3.4WordFormation(2):LexicalChange

&

3.5WordGroupandPhraseGroup3JackRain

Salina

MindyTongTwinkleBettySophiaBingLily3.4WordFormation：LexicalChange逼格嗨森士多表醬紫不造怎么破漲姿勢伐開心心塞逗比腦洞大開艱拆裝死：人生本艱難，萬事別拆穿，你若再裝逼，我定砍死你!NOZUONODIEYOUCANYOUUP

WordFormation：LexicalChange1、Nuke，transistor，AIDS，e-mail，on-line2、videotape,refrigerator,deepfreeze,Coke3、NATO，OPEC，coldwar，hotline,WTO4、spacewar,H-bomb,guidedmissile5、countercultur,hippies,downers,uppers6、underachiever,openclassroom,TA,CAIWordorLexicalchangearethequickestandeasiestforpeopletonotic.Lexicalitemssuchasthefollowingkindshaveallcomeintobeinginthepastdecades；3.4wordformation(2):LexicalChangeProper1、Invention（發明法）：Kodak,Coke,nylon2、Blending（混成法）：

smog(smoke+fog)3、Abbreviation(clipping縮寫詞)：van(caravan)4、Acronym(縮略詞）:WB:WorldBank5、Back-formation(逆構詞法）：edit(editor)6、AnalogicalCreation(類推構詞)：work-wrought-worked7、Classshift（詞性轉換）stump樹樁使為難8、Borrowing（借用）(1)Invention

發明法Technologicalandeconomicactivitiesarethemostimportantanddynamicinmodernhumanlife,manynewlexicalitemscomedirectlyfromthem,suchasKodak,Coke,nylon,XerosFrigidaire,granola,andotherstosatisfythenewsituations.(2)Blending

混成法Blendingisarelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtogethertheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyonlyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.Forexample,Ex.3-18

ⅰ.transfer＋resister→transistor（晶體管）

smoke＋fog

smog（煙霧）

boat＋hotel boatel（水上旅館）

breakfast＋lunch

brunch（早午餐）

television＋broadcast

telecast（電視廣播）

cremated＋remains

cremains（骨灰）

ⅱ.teleprinter＋exchange→telex（電報，電傳打字機）

modulator＋demodulator modem（調制解調器）

analog＋computer anacom（分析計算機）

digital＋computer digicom（數碼計算機）

insulating＋lacquer insulac（絕緣材料）Blendingcanalsooccurathighcognitivelevel.FromthesimilarityinthetwoexpressionShewasonthevergeofacrackupandShewasonthevergeofbreakdown,theconfusionofcrackupandbreakdownleadstothecoiningofcrackdown.Thesameistrueofriffle(ripple+shuffle),stample

(trample+stampon),andspinwheels(pinwheel+spin

).ThissortofblendingiscalledFUSIONinparticular.(3)Abbreviation

（縮寫詞）Whatisabbreviation?An

abbreviation

(from

Latin

brevis,meaningshort)isashortenedformofawordor

phrase.Usually,butnotalways,itconsistsofa

letter

orgroupofletterstakenfromthewordorphrase.It’salsocalledClipping(截斷法)Forexample,theword

abbreviation

canitselfberepresentedbytheabbreviation

abbr.,

abbrv.

or

abbrev.HistoryAbbreviationshavealonghistory,

Inclassical

Greece

and

Rome,thereductionofwordstosingleletterswascommon.AbbreviationsinEnglishwerefrequentlyusedfromitsearliestdays.Manuscriptsofcopiesofthe

oldEnglish

poem

Beowulf

usedmanyabbreviations,forexample7

or

&

for

and,and

y

for

since,sothat"notmuchspaceiswasted".ManyEnglishwordshavecomeintobeingthroughABBREVIATIONintheiretymologicalhistory.Anewwordiscreatedbythefollowingmethods.1.Cuttingthefinalpart(orwithaslightvariation)e.g.advertisement→ad（廣告）

bicycle→bike（自行車）

brassiere→bra（乳罩）fanatic→fan（狂熱者）

mathematics→math（數學）professor→prof（教授）

television→telly（電視）2.Cuttingtheinitialpartaeroplane→plane（飛機）

helicopter→copter（直升機）

caravan→van（有篷貨車）

omnibus→bus（公共汽車）

telephone→phone（電話）3.Cuttingboththeinitialandfinalpartaccordinglyinfluenza→flu（流感）

refrigerator→fridge（電冰箱）

detective→tec（偵探）Syllabicabbreviation

(音節縮寫)A

syllabicabbreviation

isanabbreviationformedfrom(usually)initialsyllablesofseveralwords.E.g.

Interpol

=

International

+

police.Itisavariantoftheacronym.Syllabicabbreviationsareusuallywrittenusing

lowercase(小寫字母),sometimesstartingwitha

capitalletter,andarealwayspronouncedaswordsratherthanletterbyletter.Englishspeakersalsotendtouseabbreviationsforeachother’snamesBobforRobertEdforEdwardLizforElizabethMikeforMichaelItisalsopopularineducation.chemforchemistryexamforexaminationgymforgymnasiumlabforlaboratory

(4)Acronym(首字母縮略詞)Itismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.Whatisacronym?首字母縮略詞:通過組合每個詞的首位字母構成新詞.Examples:

EEC→

European

Economic

Community

（歐洲經濟共同體）CIA

→Central

Intelligence

Agency

（中央情報局）PLO

→

Palestine

Liberation

Organization（巴勒斯坦解放組織）UNESCO

→United

Nations

Education,

Science

and

CultureOrganization（聯合國教科文組織）WTO

→World

Trade

Organization（世界貿易組織）WB

→World

Blank（世界銀行）

Thisprocessisalsowidelyusedinextremelylongwordsofwordgroupsinscience,technologyandotherspecialfields.Therearemoreexamples:

Aids

→acquired

immune

deficiency

syndrome（愛滋病）SARS→SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndromeMANIAC→

mathematical

analyzer

numerical

integrator

andcomputer高速電子數字計）VAT→

value

added

tax（增值稅）

Radar

→radio

detecting

and

ranging（雷達）

COBOL→

common

business

oriented

language（面向商業的通用語言）

Inaword,itnotonlycanmakelanguageconcise,butveryvividaswell.AnditenrichesEnglishvocabulariesandpeople’slanguage.sinificance:(5)Back-formation概念與理解實際運用練習概念？我們先來看看書本上是怎么說的請翻開課本P68動手劃起來維基百科解釋向后派生（back-formation）一個詞去掉一個形式上可以被重新分析為詞綴的部分來造詞。比如英語中的動詞，可以通過加后綴/-?/（書寫形式為-er、-or或-ar)變成一個相關的名詞性的表人的新詞，比如“work”（工作）可以派生為“worker”（工人），“write”（寫）可以派生為“writer”（作家）。而另有一些表人的詞，本身就是以/?/結尾的，如“editor”（編輯，名詞），因為類推機制，去掉了被誤認為是后綴的-or，產生了新詞“edit”（編輯，動詞），這就是反派生。television

televise(delete-ion)

editor

editcalmative

calm

gangling

ganglee.g.

n.v.pedlar(小販)peddle（叫賣）swindler(騙子)swindle（詐騙

)2.adj.v.enthusiasm(熱情的）enthuse(使熱心)gloomy(灰暗的)gloom(變灰暗）Back-formation練習liaison聯絡butler管家sculptor雕刻家bachelor單身漢excursion游覽donation捐款物liaise保持聯絡butle做管家sculpt雕刻bach孤獨生活excurse旅行donate捐贈Awaytocoinwordbyfollowinganexistingword.(6)AnalogicalCreationSunrise----Moonrise（月出）----Earthrise（地出，地球從月球的地平線上升起。）Earthquake----Starquake（星震）----Youthquake（青年大騷動，1960年代西方社會，尤其是美國的學潮。）e.g."collar"一族Whitecollar白領Bluecollar藍領Graycollar灰領（服務性行業）Goldcollar金領（從事高科技工作者）Pinkcollar粉領（從業人員多為女性）Newcollar年薪在2~4萬美元的新領工人）Steelcollar鋼領（指機器人）Definition:theprincipleofAnalogicalcreationcanaccountfortheco-existenceoftwoforms,regularandirregular,inthecombinationofEnglishverbs.某些英語動詞同時具有規則的和不規則的兩種變化形式，這可以用類推構詞（analogicalcreation）的原則來解釋。workworkedwroughtbeseechbeseechedbesought

slayslayed

slew

regular

irregular

（規則的）

(不規則的）e.g.Analogicalcreationistobedistinguished

fromovergeneralization(過度法則化）.

dodoeddidteachteachedtaught

…

Byshiftingthewordclassonecanchangethemeaningofawordfromaconcreteentityornotiontoaprocessorattribution.ThisprocessofwordformationisalsoknownasZero-derivation（零派生）,orConversion（變換）.7、Classshift

詞性變換N.V.engineerapersontrainedinabranchofengineeringtoactasanengineer

or

toplan;tomaneuver

stumpthepartofatreetrunkleftprotrudingfromthegroundtochallengehog

apigtotakeandkeep(allofsomething)foroneselfE.g.N.→V.Alltheroomshavehotandcoldrunningwater.Sheiswateringtheflowers.V.→N.Iboughtabookyesterday.Ithinkyourhousewasaverygoodbuy.Adj.→V.Allyouranswersarecorrect.HeisalwayscorrectingmewhenI'mwrong.Adj.→N.

Howmuchdoyouthinkthathouseisworth?

Shehasprovedherworthasamemberoftheteam.Classshift

e.g.Let'scheck!smokefish…wantwalk…wrongwet…goodworse…N.→V.V.→N.Adj.→V.Adj.→N.“TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.”TheElementsinModernEnglishEnglishVocabularynativewordsAnglo-Saxonborrowedwords/loan-wordsLatinScandinavianlanguagesFrenchGreekSpanish,Portuguese,ItalianArabic,German,AustralianChinese,Persian（8）Borrowing(借詞法）

EnglishinitsdevelopmenthasmanagedtowidenitsvocabularybyBORROWINGwordsfromotherlanguages,suchasFrench,Latin,Greek,Spanish,Portuguese,ItalianandArabice.g.French:administration,parliament,public,court,crime,judge,army,enemy,officer,peace,soldier,warGreek:catastrophe,cosmos,criterion,idiosyncrasySpanishandPortuguese:banana,barbecue,cafeteria,chocolate,guitar,mosquitoLatin:admit,client,conviction,discuss,equal,index,library,medicine,minorItalian:aria,bandit,broccoli,casino,concerto,duet（二重奏）,piano,pizzaDutch:boss,brandy,cookie,cruise,dollar,landscape,luck,sketch,slim,smuggle,snapArabic:alcohol,candy,hazard,lemon,magazine,sofa,zeroIndian:ginger,jungle,pyjamas(orpajamas),shampoo,swastika,thug,yogaChinese:chopsuey,chow,chowmein,ginseng,gung-ho,ketchup(orcatchuporcatsup),kungfu,tea,tofu(viaJapanese),typhoon,taji（太極拳）、chow

mein（炒面）Japanese：Judo（柔道）Borrowingcanbedonedirectlyorindirectly

FeastAlgebra

directlyIndirectly

MiddleFrench

festa

ArabicthroughSpanish

typesofprocesseswithregardtoborrowingLoanwords借詞Loanblend混合借詞Loanshift轉移借詞Loantranslation翻譯借詞4

1.Loanwords借詞Theborrowingofloanwordsisaprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedonlyaslightchangee.g.aupair,encore,coupd’etat

Frenchkungfu,tea

Chinesesputnik

Russianmoccasin(某類鞋子）AmericanIndianlanguage2.Loanblend混合借詞Loanblendingisaprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandtheresthasbeenborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.e.g.coconut:coco(Spanish)+nut(English)Chinatown:China(Chinese)+town(English)3.Loanshift轉移借詞Loanshiftisaprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.e.g.bridge:meaningasacardgameborrowedfromItalianponteartificialsatellite:borrowedfromRussiansputnik4.Loantranslation翻譯借詞

orcalque仿造詞

Loantranslationisaspecialtypeofborrowing,inwhicheachmorphemeorwordistranslatedintheequivalentmorphemeorwordinanotherlanguage.e.g.freeverse<verselibreLatinalmighty<omnipotensLatinblackhumor<humournoirFrenchfoundobject<objettrouvéFrench3.4wordformation(2):LexicalChangeProper1、Invention（發明法）2、Blending（混成法）3、Abbreviation

(clipping縮寫詞)4、Acronym(縮略詞）5、Back-formation(逆構詞法）6、AnalogicalCreation(類推構詞)

7、Classshift（詞性轉換）8、Borrowing（借用）LexicalChange(1)NominalGroup

Wordgroupisagroupofwords,itisanexpansionofaword.Phraseiscontractionofaclause.e.g:lastmonthapairofshoesNominalGroup

e.g:thosetwo

splendidoldelectric

trains

withpantographs↓↓↓↓determinerpre-modifierheadpost-modifier名詞詞組可能只由一個中心詞構成，也可能帶有限定詞及其他修飾語。名詞詞組的結構形式如下：名詞詞組的句法功能限定詞+前置修飾語+名詞+后置修飾語

e.g:aboyalittleboy

alovelylittleboyamostlovelylittleboyamostlovelylittleboyinredamostlovelylittleboywhosemotherisadoctor限定詞+前置修飾語+名詞+后置修飾語e.g:allthecollegestudentsthetallboysittinginthecorner但在下面句子中，一個名詞也構成了名詞詞組：

e.g:Sugardissolvesinwater.Honestyisthebestpolicy.在上面的句子中sugar和honesty都是名詞詞組，但若脫離了句子而獨立出現，則是一個名詞。名詞詞組用途廣泛，它可以在句子中充當除謂語動詞以外的各種成分。（1）作主語：e.g:Childrenatplayseldomrememberwhattimeitis.

（2）作主語補足語e.g:Thatwasanattractivelittleblackchair.（3）作賓語e.g:Theygavehimafirst-rateeducation.（4）作賓語補足語e.g:Theyelectedhimchairmanoftheboard.

（5）作同位語e.g:Alice,aprofessorofthedepartment,willbeinvitedtoourEnglishevening.（6）作介詞補足成分e.g:InthegardenIcanhearthesingingofbirds.（7）作狀語和連詞e.g:Hereturnedlastnight.Aphotoistakeneachtimethisbuttonispushed.修飾語（1）形容詞作修飾語

e.g:lovelygirl形容詞與同詞根的其他修飾詞有時可以互換，要視具體情況而定.governmentpolicygovernmentalpolicy（2）分詞作修飾語-ing和-ed分詞都可以作修飾語，區別在于前者有主動或正在進行的含義，后者有被動或者已經完成的含義。e.g:fittingroomadoptedson（3）介詞引導的短語作修飾語由介詞引導的短語作修飾語，要放在中心詞的后面。

e.g:thefourlegsofthetable（4）名詞作修飾語

e.g:unemplo