2021屆高考英語(yǔ)?？奸喿x題型與練習(xí)一、主旨大意題這類題在設(shè)題時(shí)常會(huì)用到title,subject,mainidea,topic,theme等詞。.歸納標(biāo)題題特點(diǎn)：短小精悍，一般多為一個(gè)短語(yǔ)；涵蓋性強(qiáng)，一般能覆蓋全文意思；精確性強(qiáng)，表達(dá)范圍要恰當(dāng)，不能隨意改變語(yǔ)意程度或色彩。常見命題形式有：What’sthebesttitleforthetext?Thebesttitleforthispassageis___.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?.概括大意題包括尋找段落大意(topic)和文章中心思想(mainidea),常見命題形式有：Whatisthegeneral/mainideaofthepassage？Whichofthefollowingexpressesthemainidea？Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?What’sthearticlemainlyabout？解題技巧閱讀理解文章多是議論文和說(shuō)明文,這兩種文體的結(jié)構(gòu)可歸納為：提出問(wèn)題——論述問(wèn)題——得出結(jié)論或者闡明觀點(diǎn)。對(duì)于這類文章,抓主題句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主題句一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭或結(jié)尾。主題句具有簡(jiǎn)潔性、概括性的特點(diǎn)。主題句在文章中的位置主要有以下幾種情況。位于段首：一般而言,以演繹法撰寫的文章,主題句往往在文章的開頭,即先點(diǎn)出主題,然后圍繞這一主題作具體的陳述。判斷第一句是否為主題句,可具體分析段落的首句與第二,三句的關(guān)系；如果從第二句就開始對(duì)第一句進(jìn)行說(shuō)明,論述或描述,那第一句就是主題句。有些段落，在主題句后面有明顯引出細(xì)節(jié)的信號(hào)詞，如forexample,anexampleof;first,second,next,last,finally;tobeginwith,also,besides;one,theother;some,others等。在閱讀中應(yīng)盡量利用上述信號(hào)詞來(lái)確定主題句的位置。位于段尾：有些文章會(huì)在開頭列舉事實(shí),然后通過(guò)論證闡述作者的核心論點(diǎn)。因此,如果第一句話不是概括性的或綜合性的話,最好快速讀一讀段落的最后一個(gè)句子,看看它是否具備主題句的特征。如果它具備主題句的特征,段落的主題思想就很容易確定了。一般說(shuō)來(lái),當(dāng)一種觀點(diǎn)不易向人解釋清楚或不易被人接受時(shí)，主題句便會(huì)到段落的末尾才出現(xiàn)。學(xué)生可以充分利用引出結(jié)論的信號(hào)詞。如so,therefore,thus,consequently；inconclusion,inshort；inaword,tosumup等來(lái)確定主題句的位置在段尾。當(dāng)無(wú)明顯的此類信號(hào)時(shí)，學(xué)生可在段落的最后一句話前面添加一個(gè)引出結(jié)論的信號(hào)詞,以確定其是否是主題句。位于段中：有時(shí)段落是先介紹背景和細(xì)節(jié),接著用一句綜合或概括性的話概括前面所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容或事例,然后再圍繞主題展開對(duì)有關(guān)問(wèn)題的深入討論。這種文章的主題句往往會(huì)在段落中間出現(xiàn)。歸納起來(lái)主要有兩種情況：先提出問(wèn)題,然后給予回答（主題句）,最后給予解釋；或者,先提出問(wèn)題,然后點(diǎn)出主題思想（主題句）,最后給予解釋。首尾呼應(yīng)：主題句在段落的開頭和結(jié)尾兩個(gè)位置上先后出現(xiàn),形成前呼后應(yīng)的格局。這兩個(gè)主題句敘說(shuō)的是同一個(gè)內(nèi)容,但用詞不盡相同,這樣不但強(qiáng)調(diào)了主題思想,而且顯得靈活多變。這兩個(gè)句子并非簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù),后一個(gè)主題句或?qū)υ撝黝}作最后的評(píng)述,或?qū)σc(diǎn)作一概括,或使之引申留給讀者去思考。無(wú)明確主題句：找關(guān)鍵詞（出現(xiàn)頻率較高）,歸納總結(jié)。注意新題型中有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是干擾項(xiàng),解答此類題時(shí)同學(xué)易犯以下三種錯(cuò)誤：（1）表述過(guò)于片面,只涵蓋該段個(gè)別細(xì)節(jié)；（2）表述太過(guò)于籠統(tǒng),已經(jīng)超出該段的內(nèi)容；（3）表述與段落內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān),在段落中找不到相關(guān)依據(jù)二、細(xì)節(jié)理解題考查內(nèi)容主要涉及時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、原因、結(jié)果、數(shù)字等議論文中例證細(xì)節(jié)和定義類細(xì)節(jié)。這類題目的共同特點(diǎn)是：答案一般都能在文章中找到。當(dāng)然,答案并不一定是文章中的原句,大家需要根據(jù)文章提供的信息自己組織語(yǔ)句回答問(wèn)題。.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題一尋讀法分為直接理解題和間接理解題，前者常用who,what,which,when,where,why和how提問(wèn),或判斷正誤；后者需與原文信息轉(zhuǎn)換,表達(dá)上與原文有差異。常見命題形式有：Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?AllthefollowingarementionedexceptWhichofthefollowingismentioned（notmentioned）?Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue/right/false/wrongabout…？.排列順序題―首尾定位法（找出第一個(gè)事件和最后一個(gè)事件，用排除法縮小范圍）常出現(xiàn)在記敘文和說(shuō)明文中，一般按事件發(fā)生的順序。常見命題形式有：Whichofthefollowingisthecorrectorderof..?WhichofthefollowingshowsthepathofsignalsdescribedinParagraph…？.圖文匹配題一按圖索驥理清線索設(shè)題形式：給出圖表，根據(jù)圖表提問(wèn)問(wèn)題。.數(shù)字計(jì)算題一（方法：審題一帶著問(wèn)題找細(xì)節(jié)一對(duì)比、分析、計(jì)算）可直接找到相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)，但需經(jīng)過(guò)計(jì)算方可找到答案。三、推理判斷題主要考查大家對(duì)文章中隱含或深層的含意的理解能力。它要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容做出合乎邏輯的推斷，包括考生對(duì)作者觀點(diǎn)的理解，態(tài)度的判斷，對(duì)修辭、語(yǔ)氣、隱含意思等的理解。題干關(guān)鍵詞：infer（推斷）,indicate（象征，暗示）,imply/suggest（暗示）,conclude（作出結(jié)論）,assume（假定，設(shè)想）..細(xì)節(jié)推理判斷題一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息或借助生活常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷，常見命題形式有：TOC\o"1-5"\h\zItcanbeinferred/concludedfromthetextthat .Theauthorimplies/suggeststhat .Wemayinferthat .WhichofthefollowingstatementsisimpliedbutNOTstated?.預(yù)測(cè)推理判斷題根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇對(duì)文章接下來(lái)的內(nèi)容或可能的結(jié)局進(jìn)行猜測(cè)，常見命題形式有：Whatdoyouthinkwillhappenif/when…？Attheendofthispassage,thewritermightcontinuetowrite .推測(cè)文章來(lái)源或讀者對(duì)象常見命題形式有：Thepassageisprobablytakeoutof Thepassagewouldmostlikelybefoundin Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?.寫作意圖、目的、態(tài)度推斷題作者的語(yǔ)氣態(tài)度往往不會(huì)直接寫在文章里，只能通過(guò)細(xì)讀文章，從作者的選詞及其修飾手段中體會(huì)出來(lái)。詢問(wèn)寫作目的的題，選項(xiàng)里常出現(xiàn)的詞是：explain（解釋）,prove（證明）,persuade（勸說(shuō)）,advise（勸告）,comment（評(píng)論）,praise（贊揚(yáng)）,criticize（批評(píng)）,entertain（娛樂(lè)）,demonstrate（舉例說(shuō)明）,argue（辯論）,tell（講述）,analyze（分析）等。詢問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣態(tài)度的題，選項(xiàng)里常出現(xiàn)的詞是：neutral（中立的）,sympathetic同情的）,satisfied（滿意的）,friendly（友好的）,enthusiastic（熱情的），subjective（主觀的）,objective（客觀的）,matter-of-fact（實(shí)事求是的）,pessimistic（悲觀的）,optimistic（樂(lè)觀的）,critical（批評(píng)的）,doubtful（懷疑的）,hostile（敵對(duì)的）,indifferent（冷淡的）,disappointed（失望的）。常見命題形式Thepurposeofthetextis Whatisthemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?Bymentioning…，theauthoraimstoshowthat Whatistheauthor,sattitudetowards...?Whatistheauthor,sopinionon…？Theauthor’stoneinthispassageis .解答技巧推斷題是考查大家透過(guò)文章表面的文字信息進(jìn)行分析、綜合、歸納等邏輯推理的能力。推理和判斷必須以事實(shí)為依據(jù)，切莫主觀臆斷。①那些文章中直接陳述的內(nèi)容不能選，要選擇根據(jù)文章推理出來(lái)的選項(xiàng)。②推理不是憑空猜測(cè)，而是立足已知推斷未知；作出正確答案時(shí)一定要在文中找到依據(jù)或理由。③要忠實(shí)于原文，以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)。不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的想法;不要脫離原文主觀臆斷。四、詞義猜測(cè)題考點(diǎn)：：①猜測(cè)某個(gè)詞、詞組、句子的意義②對(duì)文中的多義詞或詞組進(jìn)行定義③ 判斷某個(gè)代詞的指代的對(duì)象。常見命題形式有：Theunderlinedword/phraseinthesecondparagraphmeans .Theword“it/they”inthelastsentencerefersto .Theword“…”（Line6.para.2）probablymeans.Theword“…”（Line6.para.2）couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheword“…”?解答技巧.通過(guò)因果關(guān)系猜詞通過(guò)因果關(guān)系猜詞首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，然后才能猜詞。有時(shí)文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞（如because,as,since,for,so,thus,asaresult,ofcourse,therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：Youshouldn'thaveblamedhimforthat,foritwasn'thisfault.通過(guò)for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的錯(cuò)），可猜出blame的詞義是"責(zé)備”。.通過(guò)同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞通過(guò)同義詞猜詞，一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組，如happyandgay,即使我們不認(rèn)識(shí)gay這個(gè)詞，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在進(jìn)一步解釋的過(guò)程中使用的同義詞，如ManhasknownsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus,Mars,andJupiterwiththehelpofspaceships.此句中的Venus（金星）、Mars（火星）、Jupiter（木星）均為生詞，但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個(gè)詞都屬于"行星"這一義域。通過(guò)反義詞猜詞，一是看表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞，如but,while,however等；二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語(yǔ)，如：Heissohomely,notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根據(jù)notatall...handsome我們不難推測(cè)出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。.通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法猜詞根據(jù)前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等構(gòu)詞知識(shí)判斷生詞詞義。如：Sheisunlikelytohavestolenthemoney.（“un”含否定意義，故為“不太可能”之意。）.通過(guò)定義或釋義關(guān)系來(lái)推測(cè)詞義例如：Butsometimes,norainfallsforalong,longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod,ordrought.從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的時(shí)期,即drought,由此可見drought意思為"久旱"，"旱災(zāi)"。而adryperiod和drought是同義語(yǔ)。這種同義或釋義關(guān)系常由is,or,thatis,inotherwords,becalled或破折號(hào)等來(lái)表示。.通過(guò)句法功能來(lái)推測(cè)詞義例如：Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個(gè)詞在句中所處的位置來(lái)判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同類關(guān)系，同

屬fruit類，因此它們是兩樣水果，準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)，是菠蘿和椰子。.通過(guò)描述猜詞描述即作者對(duì)該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內(nèi)在特征的描寫。例如：ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly，itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類。后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習(xí)性。.根據(jù)常識(shí)猜詞如：Thedoorwassolowthathehithisheadonthelintel.（lintel“過(guò)梁”。）Afraidofwakingthebabyup,shetiptoedoutoftheroom.（tiptoed“踮著腳走，躡手躡腳”）課后練習(xí)（一）ChildreninruralareasofCambodiaoftensufferfromorevendieofpreventableillnessesbecausethereisnotanysoapavailable.In2014,SamirLakhani,anAmericancollegestudent,sawtheissuewhilevolunteeringinaCambodianvillage.“Irememberquitevividlyamotherbathinghernewbornbabywithlaundrypowder,whichissoharmfultotheskin，”saidLakhani.“It'sdifficultforruralCambodianstoaccesssoap.Firstisaffordability.Ifyouearnonly$1.50everyday,youwon'tspend$1onabarofsoap.Thencomesaccess.Thedemandissolowthatlocalshopsdon'tstocksoap.ThelastreasonisthatmanyCambodiansdon'treallyunderstandwherediseasescomefrom,theydon'tknowhowtopreventthem,includingusingsoap.”Afterfiguringoutasolutiontotheproblem：thebarely-usedsoapinhotels,Lakhanistartedaskinghotelstodonateleftoversoap.“Theywerealleagertohelp，”heexplained.LakhaniregisteredEco-SoapBankshortlyafterwards.Soon,hereceivedenoughfundstohiredisadvantagedCambodianwomentocollectandreproducetheusedsoap.Today,theorganizationhasfourrecyclingcentersacrossthecountry,providingjobsto35localwomen.Andsofar,some174，000barsofsoaphavebeendonated,about24,000poundsofsoaphasbeenrecycled,andhygiene（衛(wèi)生）hasbeenimprovedforabout661,000people.“Wearekillingthreebirdswithonestone，”Lakhanisaid.WhenitcomestothefutureofEco-SoapBank,Lakhanisaid,“We'vejustscratchedthesurface.LackofhygieneisnotsomethinguniquetoCambodia.Thedemandforimprovedhygieneinthedevelopingworldishuge,andmuchremainstobedone.We'relookingatsevencountriestoexpandtointhenearfuture.”1．WhichofthefollowingisnotmentionedasthereasonwhyruralCambodiansdon'tusesoap?A.Poverty.C.Unawareness.A.Poverty.C.Unawareness.D.Tradition.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“killingthreebirds”inParagraph5referto?A.Savingsoap,curingdiseasesandprovidingeducation..Stoppingpollution,provingjobsandinspiringdonation..Reducingwaste,providingemploymentandimprovinghealth.Recyclingwaste,helpingcharityandimprovingcommunityhygiene.3．WhatcanweinferaboutEco-SoapBank?Itwon'tbelongbeforeitexpandstothewholeworld.There'slittleitcandowithoutothercountries'assistance.Itwillmakegreatercontributionstothedevelopingworld.ItwillsoonsettletheproblemofpoorhygieneinCambodia.4．Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?Eco-SoapBankhelpsimprovehygiene.Cambodianwomenhaveabrightfuture.AUSyoungmancallsforhelpingpoorcountries.Lackofhygieneremainsaseriousproblemintheworld.參考答案：DCCA課后練習(xí)（二）IfirstmetPaulNewmanin1968,whenGeorgeRoyHill,thedirectorofButchCassidyandtheSundanceKid,introducedusinNewYorkCity.Whenthestudiodidn'twantmeforthefilm—itwantedsomebodyaswellknownasPaul—hestoodupforme.Idon'tknowhowmanypeoplewouldhavedonethat;theywouldhavelistenedtotheiragentsorthestudiopowers.ThefriendshipthatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandTheStingfouryearslaterhaditsrootinthefactthatalthoughtherewasanagedifference,webothcamefromatraditionoftheaterandliveTV.Wewererespectfulofcraft（技藝）andfocusedondiggingintothecharactersweweregoingtoplay.BothofushadthequalitiesandvirtuesthataretypicalofAmericanactors:humorous,aggressive,andmakingfunofeachother—butalwayswithanunderlyingaffection.Thosewerealsoatthecore（核心）。￡ourrelationshipoffthescreen.Wesharedthebeliefthatifyou'refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback—hewithhisNewman'sOwnfoodandhisHoleintheWallcampsforkidswhoareseriouslyill,andmewit