WhatdothespeakersmainlyWhythewomanhaslittleincommonwithherroommates.#Howthewomancankeepupinheracademicstudies.#Thewoman’sadjustmenttolifeattheThewoman’sdecisiontotransfertoanotherWhydoesthewomanmentionherhometown?#Todrawacontrasttohercurrentsituation.#ToacknowledgethatsheisaccustomedtolivinginbigToindicatethatshehasknownsomepeopleoncampusforalongtime.#Toemphasizeherprevioussuccessinacademicstudies.#Whatdoesthewomanimplyaboutthatoccurredinhersociologyclass?#Shewasembarrassedbecauseshegaveanincorrectanswer.#ShewasupsetbecausetheprofessorseemedtoignoreShewasconfusedbytheorganizationoftheprofessor'slecture.#Shewassurprisedbythecommentsoftheotherstudents.#Accordingtothecounselor,whyshouldthewomanvisitherprofessor’soffice?Clickon2Tooffertohelpotherstudents.#Tointroduceherself.#TosuggestwaysofmakingtheclassmoreWhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutjoiningthestringItwouldenablehertocontinueahobbyshegaveupwhenshewasten.#Itwouldallowhertospendmoretimeinhermajorareaofstudy.#Itwouldhelpherstopworryingaboutheracademicstudies.#Itwouldbeawaytomeetstudentswithsimilarinterests.Hi,thanksforseeingmeonsuchshortnotice.Noproblem.HowcanIhelp?Well,IthinkImighthavemadeamistakecomingtotheschool.Whatmakesyousaythat?I’malittleoverwhelmedbythesizeofthisce.Icomefromasmalltown.Therewereonly75ofusinmyhighschoolgraduatingclass.Everyonekneweveryone.Weallgrewuptogether.#Soit’sabitofacultureshockforyou?Beingoneof15,000studentsonabigcampusinanunfamiliarcity?#That’sanunderstatement.Ijustcan’tgetcomfortableinclassorinthedorms.Youknow,socially.Hmmm…well,let’sstartwithyouracademics.lmeaboutyourclasses.I’mtakingmostlyintroductorycoursesandsomearetaughtinthesehugelecturehalls.Andyouarehavingtroubleinkeepacewiththematerial?No,infactIgotanAonmyfirsteconomicspaper.It’sjustthat,it’ssoimal,I’mnotusedto#Areallyourclassesimal?No,it’sjustthat…forexample,insociologyyesterday,theprofessoraskedaquestion,soIraisedmyhand,severalofusraisedourhands.AndIkeptmyhandupbecauseIdidthereadingandknewtheanswer.Buttheprofessorjustansweredhisownquestionandwiththe#Well,inabigroomit’spossiblehedidn’tnoticeyou.Maybehewastryingtosavetime.IneithercaseIwouldn’ttakeitally.#Isuppose.ButIjustdon’tknowhowto,youknow,distinguishmyself.Whynotstopbyhisofficeduringofficehours?Thatwouldn’tseemright.Youknow,takingtimefromotherstudentswhoneedhelp?Don’tsaythat.That’swhatofficehoursarefor.Thereisnoreasonyoucouldn’tpopintosayandtomakeyourselfknown.Ifyouarelearningalotinclass,lettheprofessorknow.youappreciatepositivefeedbackifyouwereaprofessor?Youareright.That’sagoodidea.OK,er…let’sturntoyoursociallife.How’sitgoinginthedorms?Idon’thavemuchincommonwithmyroommateoranyoneelseI’vemetsofar.Everyone’sintosportsandI’mmoreartsy,youknow,intomusic.Iythecello.#Hah,haveyoubeenyinglong?Sinceageten.It’sabigpartofmylife.AthomeIwastheyoungestmemberofourYouarenotgoingtobelievethis.Thereisastringquartetoncampus,allstudents.Anditsohappenedthatthecellistgraduatedlastyear.They’vebeensearchinghighandlowforarecement,someonewithexperience.Wouldyoubeinterestedinauditioning?#Absoluy.Iwantedtogetmyacademicworksettledbeforepursuingmymusichere.ButIthinkthiswouldbeagoodthingforme.IguessifIreallywanttofitinhereIshouldfindpeoplewholovemusicasmuchasIdo.Thankyou.#正確答案，AC。細節題。教授鼓勵學生在答疑時間找教授。學生可以和教授打招呼并做自正確答案，D。推理推斷題。But后是考點，學生認為參加弦樂器四重奏可以和自己一樣熱########## 就拿到了A的成績。但問題就是，沒有人情味，我##############WhatisthemainpurposeoftheTointroduceamethodthatcanhelpstudentsremembernewTointroduceawaytostudyhowinformationpassesfromonetoanother.#Toexinthedifferencesbetweenbiologicalinformationandculturalinformation.#Toexinthedifferencesbetweenstories,songs,andotherpiecesofinformation.#Whydoestheprofessorlthestoryaboutalligators?.#ToexinthedifferencebetweentrueandfalseTodrawanogybetweenalligatorreproductionandculturaltransmission.#Togiveanexampleofapieceofinformationthatfunctionsasameme.#ToshowhowastorycangraduallychangeintoaAccordingtotheprofessor,whichofthefollowingareexamplesofmemetransfer?Clickon2lingfamiliarstories.#Sharingfeelings.#Composingoriginalmusic.#Learningascientifictheory.#Whatexampledoestheprofessorgiveofameme’slongevity?.#Astoryhasbeenchangingsinceitfirstappearedinthe1930s.#Aremembersastoryformanyyears.#Ageneispassedonthroughmanygenerationswithoutchanging.#Asongquickly espopularallovertheworld.#Whatdoestheprofessorcomparetoahouseflylayingmanyeggs?#Achildlearningmanydifferentideasfromorherparents.#Asingingthe“Twinkle,twinkle”songmanyWhydoestheprofessorsayToexinwhysomememesdonotchangeToaskthestudentsfortheiropinionaboutsongsasmemes.#Toacknowledgeaproblemwiththememetheory.#Toaskthestudenttotestanideaabout#HaveyoueverheardtheoneaboutalligatorslivinginNewYorksewers?Thestorygoeslikethis:afamilywentonvacationinFloridaandboughtacoupleofbabyalligatorsaspresentsfortheirchildren,thenreturnedfromvacationtoNewYork,bringingthealligatorshomewiththemaspets.ButthealligatorswouldescapeandfindtheirwayintotheNewYorksewersystemwheretheystartedreproducing,grewtohugesizesandnowstrikefearintosewerworkers.Haveyouheardthisstory?Well,itisn’ttrueanditneverhappened.Butdespitethat,thestoryhasbeenaroundsincethe1930s.#Orhowaboutthesong‘twinkle,twinklelittlestar’,youknow,‘twinkle,twinkle,littlestar,howIwonderwhatyouare’.Wellwe’veallheardthissong.WhereamIgoingwiththis?Well,boththesongandthestoryareexamplesofmemes.Andthat’swhatwewouldtalkabout,thetheoryof#Amemeisdefinedasapieceofinformationcopiedfromto.Bythisdefinition,mostofwhatyouknow,ideas,skills,stories,songsarememes.Allthewordsyouknow,allthescientifictheoriesyou’velearned,therulesyourparentstaughtyoutoobserve,allarememesthathavebeenpassedonfrom #Sowhat?Youmaysay.Passingonideasfromone toanotherisnothingnew.Well,thewholepointofdefiningthisfamiliarprocessastransmissionofmemesissothatwecanexploreitsogywiththetransmissionofgenes.Asyouknow,alllivingorganismspassonbiologicalinformationthroughthegenes.What’sagene?Ageneisapieceofbiologicalinformationthatgetscopiedorreplicated,andthecopyorreplicaispassedontothenewgeneration.Sogenesaredefinedasreplicators.Genesarereplicatorsthatpassoninformationaboutpropertiesandcharacteristicsoforganisms.Byogy,memesalsogetreplicatedandintheprocesspassonculturalinformationfromto,generationtogeneration.Somemesarealsoreplicators. Tobeasuccessfulreplicator,therearethreekeycharacteristics:longevity,fecundityfidelity.Let’stakeacloser#First,longevity.Areplicatormustexistlongenoughtobeabletogetcopied,andtransferitsinformation.Clearly,thelongerareplicatorsurvives,thebetteritschancesofgettingitsmessagecopiedandpassedon.Solongevityisakeycharacteristicofareplicator.Ifyoutakethealligatorstory,itcanexistforalongtimeinindividualmemory,let’ssay,mymemory.Icanlyouthestorynowortenyearsfromnow,thesamewiththetwinkle,twinklesong.Sothesememeshavelongevitybecausetheyarememorableforonereasonoranother.#Next,fecundity.Fecundityistheabilitytoreproduceinlargenumbers.Forexample,thecommonhouseflyreproducesbylayingseveralthousandeggs,soeachflygenegetscopiedthousandsoftimes.Memes,well,theycanbereproducedinlargenumbersaswell.Howmanytimeshaveyousungthe‘twinkle,twinklesong’tosomeone?Eachtimeyoureplicatedthatsong,andmaybepasseditalongtosomeonewhodidnotknowityet,asmallchildmaybe.#Andfinally,fidelity.Fidelitymeansaccuracyofthecopyingprocess.Weknowfidelityisanessentialprincipleofgenetictransmission.Ifacopyofageneisabitdifferentfromtheoriginal,that’scalledageneticmutation.Andmutationsareusuallybadnews.Anorganismoftencannotsurvivewithamutatedgene.Andsoageneusuallycannotbepassedon,unlessit’sanexactcopy.Formemeshowever,fidelityisnotalwayssoimportant.Forexample,ifyoulsomeonethealligatorstoryItoldyoutoday,itprobablywon’tbewordforwordexactlyasIsaidit.Still,itwillbebasicallythesamestory,andthewhohearsthestorywillbeabletopassitalong.#Othermemesarereplicatedwithhigherfidelitythough,likethetwinkle,twinklesong.Ithadtheexactsamewords20yearsagoasitdoesnow.Well,that’sbecauseweseesongsassomethingthathastobeperformedaccurayeachtime.Ifyouchangeaword,theotherswillusuallybringyouinline.They’llsay,‘that’snothowyousingit’,#So,youcanseehowlookingatpiecesofculturalinformationasreplicators,asmemes,andyzingthemintermsoflongevity,fecundityandfidelity,wecangainsomeinsightabouthowtheyspread,persistorchange人與人之間的信息傳遞的過程定義為meme，并和生物信息傳遞—進行相類比，用歌的例子，然后提出了一個問題，并給出了答案，即講解這兩個故事的目的是作為meme正確答案，D。細節題。教授顯示談到家蠅能產很多卵，然后談到meme也能夠大量。這種meme改變不大的原因。#你可曾有聽過紐約下水道的短吻鱷的故事？故事是這樣的：有一家人就沒有發生過。但盡管如此，該故事自20世紀30年代就已傳開來了。#文化被定義為人與人之間所的一則信息。根據這個定義，我們所知道的，想#眾所周知，所有生物都是通過將生物信息傳遞下去。那么什么是呢？是#成功的器必須具備三個關鍵特征：持久性，多產性和保真性。讓我們深入探討一#首先是持久性，信息存在的時間必須足夠長才能得到，將信息傳遞并傳遞出#第二點，高產性。高產性指的是能夠大量的能力。比如說，家蠅繁殖時能夠產下#最后一個特征是保真度。保真度指的是過程的準確性。我們知道的傳遞過程#但是，其他一些文化的保真度會更高，比如說“一閃一閃亮晶晶”這首歌。現在20年前的一模一樣。這是因為我們認為歌曲必須每次都唱準。如果有誰#好，現在會明白，把文化信息當做器、當做文化，并從持久性，多產性WhatisthemainpurposeoftheToexinwhyscientistsdisagreeabouttheageoftheMoon.#TopresentargumentsinfavorofanotherMoonlanding.#ToexinhowscientistsdiscoveredacrateronthefarsideoftheMoon.#ToreviewsomefindingofarecentmissiontotheMoon.#WhatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutthespacecraftClementine?#ItsentbackthefirstcolorphotographsoftheMoon.#ItwaspoweredbysolarItlandedinthefarsideoftheMoon.#WhydoestheprofessormentiontheMoon’sToexinwhyscientistsbelievethatmeteorimpactscannotaffecttheMoon’smantle.#Toexinwhatkindofinformationscientistshopetoobtainfromthemantle.#TopointoutthattheMoon’scrustandmantlearemadeofsimilarWhyistheSouthPole-AitkenBasinthoughttobeexceptionallyold?#ThewallsoftheBasinaremorereflectivethanthoseofmostothercraters.#TestingofrocksfromtheBasin’sfloorprovesthemtobeasoldastheMoonitself.#ManysmallcratershavebeendetectedatthebottomoftheBasin.#AlargeamountofdusthasbeendetectedinandaroundtheWhydoestheprofessorconsideritimportanttofindoutifwatericeexistsontheMoon?Clickon2answers.#Watericecouldbeprocessedtoprovidebreathableairforastronauts.#Onecomponentofwatericecouldbeusedasafuelfors.#WatericecouldcontainevidenceofprimitivelifeontheMoon.#WatericecouldbetestedtofindoutwhattypeofmeteorscrashedintotheWhatdoestheprofessorimplywhenhesaysthis:ThecurrentageestimatesfortheSouthPole-AitkenBasinarebasedonincorrectassumptions.#ThetechnologytoyzeMoonrockshasnotadvancedmuchsincethedaysoftheMoonOnlybytestingsamplesfromSouthPole-AitkenBasincanitsagebepreciselyLastweek,wecoveredsomeargumentsagainstgoingbacktotheMoon.ButtherearecompellingreasonsinfavorofanotherMoonlandingtoo,um…nottheleastofwhichistryingtopinpointthemoon’sage.Wecoulddothisintheorybystudyinganenormousimpactcrater,knownastheSouthPole-AitkenBasin.Um…it’slocatedinthemoon’sSouthPolarRegion.But,sinceit’sonthefarsideofthemoon,itcanonlybeseenfromspace.Hereisanimageof…we’llcallittheSPABasin.Thiscolor-coatedimageoftheSPABasin,thosearen’titsactualcolorsobviously,thisimageisfromthemid90s,fromtheAmericanspacecraftcalledClementine.Um…unlikeearlierlunarmissions,Clementinedidn’torbitonlyaroundthemoon’sequator.Itsorbitsenabledittosendbackdatatocreatethistopographicalmapof…well,thegreyandwhiteareatowardsthebottomistheSouthPole,thepurplesandbluesinthemiddlecorrespondtolowelevations-theSPABasinitself,theorangesandredsarounditarehigherelevations.Thebasinmeasuresanamazing2,500kmindiameter,anditsaveragedepthis12km.Thatmakesitthebiggestknowncraterinoursolarsystemanditmaywellbetheoldest.Youknownetaryresearcherslovestudyingdeepcraterstolearnabouttheimpactsthatcreatedthem,howtheyredistributedpiecesofthenet’scrust.Andinthiscase,weespeciallywanttoknowifanyofthemantle,thelayerbeneaththecrust,wasexposedbytheimpact.Noteveryoneagrees,butsomeexpertsareconvincedthatwhatevercreatedtheSPABasindidpenetratetheMoon’smantle.Andweneedtofindout,becausemuchmorethanthecrust,themantlecontainsinformationaboutanet’sorMoon’stotalcomposition.Andthat’skeytounderstandingnet#Dian:So,theonlywaytoknowthebasin’sageistostudyitsrocksdirectly?Well,fromradiosurveydata,weknowthatthebasincontainslotsofsmallercraters.Soitmustbereallyold,about4billionyears,giveortakeafewhundredmillionyears.Butthat’snotveryprecise.Ifwehadrocksamplestostudy,we’dknowwhetherthesesmallcraterswereformedbyimpactsduringthefinalstagesofnetaryformation,oriftheyresultedfromlatermeteor#Dian:ButifweknowaroundhowoldtheBasinis,I’mnotsurethat’sreasonenoughtogototheMoon#No…,butsuchcrudeestimates…um…wecandobetterthanBesides,there’sotherthingsworthinvestigating,likeistherewatericeonthemoon?Clementine’sdataindicatedthatthewallofthesouth-polarcraterwasmorereflectivethanexpected.Sosomeexpertsthinkthere’sprobablyicethere.Also,datafromalatermissionindicatessignificantconcentrationsofhydrogenandbyinferencewaterlessthanameterundergroundatbothpoles.#Student:Well,ifthere’swater,howdiditgetthere?Undergroundrivers?Wethinkmeteorsthatcrashedintothemoonortailsofpassingcometsmayhaveintroducedwatermolecules.Anywatermoleculesthatfoundtheirwaytothefloorsofcratersnearthemoon’spoles,thatwaterwouldbeperpetuallyfrozen,becausethefloorsofthosecratersarealwaysinshadow.Um…furthermore,ifthewatericewasmixedinwithrockanddust,itwouldbeprotectedfromevaporation.#Dian:Soareyousayingtheremightbeprimitivelifeonthemoon?That’snotmypointatall.Um…o.k.,saythereiswatericeonthemoon.Thatwouldbeofverypracticalvalueforafuturemoonbaseforastronauts.Watericecouldbemeltedandpurifiedfordrinking.Itcouldalsobebrokendownintoitscomponentparts-oxygenandhydrogen.Oxygencouldbeusedtobreathe,andhydrogencouldbeturnedintofuel,fuel.Sowatericecouldenablethecreationofaself-sustainingmoonbasesomeday,aminingcampperhapsoradeparturepointforfurtherspaceexploration.Student:Buthaulingtonsofequipmenttothemoontomakefuelandbuildalifesupportsystemformoonbase,wouldn’tthatbetoo#Permanentbase,maybeawaysoff,butweshouldn’thavetowaitforthat.ThedustatthebottomoftheSPABasinreallydoeshaveafascinatingstorytol.Iwouldn’tgiveforafewsamplesofit.正確答案，B。內容主旨題。教授在開篇提到上次課講解重回月球的原因。But后是考正確答案，D。推理推斷題。因為SPA盆地位于南極，C飛船拍了一張SPA的，可以推C飛船必定也從其他地方飛過。#SPA盆地一定很老。因果關系是細節題常考類型，需要關注because或so。#正確答案，D。功能題（重聽題。這篇講座的目的是教授在講解登陸月球的理由，最主要A，，C選項。宙飛船。嗯，不像早期的探月任務，Clementine飛船不是僅僅圍繞著月球的赤道運行，嗯，極，中間紫色和藍色的部分是海拔較低的地帶，就是SPA盆地。周圍的橙紅色地帶代表海250012千米。這使得它成為了太擊。科學家莫衷一是。一些專家堅信不管SPA盆地如何形成，其必然了月球的月幔。##40億年，允許有幾億年上下的誤差。這還是不夠精確。如果我們能研究其########，WhatistheconversationmainlyAnassignmentaboutwhichthestudentwouldlikeConcernsastowhetherthestudentshouldbeintheprofessor’scourse.#Theselectionoffitobeviewedbystudentsinafilmtheorycourse.#ThestructureandsequenceofcoursesintheFilmDepartment.#Whatistheprofessor’sattitudetowardthestudent’shighschoolfilmcourse?#Hedoesnotconsideritsatisfactorypreparationfortheclassheteaches.#Hedoesnotthinkthatli ryworksshouldbediscussedinfilmclasses.#Hebelievesthatthistypeofcourseoftenconfusesinexperiencedstudents.#HefeelsthattheapproachtakeninthiscourseisthebestwaytolearnaboutWhywasthestudentpermittedtosignupforprofessor’sfilmtheorycourse?#Herhighschoolcoursefulfilledtherequirementforpreviouscoursework.#Thecomputersystemthatusuallyblocksstudentswasnotworkingproperly.#Anemployeeinthedepartmentdidnotfollowinstructions.#TheprofessormadeanexceptioninherWhydoestheprofessordecidetoallowthestudentinhisclass?Clickon2answers.#Sheneedstotakethecourseinordertograduate.#HeisimpressedwithhereagernesstoSheconvinceshimthatshedoeshaveadequatepreparationforthecourse.#Helearnsthatsheisnorstudyingfilmashermaincourseofstudy.#Whatdoestheprofessoradvisethestudenttosoinordertokeepupwiththeclasssheisin?#Taketheintroductorycourse.#Doextrareading.#DropoutofhermarketingHi,IwaswonderingifIcouldtalkwithyouabouttheassignmentinthefilmtheoryclass.ItseemsthatprettymucheveryoneelseintheclassgetswhattheyaresupposedtobengI’mnotso#Well,theclassisforstudentswhoarereallyseriousaboutfilm.YoumusthavetakenfilmYeah,inhighschool,filmappreciation.Hmmm…Iwouldn’tthinkthatwouldbeenough.Didyouconcentratemainlyonformorcontent?Oh,definiycontent.We’dwatch,sayLordoftheFlies,andthendiscussit.Oh,thatapproach,treatingfilmasli ture,ignoringwhatmakesitunique.Ilikedit,though.Sure,butthatkindofclass.Well,I’mnotsurprisedthatyouarefeelingalittlelost.Youknow,wehavetwointroductorycoursesthataresupposedtobetakenbeforeyougettomycourse,oneinfilmart,techniques,technicalstuffandanotherinfilmhistory.Sostudentsintheclassyouareinshouldbeprettyfaralonginfilmstudies.Infact,usuallythesystemblocksanyonetryingtosignupforaclasstheyshouldn’tbetaking,whohasn’ttakenthecoursesyouarerequiredtodofirstasprerequisites.#Well,IdidhaveaproblemwiththatbutIdiscusseditwithoneofyourofficestaff,andshegavemepermission.#Ofcourse.NomatterhowmanytimesIlthem,theyjustkeepWell,foryourowngood,I’dreallysuggestdropbackandstartingattheusualce.Yes.ButI’vealreadybeeninthisclassfor4weeks.I’dhatetojustdropitnowespeciallysincefinditsodifferent,sointeresting.Iguessso.FranklyIcan’tbelieveyou’velastedthislong.Theseareprettyin-depththeorieswe’vebeendiscussingandyou’vebeenngOKsofar,Iguess.Butstill,theprogram’sbeendesignedtoprogressthroughcertainstages.Likeanyotherprofessionaltrainingwebuildonpervious#Thenmaybeyoucould mendsomeextrareadingIcandoto…catchup?Well,areyouintendingtostudyfilmasyourmainconcentration?No,no.Iamjustinterested.I’mactuallyinmarketing,butthereseemstobeaconnection.Oh…well,in…inthatcase,ifyou’retakingthecoursejustoutofinterest,ImeanIstillmendsigningupfortheintroductorycoursesatsomepoint,butintheme,thereisnoharmIguessintryingtokeepupwiththisclass.Theinterestisclearlythere.Eh,insteadofanyextrareadingjustnowthough,youcouldviewsomeoftheoldintroductorylectures.Wehavethemon.Thatwouldgiveyouabetterhandleonthesubject.It’sstillaprettytallorder,andwewillbemovingrightalong,soyouwillreallyneedtostayontopofit.#OK,I’vebeenwarned.Now,couldIlyouaboutmyideaforthe正確答案，BD。細節題。教授獲悉學生并不是專業的學生，而只是出于選擇這門正確答案，B。細節題。教授建議學生，現在不用做額外的閱讀，而是之前的一些課程的，這能幫助學生更好地理解課堂上的內容。注意insteadof，提示考點。## ###############WhatisthemainpurposeoftheTogiveanexampleofapracticaluseforaparticularscientifictechnique.#Tofamiliarizestudentswiththechemicalcompositionofpaintpigments.#Toshowhowresearcherswereabletorestoreaparticularworkofart.#Whatdoestheprofessorimplywhenhementionsanarthistorian?#Arthistorianshavebeenlearninghowtousespectroscopes.#Scientistsneedtolearnhowarthistoriansyzepaintings.#Confirmingtheauthenticityofartworksrequirescollaboration.#Spectroscopicysiscanhelpidentifyapainter’stechniques.#Whydoestheprofessordiscussthepresenceofzincinpaintpigments?#Toexinwhysomepaintsmaydeteriorateoverthecourseoftime.#Tostresstheneedforcautionwhenattemptingtorestoreoldartworks.#Toshowhowpigmentsdifferfromvarnishesandbindingagents.#ToshowhowspectroscopycanhelpestablishtheageofaAccordingtotheprofessor,whatistheprimaryadvantageofspectroscopyoverotherlaboratorymethodsforyzingartworks?#ItdoesnotdamagetheItprovidesamoreaccurateysisthanothermethodsdo.#Itusesequipmentthatcanbetransferredtootherlocations.#Itcanbeusedbyindividualswithlittlescientifictraining.#Whatisonewaytheprofessormentionthatcanhelpwithartrestoration?#Byre-creatingthepigmentsandbindingagentsusedby sofearliereras.#Byremovingpigmentsandbindingagentsthatdissolvepaintingsovertime.#Bycreatingprotectivecoatingsofpaintthatdonotdamageoriginalpaintings.#Bydevelowaystosafelyremovepaintaddedbypreviousrestorers.#WhydoestheprofessorsayHeissearchingforasynonymfortheHeisnotsurehowmuchinformationthestudentneed.#Heisgoingtobrieflyaddressarelatedtopic.#Heisgivingthestudentsawriting#Okay.Iknowyouallhavealotofquestionsaboutthislabassignmentthat'scomingoutso...I'mgonnatakealittletimethismorningtodiscussit.So,youknowtheassignmenthastodowithSpectroscopy,right?Andyourreadingshouldhelpyougetagoodideaofwhatthat'sallabout.But,let'stalkaboutSpectroscopyalittlenowjusttocoverthebasics.#WhatisSpectroscopy?Well,thesimplestdefinitionIcangiveyouisthatSpectroscopyisthestudyoftheinctionbetweenmatterandlight.Now,visiblelightconsistsofdifferentcolorsorwavelengths,whichtogethermakeupwhat'scalledspectrum,abandofcolors,likeyouseeinarainbow.Andallsubstances,allformsofmatter,canbedistinguishedaccordingtowhatwavelengthoflighttheyabsorbandwhichonestheyreflect.It'slike,um,well,everyelementhas,whatwecall,itsownspectralsignature.Ifwecanreadthatsignature,wecanidentifytheelement.Andthat'sexactlywhatspectroscopydoes.#Now,LaserSpectroscopy,whichisthefocusofyourassignment,worksbymeasuringverypreciselywhatpartsofthespectrumareabsorbedbydifferentsubstances.Andithasapplicationsinalotofdifferentdisciplines.Andyourassignmentwillbetochooseadisciplinethatinterestsyou,anddeviseanexperiment.#Forexample,I'mgonnatalkaboutart.I'minterestedintheartandtomeit'sinterestinghowspectroscopyisusedtoyzeart.Let’ssayamuseumcuratorcomestoyouwithaproblem.She'scomeacrossthispaintingthatappearstobeanoriginal-let'ssay,aRembrandt.Andshewantstoacquireitforhermuseum.Butshe'sgotaproblem:she'snotabsoluycertainit'sanoriginal.So,whatdoyoudo?Howdoyoudeterminewhetherthepainting'sauthentic?#Okay.Thinkaboutthescientificprocess.You'vegotthequestion:IsthepaintingaRembrandt?Sofirst,you'llneedtomakealistofcharacteristicsthepaintingwouldhavetohavetobeaRembrandt.Thenyouhavetodiscoverwhetherthepaintinginquestionhasthosecharacteristics.#Sofirstofall,you'llneedtoknowthetechniquesRembrandtusedwhenheappliedpainttocanvas-hisbrushstrokes,howthicklyheappliedhispaint.Soyou’dneedtoworkwithanarthistorianwhohasexpertknowledgeofRembrandt'sstyle.You'dhavetoknowwhenhecreatedhispaintings,um...whatpigmentsheused,inotherwords,whatingredientsheusedtomakedifferentcolorsofpaint,‘causetheingredientsusedinpaintsandbindingagentsplusburnishes,finishes,whathaveyou,havechangedovertime.#Sinceyou'retryingtoverifyifit’saRembrandt,theingredientsinthepigmentwouldneedtohavebeenusedduringRembrandt'slifetime-inthe17thcentury.Andthat'swherechemistrycomesin.You'vegottofindoutwhat'sinthosepigments,learntheircomposition,andthatrequireslabwork-detectiveworkreally-inaword,Spectroscopy.So,howdoweuse Well,weputaninfraredmicroscope-aspectroscope-ontinytinybitsofpaint.Andusingultravioletlightwecanseethespectralsignatureofeachcomponentpartofthepigment.Thenwecomparethesesignatureswiththoseofparticularelementslikezincorlead,todeterminewhatthepigmentwasmadeof.So,youcanseewhythistypeofysisrirsaknowlgeofthehistoryofpigments,right?Howandwhentheyweremade?Saywedeterminedapigmentwasmadewithzinc,forexample.Weknowthespectralsignatureofzinc.Anditmatchesthatofthepaintsample.Wealsoknowthatzincwasn'tdiscovereduntilthe18thcentury.AndsinceRembrandtlivedduringthe17thcentury,weknowhecouldn'thavepaintedit.#Now,Spectroscopyhasaverydistinctadvantageoverpreviousmethodsofyzingourworks,becauseit'snotinvasive.Youdon'thavetoremovebigchipsofpainttodoyourysis,whichiswhatothermethodsrequire.Allyoudoistrainthemicroscopeontinyflecksofpaintandyzethem.#Nowawordortwoaboutrestoration.Sometimesoriginalartworksappearquestionableorinauthenticbecausethey’vehadsomanyrestorersaddtouch-uplayerstocoverupdamage,damagefromthepainthavingdeterioratedovertime.Well,spectroscopycanrevealthecompositionofthosetouch-uplayerstoo.Sowecanfindoutwhentheywereapplied.Thenifwewanttoundosomebadrestorationattempts,wecandeterminewhatkindofprocesswecanusetoremovethemtodissolvethepaintanduncovertheoriginal.##好的，我知道對此次實驗任務都有很多疑問，因此今天早上我將花點時間跟 #光譜是一條五顏六色的光帶，就像你看到的彩虹一樣。而所有的物質和物質形式都可 #比如說，我要談談關于藝術這門課。我對藝術很有，因此，關于光譜學是怎樣用 列出一系列屬于畫作的特征。然后你必須看這幅有爭議的畫是不是也有這些特征。#那么，首先，你要了解在畫布上作畫時使用的技巧，筆觸，涂抹的顏料厚重程 既然你試圖檢測這幅畫是否是的真跡，其顏料的成分必須是在其生平時#那么我們怎么利用光譜學呢？嗯，我們使用紅外線顯微鏡，一個分光鏡，還有油畫上的一點點顏料。通過紫外線，我們可以看到顏料上每個成分的光譜特征。然后這些特18世紀 顯微鏡瞄準油畫上小顏料塊就能進行分析。最后，簡單講講修復工作。有時候，藝術品的Whatisthelecturemainlyabout?#Oraltraditionsinfolktalesandfairytales.#CommoncharactersandplotsinfolktalesandfairyDifferencesbetweenfolktalesandfairytales.#Hiddenmeaninginfolktalesandfairytales.#Whatdoestheprofessormeanwhenhesaysthatfolktalesarecommunal?#Theyvarylittleformonecommunitytoanother.#Theyservetostrengthentilesamongindividualswithinacommunity.#Theyrelateimportanteventsinthehistoryofacommunity.#TheycanbeadaptedtomeettheneedsofaWhydoestheprofessorclarifytheconceptofa“fairytale”?#Toexintheoriginsoftheterm“fairytale”.#TosupportaclaimaboutthefunctionoffairyToindicatethatfairiesareamajorelementinfairyWhatdoestheprofessorsayaboutthesettingoffairytales?#Thetalesareusuallysetinanonspecificlocation.#Thelocationisdeterminedbythecountryoforiginofatale.#Thetalesaresetinalocationfamiliartotheauthor.#AstorylervariesthelocationofataledependingontheTosupportthestudent’sToaskthestudenttoclarifyherTofindoutifthestudentsknowwhatstorythelinecomes