2019年06月英語六級考試真題與答案解析：C卷————————————————————————————————————————PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayontheimportanceofmotivationandmethodsinlearning.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.

PartⅠWritingTheImportanceofMotivationandMethodsinLearningWhenitcomestolearning,thereisafamousChinesesayingwhichgoes"Learningwithoutthinkingleadstoconfusion;thinkingwithoutlearningendsindanger."Evidently,itismeanttotellusthatlearningmethodsareasimportantashardwork.Itotallyagreewithit.Besides,Iinsistthatinadditiontodiligenceandmethods,motivationinlearningshouldalsobepaidattentionto.Asforme,motivationisanindispensablepartoflearning,becausewithoutmotivation,youwon'tstarttolearnatall.Evenifyouhavestartedstudying,withoutmotivationthatdrivesyoutokeepgoing,youmayeasilygiveupwhenfacedwithdifficulties.Withmotivation,wealsoneedtherightwaytolearn.Inthelearningprocess,hardworkisnotenough.Ifwedon'tattachimportancetolearningmethods,wemayfallintothedilemmaofstudyingmechanically.Instead,witheffectivelearningmethods,therewillbetwicetheresultwithhalftheeffort.Inbrief,motivationandmethodsarecriticaltosuccessfullearning.Therefore,onlywhenweareclearlyawareofthis,canweachievegoodlearningresultsbymakingefforts.PartIIListeningComprehension(30minutes)說明：由于2019年6月六級考試全國共考了兩套聽力，本套真題聽力與前2套內容相同，只是選項順序不同，因此在本套真題中不再重復出現。PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:

Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Steel（鋼鐵）isvaluedforitsreliability可靠性,butnotwhenitgetscold.Mostformsofsteel_A_26_abruptly突然地、硬生生的becomebrittle（脆的）attemperaturesbelowabout-25℃unlesstheyaremixedwithothermetals.Now,though,anoveltypeofsteelhasbeendevelopedthatresists對抗、抵抗_J_27_fractures破碎、碎裂atmuchlowertemperatures,whileretaining保留、留住itsstrengthandtoughness韌性、韌度—withouttheneedforexpensive_B_28_additives(添加劑）.Steel'sfragilityatlowtemperaturesfirstbecameamajorconcernduringtheSecondWorldWar.AfterGermanU-boatstorpedoed（用魚雷攻擊）numerousBritishships,a2,700-strongfleetofcheap-and-cheerful"Libertyships"wasintroducedtoreplacethelostvessels,providingalifelineforthe_E_29_besieged（被包圍）British.Butthesteelshellsofhundredsoftheships_I_30_cracked（破裂）intheicynorthAtlantic,and12brokeinhalfandsank.Brittleness（脆弱、脆性）remainsaproblemwhenbuildingsteelstructuresincoldconditions,suchasoilrigsintheArctic.Soscientistshave_N_31_strived（努力、奮斗）tofindasolutionbymixingitwithexpensivemetals（金屬、五金）suchasnickel（鎳）.YuujiKimuraandcolleaguesinJapantriedamorephysical（物理的、物質的、符合自然法則的）_C_32_approach（方法）.Ratherthanaddingothermetals,theydevelopedacomplexmechanical（機械、力學）processinvolvingrepeatedheating（加熱、采暖）andverysevere（嚴重、嚴厲、嚴格）mechanicaldeformation（變形）,knownastempforming.Theresultingsteelappearstoachieveacombinationofstrength（強度）andtoughness（韌性）thatis_G_33_comparable（想當、可比）tothatofmodemsteelsthatareveryrichinalloy（合金）content（內容、含量、目錄）and,therefore,veryexpensive.Kimura'steamintends（打算）touseitstempformedsteeltomakeultra-high（超高）strengthparts,suchasbolts（螺栓、鉚釘）.Theyhopetoreduceboththenumberof_H_34_components（組建、部件）neededinaconstructionjobandtheirweight—by（按……計算）replacingsolid（實心的、實體的）supportswith_K_35_hollow（空心的）tubes（管）,forexample.Thiscouldreducetheamountofsteelneededtomakeeverythingfromautomobiles（發動機）tobuildingsandbridges（橋梁）.A）abruptly

B）additives

C）approach

D）ardently

E）besieged

F）channel

G）comparable

H）components

I）cracked

J）fractures

K）hollow

L）relevant

M）reshuffled

N）strived

O）violentSectionBDirections:

Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Thefutureofpersonalsatellite（衛星）technologyishere—arewereadyforit?A）Satellitesusedtobetheexclusiveplaythingsofrichgovernmentsandwealthycorporations.Butincreasingly,asspacebecomesmoredemocratized,theyarecomingwithinreachofordinarypeople.Justlikedrones（無人機）beforethem,miniaturesatellitesarebeginningtofundamentallytransformourconceptionsofwhogetstodowhatupaboveourheads.B）AsarecentreportfromtheNationalAcademyofScienceshighlights,thesesatellitesholdtremendouspotentialformakingsatellite-basedsciencemoreaccessiblethaneverbefore.However,asthecostofgettingyourownsatelliteinorbitdropssharply,therisksofirresponsibleusegrow.Thequestionhereisnolonger"Canwe?"but"Shouldwe?"Whatarethepotentialdownsidesofhavingasliceofspacedenselypopulatedbyequipmentbuiltbypeoplenottraditionallylabeledas"professionals"?Andwhatwouldtheresponsibleandbeneficialdevelopmentanduseofthistechnologyactuallylooklike?Someoftheanswersmaycomefromanonprofitorganizationthathasbeenbuildingandlaunchingamateursatellitesfornearly50years.C）Havingyourpersonalsatellitelaunchedintoorbitmightsoundlikeanideastraightoutofsciencefiction.Butoverthepastfewdecadesauniqueclassofsatelliteshasbeencreatedthatfitsthebill:CubeSats.The"Cube"heresimplyreferstothesatellite'sshape.ThemostcommonCubeSatisa10cmcube,sosmallthatasingleCubeSatcouldeasilybemistakenforapaperweightonyourdesk.Thesemini-satellitescanfitinalaunchvehicle'sformerly"wastedspace."MultiplescanbedeployedincombinationformorecomplexmissionsthancouldbeachievedbyoneCubeSatalone.D）Withintheircompactbodiestheseminutesatellitesareabletohousesensorsandcommunicationsreceivers/transmittersthatenableoperatorstostudyEarthfromspace,aswellasspacearoundEarth.They'reprimarilydesignedforLowEarthOrbit（LEO）—aneasilyaccessibleregionofspacefromaround200to800milesaboveEarth,wherehuman-tendedmissionsliketheHubbleSpaceTelescopeandtheInternationalSpaceStation（ISS）hangout.Buttheycanattainmoredistantorbits;NASAplansformostofitsfutureEarth-escapingpayloads（tothemoonandMarsespecially）tocarryCubeSats.E）Becausethey'resosmallandlight,itcostsmuchlesstogetaCubSatintoEarth'sorbitthanatraditionalcommunicationsorGPSsatellite.Forinstance,aresearchgrouphereatArizonaStateUniversityrecentlyclaimedtheirdevelopmentalsmallCubeSatscouldcostaslittleas$3,000toputinorbit.Thisdecreaseincostallowsresearchers,hobbyistsandevenelementaryschoolgroupstoputsimpleinstrumentsintoLEOorevenhavingthemdeployedfromtheISS.F）ThefirstCubeSatwascreatedintheearly2000s,asawayofenablingStanfordgraduatestudentstodesign,build,testandoperateaspacecraftwithsimilarcapabilitiestotheUSSR'sSputnik（前蘇聯的人造衛星）.Sincethen,NASA,theNationalReconnaissanceOfficeandevenBoeinghavealllaunchedandoperatedCubeSats.Therearemorethan130currentlyinoperation.TheNASAEducationalLaunchofNanoSatelliteprogram,whichoffersfreelaunchesforeducationalgroupsandsciencemissions,isnowopentoU.S.nonprofitcorporationsaswell.Clearly,satellitesarenotjustforrocketscientistsanymore.G）TheNationalAcademyofSciencesreportemphasizesCubeSats'importanceinscientificdiscoveryandthetrainingoffuturespacescientistsandengineers.YetitalsoacknowledgesthatwidespreaddeploymentofLEOCubeSatsisn'trisk-free.Thegreatestconcerntheauthorsraiseisspacedebris—piecesof"junk"thatorbittheearth,withthepotentialtocauseseriousdamageiftheycollidewithoperationalunits,includingtheISS.H）Currently,therearen'tmanyCubeSatsandthey'retrackedclosely.YetasLEOopensuptomoreamateursatellites,theymayposeanincreasingthreat.Asthereportauthorspointout,evennear-missesmightleadtothe"creationofaburdensomeregulatoryframeworkandaffectthefuturedispositionofscienceCubeSats."I）CubeSatresearcherssuggestthatnow'sthetimetoponderunexpectedandunintendedpossibleconsequencesofmorepeoplethaneverhavingaccesstotheirownsmallsliceofspace.InanerawhenyoucansimplybuyaCubeSatkitofftheshelf,howcanwetrustthesatellitesoverourheadsweredevelopedwithgoodintentionsbypeoplewhoknewwhattheyweredoing?Some"expertamateurs"inthesatellitegamecouldprovidesomeinspirationforhowtoproceedresponsibly.J）In1969.theRadioAmateurSatelliteCorporation（AMSAT）wascreatedinordertofosterhamradioenthusiasts'（業余無線電愛好者）participationinspaceresearchandcommunication.Itcontinuedtheefforts,begunin1961,byProjectOSCAR—aU.S.-basedgroupthatbuiltandlaunchedtheveryfirstnongovernmentalsatellitejustfouryearsafterSputnik.Asanorganizationofvolunteers,AMSATwasputting"amateur"satellitesinorbitdecadesbeforethecurrentCubeSatcraze.Andovertime,itsmembershavelearnedathingortwoaboutresponsibility.Here,open-sourcedevelopmenthasbeenacentralprinciple.Withintheorganization,AMSAThasaphilosophyofopensourcingeverything—makingtechnicaldataonallaspectsoftheirsatellitesfullyavailabletoeveryoneintheorganization,andwhenpossible,thepublic.AccordingtoamemberoftheteamresponsibleforFOX1-A,AMSAT'sfirstCubeSat,thismeansthatthere'snowaytosneaksomethinglikeexplosivesoranenergyemitterintoanamateursatellitewheneveryonehasaccesstothedesignsandimplementation.K）However,they'remorecautiousaboutsharinginformationwithnonmembers,astheorganizationguardsagainstothersdevelopingtheabilitytohijackandtakecontroloftheirsatellites.Thisformof"self-governance"ispossiblewithinlong-standingamateurorganizationsthat,overtime,areabletobuildasenseofresponsibilitytocommunitymembers,aswellassocietyingeneral.Butwhathappenswhennewplayersemerge,whodon'thavedeeprootswithintheexistingculture?L）Hobbyistsandstudentsaregainingaccesstotechnologieswithoutbeingpartofalong-standingamateurestablishment.They'restillconstrainedbyfimders,launchprovidersandaseriesofregulations—allofwhichreininwhatCubeSatdeveloperscanandcannotdo.Butthere'sadangerthey'reill-equippedtothinkthroughpotentialunintendedconsequences.Whattheseunintendedconsequencesmightbeisadmittedlyfarfromclear.Yetweknowinnovatorscanberemarkablycreativewithtakingtechnologiesinunexpecteddirections.Thinkofsomethingasseeminglybenignasthecellphone—wehavemicrofinanceandtext-basedsocialnetworkingatoneendofthespectrum,andimprovised（臨時制作的）explosivedevicesattheother.M）ThisiswhereacultureofsocialresponsibilityaroundCubeSatsbecomesimportant-notsimplytoensurethatphysicalrisksareminimized,buttoengagewithamuchlargercommunityinanticipatingandmanaginglessobviousconsequencesofthetechnology.Thisisnotaneasytask.YettheevidencefromAMSATandotherareasoftechnologydevelopmentsuggeststhatresponsibleamateurcommunitiescananddoemergearoundnoveltechnologies.Thechallengehere,ofcourse,isensuringthatwhatanamateurcommunityconsiderstoberesponsible,actuallyis.Here'swherethereneedstobeamuchwiderpublicconversationthatextendsbeyondgovernmentagenciesandscientificcommunitiestoincludestudents,hobbyists，andanyonewhomaypotentiallystandtobeaffectedbytheuseofCubeSattechnology.36.Giventheeasieraccessibilitytospace,itistimetothinkabouthowtopreventmisuseofsatellites.I

37.Agroupofmini-satellitescanworktogethertoaccomplishmorecomplextasks.C

38.Thegreateraccessibilityofmini-satellitesincreasestherisksoftheirirresponsibleuse.B

39.EvenschoolpupilscanhavetheirCubeSatsputinorbitowingtotheloweredlaunchingcost.E

40.iscarefulaboutsharinginformationwithoutsiderstopreventhijackingoftheirsatellites.K

41.NASAofferstolaunchCubeSatsfreeofchargeforeducationalandresearchpurposes.F

42.Evenwithconstraints,itispossibleforsomecreativedeveloperstotaketheCubeSattechnologyindirectionsthatresultinharmfuloutcomes.L

43.Whilemakingsignificantcontributionstospacescience,CubeSatsmayposehazardstootherspacevehicles.G

44.Mini-satellitesenableoperatorstostudyEarthfromLEOandspacearoundit.D

45.AMSAToperatesontheprincipleofhavingallitstechnicaldataaccessibletoitsmembers,preventingtheabuseofamateursatellites.JSectionCDirections:

Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WhenIre-enteredthefull-timeworkforceafewyearsagoafteradecadeofsolitaryself-employment,therewasonethingIwaslookingforwardtothemost:theopportunitytohaveworkfriendsonceagain.Itwasn'tuntilIenteredthecorporateworldthatIrealized,formeatleast,beingfriendswithcolleaguesdidn'temergeasapriorityatall.Thisissurprisingwhenyouconsidertheprevailingemphasisbyscholarsandtrainersandmanagersontheimportanceofcultivatingcloseinterpersonalrelationshipsatwork.Somuchresearchhasexploredthewayinwhichcollegial（同事的）tiescanhelpovercomearangeofworkplaceissuesaffectingproductivityandthequalityofworkoutputsuchasteam-basedconflict,jealousy,undermining,anger,andmore.Perhapsmyexpectationsoflunches,water-coolergossipandcaring,deep-and-meaningfulconversationswerealegacyofthelasttimeIwasinthatkindofofficeenvironment.Whereasnow,asIneartheendofmyfourthdecade,Irealizeworkcanbefullyfunctionalandentirelyfulfillingwithoutneedingtobebestmateswiththepeoplesittingnexttoyou.Inanacademicanalysisjustpublishedintheprofoundly-respectedJournalofManagement,researchershavelookedattheconceptof"indifferentrelationships".It'sasimpletermthatencapsulates（概括）thefactthatrelationshipsatworkcanreasonablybenon-intimate,inconsequential,unimportantandeven,dareIsayit,disposableorsubstitutable.Indifferentrelationshipsareneitherpositivenornegative.Thelimitedresearchconductedthusfarindicatesthey'reespeciallydominantamongthosewhovalueindependenceovercooperation,andharmonyoverconfrontation.Indifferenceisalsothepreferredoptionamongthosewhoaresociallylazy.Maintainingrelationshipsoverthelongtermtakeseffort.Forsomeofus,toomucheffort.Asnotedabove,indifferentrelationshipsmaynotalwaysbethemosthelpfulapproachinresolvingsomeoftheissuesthatpopupatwork.Buttherearenonethelessseveralempiricallyprovenbenefits.Oneofthoseisefficiency.Lesstimechattingandsocializingmeansmoretimeworkingand（產出）.Theotherisself-esteem.Ashumanbeings,we'reprimedtocompareourselvestoeachotherinwhatisananxiety-inducingphenomenon.Apparently,welookdownonacquaintancesmoresothanMends.Sincetheformerismostcommonamongthoseinclinedtowardsindifferentrelationships,theirpredominancecanbolsterindividuals'senseofself-worth.Egoaside,athirdadvantageisthattheemotionalneutralityofindifferentrelationshipshasbeenfoundtoenhancecriticalevaluation,tostrengthenone'sfocusontaskresolution,andtogaingreateraccesstovaluableinformation.Noneofthatmightbeasfunasafter-worksocializingbut,hey,I'lltakeitanyway.46.Whatdidtheauthorrealizewhenhere-enteredthecorporate(企業)world?

A）MakingnewMendswithhisworkmateswasnotaseasyashehadanticipated.

B）Cultivatingpositiveinterpersonalrelationshipshelpedhimexpelsolitaryfeelings.

C）Workinginthecorporateworldrequiresmoreinterpersonalskillsthanself-employment.

D）Buildingcloserelationshipswithhiscolleagues(同事wasnotasimportantashehadejected（驅逐）.

47.Whatdowelearnfrommanystudiesaboutcollegial（大學的、社團的）relationships?

A）Inharmonious（不和諧、不和睦）relationshipshaveanadverse（不利的、相反的）effectonproductivity（生產力、生產率、生產能力）.

B）Harmoniousrelationshipsarewhatmanycompaniesaimtocultivate.

C）Closecollegialrelationshipscontributeverylittletoproductquality.

D）Conflictingrelationshipsintheworkplaceexistalmosteverywhere.

48.Whatcanbeinferredaboutrelationshipsatworkfromanacademicanalysis?

A）Theyshouldbecultivated.

B）Theyarevirtually（實際上、事實上、幾乎）irrelevant（不相干的）.

C）Theyarevitaltocorporateculture.

D）Theyshouldbereasonablyintimate.

49.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutpeoplewhoaresociallylazy?

A）Theyfeeluncomfortablewhenengaginginsocialinteractions.

B）Theyoftenfindthemselvesinconfrontationwiththeircolleagues.

C）Theyareunwillingtomakeeffortstomaintainworkplace（工作場所）relationships.

D）Theylackbasiccommunicationskillsindealingwithinterpersonalissues.

60.Whatisoneofthebenefitsofindifferent（冷漠的、中立的）relationships?

A）Theyprovidefunatwork.

B）Theyhelpcontrolemotions.

C）Theyhelpresolvedifferences.

D）Theyimproveworkefficiency（效率、效益）.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inafewdecades,artificialintelligence(AI)willsurpassmanyoftheabilitiesthatwebelievemakeusspecial.Thisisagrandchallengeforourageanditmayrequirean"irrational"response.OneofthemostsignificantpiecesofnewsfromtheUSinearly2017wastheeffortsofGoogletomakeautonomousdrivingareality.Accordingtoareport,Google'sself-drivingcarsclocked1,023,330km,andrequiredhumanintervention124times.Thatisoneinterventionaboutevery8,047kmofautonomousdriving.Butevenmoreimpressiveistheprogressinjustasingleyear:humaninterventionsfellfrom0.8timesperthousandmilesto0.2,a400%improvement.Withsuchprogress,Google'scarswilleasilysurpassmyowndrivingabilitylaterthisyear.Drivingonceseemedtobeaveryhumanskill.Butwesaidthataboutchess,too.Thenacomputerbeatthehumanworldchampion,repeatedly.TheboardgameGo（圍棋）tookoverfromchessasanewtestforhumanthinkingin2016,whenacomputerbeatoneoftheworld'sleadingprofessionalGoplayers.Withcomputersconqueringwhatusedtobedeeplyhumantasks,whatwillitmeaninthefuturetobehuman?Iworryaboutmysix-year-oldson.Whatwillhisplacebеinaworldwheremachinesbeatusinoneareaafteranother?He'llnevercalculatefaster,neverdrivebetter,orevenflymoresafely.Actually,itallcomesdowntoafairlysimplequestion：What'ssospecialaboutus?Itcan'tbeskillslikearithmetic,whichmachinesalreadyexcelin.Sofar,machineshaveaprettyhardtimeemulatingcreativity,arbitraryenoughnottobepredictedbyacomputer,andyetmorethansimplerandomness.Perhaps,ifwecontinuetoimproveinformation-processingmachines,wellsoonhavehelpfulrationalassistants.Sowemustaimtocomplementtherationalityofthemachine,ratherthantocompetewithit.IfI'mright,weshouldfosteracreativespiritbecauseadoseofillogicalcreativitywillcomplementtherationalityofthemachine.Unfortunately,however,oureducationsystemhasnotcaughtuptotheapproachingreality.Indeed,ourschoolsanduniversitiesarestructuredtomouldpupilstobemostlyobedientservantsofrationality,andtodevelopoutdatedskillsininteractingwithoutdatedmachines.Weneedtohelpourchildrenlearnhowtobestworkwithsmartcomputerstoimprovehumandecision-making.Butmostofallweneedtokeepthelong-termperspectiveinmind:thatevenifcomputerswilloutsmartus,wecanstillbethemostcreative.Becauseifwearen't,wewon'tbeprovidingmuchvalueinfutureecosystems，andthatmay