadiseLost"ParadiseLost失樂園,whichisconsideredasthegreatestEnglishliteraryepic.評價：\o"WilliamHayley"WilliamHayley's1796biographycalledhimthe"greatestEnglishauthor".Heremainsgenerallyregarded"asoneofthepreeminentwritersintheEnglishlanguageandasathinkerofworldimportance."Milton'sliteraryachievementscanbedividedintothreegroups:theearlypoeticworks,themiddleprosepamphlets&thelastgreatpoems.寫作的3個主題:ChurchgovernmentDivorceRepublicanism作品：1637：\o"Lycidas"Lycidas《利西達斯》1650：\o"Areopagitica"Areopagitica《輪出版自由》1667:\o"ParadiseLost"ParadiseLost《失樂園》是無韻體1671:\o"ParadiseRegained"ParadiseRegained《復樂園》1671:\o"SamsonAgonistes"SamsonAgonistes《力士參孫》TheDefenceoftheEnglishPeople為英國人民聲辯ParadiseLost(1667),ParadiseRegained(1671),&SamsonAgonistes(1671).Amongthethree,thefirstisthegreatest,indeedtheonlygenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf;&thelastoneisthemostperfectexampleoftheversedramaaftertheGreekstyleinEnglish.文學地位：MiltonisoneoftheveryfewtrulygreatEnglishwriterswhoisalsoaprominentfigureinpoliticsandwhoisbothagreatpoetandimportantprosewriter.MiltonisthegreatestEnglishpoetafterShakespeare,wastheonegreatliteraryfigurewhowanttriedseriouslytocombineRenaissanceandReformation.Miltonwaspoliticalinbothhislifeandhisart.MiltonwrotethegreatestepicinEnglishliterature.HeandShakespearehavebeenregardedastwopatternsofEnglishverse.Miltonisamasteroftheblankverse.Hefirstusedblankverseinnon-dramaticworks.Miltonisagreatstylist.Hisstyleisneverexactlynatural.It’sartattainedbydefiniteandconscientiousrhetoricaldevices.Miltonhasalwaysbeenadmiredforhissublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.Thissonnetiswritteniniambicpentameterrhymedinabbaabbacdecde,typicalofItaliansonnet.ItsthemeisthatpeopleusetheirtalentforGod,andtheyservehimbestwhocanendurethesufferingbest.Chapter3:TheNeoclassicalPeriod新古典主義時期1．時間界定：NeoclassicalperiodistheoneinEnglishliteraturebetweenthereturnofStuartstotheEnglishthronein1660andthefullassertionofRomanticismwhichcamewiththepublicationofLyricalBalladsbyWordsworthandColeridgein1978.It’sinfactaturbulentperiod.3.文學形式A.傷感主義文學Inthelastfewdecadesofthe18thcentury,however,theneoclassicalemphasisuponreason,intellect,witandformwasrebelledagainstorchallengedbythesentimentalists,andwasgraduallybyRomanticism.B.新古典主義詩歌TheneoclassicalperiodwitnessedtheflourishofEnglishpoetryintheclassicalstyleclimaxingwithJohnDryden,AlexanderPopeandSamuelJohnson.C.現實主義小說Themid-centurywas,however,predominatedbyanewlyrisingliteraryform-themodernEnglishnovel,givesarealisticpresentationoflifeofthecommonEnglishpeople.D哥特式小說及其它Gothicnovels-mostlystoriesofmysteryandhorrorwhichtakeplaceinsomehauntedordilapidatedMiddleAgecastles-wereturnedoutprofuselybybothmaleandfemalewriters.Gothicnovels:GothicnovelsaremostlystoriesofmysteryandhorrorwhichtakeplaceinsomehauntedordilapidatedMiddleClasscastles.Theyappearedfromthemiddlepartofthe18thcenturyandwereturnedoutprofuselybymaleandfemalewriters.1JohnBunyan(1628-1688)約翰·班楊代表作《天路歷程》，宗教寓言，被譽為“具有永恒意義的百科全書”，是英國文學史上里程碑式著作。與但丁的《神曲》、奧古斯丁的《懺悔錄》并列為世界三大宗教題材文學杰作。）Puritanpoet(清教徒派詩人)GraceAboundingtotheChiefofSinners《功德無量》thevanityfair<名利場>節選自ThePilgrim’sProgress《天路歷程》TheLifeandDeathofMr.Badman《培德曼先生傳》TheHolyWar《圣戰》2JonathanSwift喬納森斯威夫特ATaleofaTub(satirist)《木桶的故事》TheBattleoftheBooks《書籍之戰》TheExaminer《主考》Gulliver’sTravels(hisgreatestsatiricwork)《格列佛游記》(AVoyagetoLilliput/Brobdingnag/Laputa,Balnibarbi,Luggnagg,GlubbdubdribaandJapan/TheCountryoftheHouyhnhnms小人國/大人國/拉普他等地/智馬國游記)AModestProposal(morepowerful)《一個溫和的建議》Drapier’sLetters布商的書信3.Writingstyles:②SwiftisoneofthegreatestmastersofEnglishprose.Heisalmostunsurpassedinthewritingofsimple,direct,preciseprose.Hedefinedagoodstyleas"properwordsinproperplaces."Clear,simple,concretediction,uncomplicatedsentencestructure,economy&concisenessoflanguagemarkallhiswritings-essays,poems&novels.3.AlexanderlPope亞歷山大?蒲柏1688~1744

（18世紀英國最偉大的詩人，其詩多用“英雄雙韻體”/“heroiccouplets”。詞句工整、精練、富有哲理性。）

OneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland.

①<AnEssayonCriticism>批評論madehisnameasagreatpoet

Artisticfeatures:

1.Using“heroiccouplets”

②<TheRapeoftheLock>卷發遇劫記madehefamousasapoet.

③<MoralEssays>道德論<EssayonMan>人論<TheDunciad>愚人記Pastorals《田園詩集》4.DanielDefoe丹尼爾?笛福1660~1731

（小說家，新聞記者，小冊子作者；十八世紀英國現實主義小說的奠基人，英國小說之父、不信奉國教派nonconformist）

1.Heisthefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular,andheisthefounderofrealisticnovel.2主要作品Theshortestwaywithdissenters<成為異教徒的捷徑>使他坐牢ThetruebornEnglishman《地地道道的英國人》贏得了國王的友情RobinsonCrusoe《魯賓遜漂流記》CaptainSingleton《辛格頓船長》MollFlanders《摩爾·弗蘭德斯》ColonelJack《杰克上?！稲oxana《洛珊娜傳》AJournalofthePlagueYear《大疫年記》3分析魯濱遜的形象5.HenryFielding亨利?菲爾丁1707~1754

（英國小說家，戲劇家，被譽為“英國小說之父”十八世紀最偉大的小說家）①FatheroftheEnglishNovel—becauseofhiscontributionandestablishmentoftheformofthemodernnovel②Ofalltheeighteenth-centurynovelistshewasthefirsttosetout,bothintheoryandpractice:First:givethemodernnovelbothitsstructureanditsstyleSecond:adoptedthe“third-personnarration”inwhichtheauthorbecametheall-knowingGodHewasthefirsttowritea“Comicepicinprose”(散文體史詩①novels:

<TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling>棄嬰湯姆?瓊斯

<TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrews>約瑟夫?安德魯

<TheLifeofMrJonathanWild,theGreat>大詩人江奈生?威爾德

<Amelia>愛米利亞n

②plays:

<TheHistoricalRegisterfor1736>一七三六年歷史記事

<DonQuixoteinEngland>堂吉柯德在英國3.分析湯姆瓊斯：Plot:Tom,afoundling,wasdrovefromthehouseoftheMr.AllworthyandtookaseriesofadventureinLondon,andatlast,TommarriedSophiaaftersomemisunderstandingbetweenthem.④ThepersonalityofTom:anationalhero,honest,kind-hearted,high-spirited,loyal,andbrave,butimpulsive(沖動)⑤ItwasTomJonesthatbroughthisauthorthenameofthe“proseHomer”⑥Writingcharacteristics:Thepanoramicviewissuperb(輝煌全景)ThelanguageisclarityandsupplenessTheplotconstructionisexcellent6.SamuelJohnson(1709-1784)塞繆爾·約翰遜ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage《英語詞典》LivesofthePoets《詩人傳》London《倫敦》TheVanityofHumanWishes《人類欲望之虛幻》TheHistoryofRasselas,PrinceofAbyssinia《阿比西尼亞王子拉塞拉斯》“TotheRightHonorabletheEaelofChesterfield”《致切斯特菲爾德書》地位johnsonwasthelastgreatneoclassicistenlightenerinthesecondhalfoftheeighteenthcentury.7.ThomasGray(1716-1771)托馬斯·格雷“AnElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard”《墓園挽歌》“OdeontheSpring”《春天頌》“OdeonaDistantProspectofEtonCollege”《伊頓學院的遙遠前景頌》“OdeontheDeathofaFavoriteCat”《愛貓之死頌》“HymntoAdversity”《逆境贊》8.RobertBurns羅伯特?彭斯1759~1796ScottishpoetandwriteroftraditionalScottishfolksongs,whoseworksareknownandlovedwherevertheEnglishlanguageisread.是英國蘇格蘭著名的農民詩人。ThegreatestScottishpoetinthelate18thcentury.PoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect蘇格蘭方言詩集①<JohnAnderson,MyJo>約翰?安德生，我的愛人②<ARed,RedRose>一朵紅紅的玫瑰③<AuldLongSyne>往昔時光④<AMan’saManforA’That>不管那一套⑤<MyHeart’sintheHighlands>我的心在那高原上⑥<BruceAtBannockburn>⑦<TheTreeOfLiberty>9.WilliamBlake威廉?布萊克1757~1827PoetandPainter、Engraver、Developedownmythology/religionFirstmajor“Romantic”poet浪漫主義詩人英國文學史上最復雜、最有個性的詩人之一他打破了18世紀新古典主義的教條，用歌謠和無韻體詩來書寫理想和生活。Featuresofhispoems1.useofsimplelanguage2.serious,somberthemes3.lyricalbeauty4.symbolism5.mysticism常出現的主題：Good&evilHeaven&hellKnowledge&innocenceExternalreality&inner作品：1.SongsofInnocence天真之歌．ahappyandinnocentworldfromchildren’seye.<TheChimneySweeper>《掃煙窗的孩子》Lambisasymbolofpeaceandpurity2.SongsofExperience經驗之歌awordofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholytonefrommeneyes.Include:<TheChimneySweeper>、<London>、<TheTyger>《老虎》Tygerisasymbolofdreadandviolence3．PoeticalSketches詩的素描4．TheMarriageofHeavenandHell天堂和地獄的結合6．TheBookofThel塞爾書7．VisionsoftheDaughtersofAlbion阿爾比昂的女兒們之幻想8．“Propheticbooks預言書”：TheBookofUrizen《尤里真之書》TheSongofLos羅斯之歌Milton《米爾頓》TheFourZoas《四個佐亞》jerusalem《耶路撒冷》TheRomanticPeriod

Theromanticperiodbeganin1798thepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge’s<LyricalBallads>,andendin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeath.

Romanticism:Itemphasizethespecialqualitieofeachindividual’smind.(人應該是獨立自由的個體)

Init,emotionoverreason,spontaneousemotion,achangefromtheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules,imagination,nature,commonplace.

TwomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic).

“TheLakePoets”湖畔詩人，wholivedinthelakedistrict.

WilliamWordsworth;SamuelTaylorColeridge;RobertSouthey

1.WilliamWordsworth威廉?華茲華斯1770~1850

（與柯爾律治、騷塞同被稱為“湖畔派”詩人。TheLakePoets）

①<LyricalBallads>抒情歌謠集(withSamuelTaylorColeridge)

②<IWonderedLonelyAsACloud>

Theme:1.Natureembodieshumanbeingsintheirdiversecircumstance.Itisnaturethatgivehim“strengthandknowledgefullofpeace”

2.Itisblisstorecolledthebeautyofnatureinpoetmindwhileheisinsolitude.

Comment:Thepoetisverycheerfulwithrecallingthebeautifulsights.Inthepoemonthebeautyofnature,thereaderispresentedavividpictureoflivelyandlovelydaffodils(水仙)andpoet’sphilosophicalideasandmysticalthoughts.

③LinesComposedAFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey

④TheSolitaryReaper孤獨的割麥女

②<ThePrelude>序曲

2.SamuelTaylorColeridge塞繆爾?泰勒?科爾律治1772~1834

TheLakePoets

①<TheRimeoftheAncientMariner>古舟子頌

②<Christabel>柯里斯塔貝爾

③<KublaKhan>忽必烈汗

Artisticfeatures:mysticism,demonismwithstrongimagination,astrangeterritory④<FrostatNight>半夜冰霜

⑤<Dejection,anOde>憂郁頌

⑥<LyricalBallads>抒情歌謠集(withWilliamWordsworth)

3.GeorgeGordonByron喬治?戈登?拜倫1788~1824

（拜倫式英雄Byronicheroes孤傲、狂熱、浪漫，卻充滿了反抗精神。內心充滿了孤獨與苦悶，卻又蔑視群小。恰爾德·哈羅德是拜倫詩歌中第一個“拜倫式英雄”。）l

“Byronichero”isaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin,againsttyrannicalrulesormoralprinciples.

①<DonJuan>唐?璜

<ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage>恰爾德?哈羅德爾游記

<Cain>該隱

②<WhenWeTwoParted>當初我們倆分別

<SheWalksInBeauty>

4.PersyByssheShelley波西?比希?雪萊1792~1822

①PoeticDrama：<PrometheusUnbound>解放了的普羅米修斯

Theme:thedramacelebraiesman’svictoryovertyrannyandoppression

②<QueenMab>麥布女王

<RevoltofIslam>伊斯蘭的反叛

<TheCenci>欽契一家

<ADefenceofPoetry>詩辯

<TheNecessityofAtheism>無神論的必要性

③Lyrics:

<OdetotheWestWind>西風頌

Theme:Theauthorexpresshiseagernesstoenjoytheboundlessfreedomfromthereality.Comparethewestwindtodestroyeroftheoldwhodrivesthelastsignsoflifefromthetrees,andpreserverofthenewwhoscattertheseadsshichsillcometolifeinthespring.Thisisapoemaboutrenewal,aboutthewindblowinglifebackintodeadthings,implyingnotjustanarcoflife(whichwouldendatdeath)butacycle,whichonlystartsagainwhensomethingdies.

Comment:PercyByssheShelley's"OdetotheWestWind"iswritteniniambicpentameter.Itcontainsfivesonnetlengthstanzas,eachwithaclosingcouplet.Therhymingschemeformisababcbcdcdedee.Thetoneispoignant.Manywillagreethatthispoemisaninvocationforanunseenforcetotakecontrolandrevivelife.

Artisticfeatures:

Usingrerzarima(三行詩ababcbcdcdedefe…)

<ToaSkylark>致云雀

5.JohnlKeats約翰?濟慈1795~1821

(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名詩句。)

①Fourgreatodes:<OdeonaGrecianUrn>希臘古甕頌

<OdetoaNightingale>夜鶯頌

<OdetoPsyche>心靈頌

<OdeOnMelancholy>憂郁頌

②<ToAutumn>秋頌n

Theme:ThethemeofJohnKeats'poem,"ToAutumn",isthatchangeisbothnaturalandbeautiful.Thepoempraisesthegloriesofthefallseasonbyusingalmosteverytypeofimagerytobothcharmandappealtothereader.

Comment:Thespeakerinthepoemacknowledgesthattimepassesby,butalsoassertsthatthischangeusuallyyieldssomethingnewandbetterthanwhatcamebefore.Eachofthepoem'sthreestanzasrepresentstheevolvingoftwodifferenttypesofchange.Onetypeofchangeshowninthepoemisthechangeofperiodsinaday.

6.JaneAusten簡?奧斯丁1775~1817l

Shecomparedherworkstoafineengravinguponaliterarypieceofivoryonlyinchessquire.

①<SenseandSensibility>理智與感情

<PrideandPrejudic>傲慢與偏見(chapterI)

【ElizabethBennet&Darcy】intheendfalseprideishumbledandprejudicedissolved【Collins&CharlotteLucas】seetherealityofmarriageasanecessarystepifawomanistoavoidthewretchednessofagingspinsterhood

【Lydia&Wickham】shownthedangersoffecklessrelationshipsunsupportedbymoney.

【Mr.&Mrs.Bennet,Mr.Collins,LadyCatherinedeBurgh】comiccharacters

<MansfieldPark>曼斯菲爾德莊園

<Emma>愛瑪<NorthangerAbbey>諾桑覺寺<Persuasion>勸導7.WalterlScott沃爾特?斯科特1771~1832

(歷史小說之父”)Fatherofhistorynovels

①<RobRoy>羅伯?羅伊

②<Ivanhoe>艾凡赫TheVictorianPeriod

Commonsenseandmoralpropreity,againbecamethepredominantpreoccupation.Criticalrealistswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleandeverydayevents.

1.CharlesDickens查爾斯?狄更斯1812~1870

（批判現實主義小說家）criticalrealistwriter

①<ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub>匹克威克外傳

②<OliverTwist>奧利弗?特維斯特（霧都孤兒）

③<TheOldCuriosityShop>老古玩店

④<AChristmasCarol>圣誕頌歌

⑤<DombeyandSon>董貝父子

⑥<DavidCopperfield>大衛?科波菲爾

⑦<BleakHouse>荒涼山莊

<HardTimes>艱難時世

⑧<ATaleofTwoCities>雙城記(London&Paris)

⑨<GreatExpectations>遠大前程

⑩<OurMutualFriend>我們共同的朋友

2.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray威廉?麥克匹斯?薩克雷1811~1863

①<VanityFair>oraNovelwithoutaHero名利場(thenameisanexcerptfrom<ThePilgrim’sProgress>byJohnBunyan)

②<TheBookOfSnobs>

3.CharlotteBronte夏洛蒂?勃朗特1816~1855

①<JaneEyre>簡?愛

JaneEyre,aplainlittleorphan,wassenttoLowood,acharityschool.Thereshesufferalotand8yearslatersheleftschoolandbecameabovernessatThornfieldHall.Thereshefallsinlovewiththemaster,Mr.Rochester.

Itisnotedforitssharpcriticismoftheexistingsociety,e.g.charityinstitutionsuchasLowoodSchool

ItisasuccessfulintroductiontothefirstgovernessheoineintheEnglishnovel,whomrepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenstrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrightsandequalityasahumanbeing.

②<Shirley>雪莉

③<Professor>教師

4.EmilyBronte艾米莉?勃朗特1818~1854

①<WutheringnHeights>呼嘯山莊

Astoryabouttwofamilieandanintrudingstranger.

【TheEarnshawFamily】Mr.Earnshaw,hiswife,thesonHindley,thedaughterCatherine,Heathcliff

【TheLintonFamily】Mr.Linton,hiswife,sonEdgar,daughterIsabella

②<OldStoic>

5.GeorgeEliot喬治?艾略特1819~1880l

①<TheMillontheFloss>弗洛斯河上的磨坊

②<AdamnBede>亞當?比德

③<SilasnMarner>織工馬南

④<Middlemarch>米德爾馬契

6.AlfredTennyson阿爾弗萊德?丁尼生1809~1892

（維多利亞時代最具代表性的偉大詩人）

PoetLaureate（桂冠詩人）

①<InMemoriam>悼念

Tomemorializehisfriend

②<Break,nBreak,Break>沖擊、沖擊、沖擊

③<IdyllsoftheKing>國王敘事詩

7.RobertlBrowning羅伯特?白朗寧1812~1889

①<MyLastDutchess>我已故的公爵夫人

②<HomeThoughtsFromAbroad>海外鄉思

ElizabethBarrettBrowing:

①<SonnetfromthePortuguese>葡萄牙十四行詩

8.RobertLouisStevenson

①<TreasureIsland>金銀島

9.ThomaslHardy托馬斯?哈代1840~1928

（小說多以農村生活為背景；自然主義小說家。Wessexnovels;novelsofcharacterandenvironment）⑴Novels

①<TessOfTheD’Urbervilles>德伯家的苔絲

Theme:experienceisastointensity,andnotastoduration

②<JudeTheObscure>無名的裘德

③<UnderTheGreenwoodTree>綠蔭下

④<FarFromnTheMaddingCrowd>遠離塵囂

⑤<TheMayorOfCasterbridge>卡斯特橋市長

⑥<TheReturnoftheNative>還鄉

⑵Poems

WessexPoemsAndOtherVerses

PoemsOfThePastAndPresent1900~1950The20thCentury

Playwrights①OscarWilde②GeorgeBernardShaw1.OscarWilde奧斯卡?王爾德1856~1900

（TheAestheticMovement:ArtforArt’sSake）

①4Comedies:

<TheImportanceOfBeingEarnest>認真的重要

<LadyWindermere’sFan>溫德米爾夫人的扇子

<AWomanOfNoImportance>一個無足輕重的女人

<AnIdealHusband>理想的丈夫

②Novel:

<ThePictureOfDorianGray>多利安?格雷的畫像

③FairyStories:

<TheHappyPrinceAndOtherTales>快樂王子故事集

2.GeorgeBernardShaw喬治?伯納?蕭1856~1950

(英國杰出的批判現實主義劇作家）criticalrealisticdramatist

⑴Plays

①PlaysUnpleasant

<MrsWarren’SProfession>華倫夫人的職業

<Widowers’Houses>鰥夫的房產

②PlaysPleasant

<ArmsAndMan>武器與人

<TheManOfDestiny>左右命運的人

③Plays<ManAndSuperman>人與超人

<Pygmalion>匹格瑪利翁

<TheAppleCart>蘋果車

<SaintnJoan>圣女貞德Novelists(Realists)

1.JosephConcrad

①<LordJim>吉姆爺

②<HeartOfDarkness>黑暗的心

1.Whythebook’stitleisHeartofDarkness?

ThestoryhappenedinCongo,theheartofAfrica,andthecolorofpeople’sskininthereisblack.Mostimportantpointaboutthetitleistotheevilinhumans’heart.

2.Whatisthesymbolismofblackandwhite

【Black/dark-】death,evil,ignorance,mystery,savagery,uncivilized

MiddleAges,whenscienceandknowledgewassuppressed,astheDarkAges.

AccordingtoChristianity,inthebeginningoftimeallwasdarkandGodcreatedlight.

AccordingtoHeartofDarkness,beforetheRomanscame,Englandwasdark.Inthesameway,Africawasconsideredtobeinthe“darkstage”.

【White/light】life,goodness,enlightenment,civilized,religion.

Yet,inConcrad,theusualpatternisreverseanddarknessmeanstruth(Thetruthwithin,thereforedarkandobscure.),whitenessmeansfalsehood.ThiscontrasttellsapoliticaltruthaboutcolonialismintheCongo.ThecontrastalsosuggestsapsychologicaltruthaboutMarlowandtheEuropeansmind.

Whitealsosuggestsanynumberofunpleasantmoraltruths.Thetradeinivoryiswhiteanddirty.Kurtzthewhitemanistotallycorrupt

3.Comment

Thebookimpliesthatcivilizationsarecreatedbythelawsandcodesthatencouragementoachievehigherstandards.Thelawactsasabuffertopreventmenfromrevertingbacktotheirdarkertendencies.

Civilization,however