VuggyQuartz,PeruCalc-AlkalicPCDAdvancedArgillicandSilicicAlteration,FSE,PhilippinesCalc-AlkalicPCDAdvancedArgillicAlteration高級泥化蝕變FromGarwin,2000PotassicandPropyliticAlteration-BatuHijauWhatcharacterisespropyliticalteration?WeaklytomoderatelydevelopedsecondaryalterationassemblagethattypicallypreservesprimaryrocktexturesCanoccuraspervasiveorselectivelypervasivereplacements,orasveinhalosAssociatedveinshavesimilarmineralogiesEpidote,BajaCalifornia,Mexico.Imagefromjohnbetts-finemineralsPyrite FeS2 Smectite(Ca,Na)0.7(Al,Mg,Fe)4(Si,Al)8O20OH4.H2O)Mineralogy

Actinolite Ca2(Mg,Fe2+)5Si8O22(OH)2Albite NaAlSi3O8 Calcite/Mn-calcite Ca(Mn)CO3 Chlorite (Mg,Fe2+)6AlSi3O10(OH)8Hematite Fe2O3 Epidote Ca2(Al,Fe3+)3Si3O12(OH) AlterationZonation蝕變分帶蝕變分帶礦化分帶青盤巖化石英絹云巖化鉀化邊緣帶低黃鐵礦殼邊緣帶礦殼低品位礦黃鐵礦殼AlterationZoning蝕變分帶Silicic

硅化Potassic鉀化Propylitic青磐巖化Advancedargillic高級泥化Phyllicandargillic絹英巖化和泥化Phyllicalterationcanbeproducedbymagmatic-hydrothermalfluids絹英巖化蝕變由巖漿－熱液流體產生Thephyllicalterationzonecancutthroughpotassicalterationzones,andbeindependentlymineralised絹英巖化蝕變可以切穿鉀化，獨立形成礦化。AlterationZoning

蝕變分帶LowellandGuilbert(1970)modelSouthAmericanporphyrymodelpotassicpotassicpotassicphyllicpropyliticpropyliticwallrockswallrocksAlterationOverprinting

蝕變疊加ModifiedafterGustafsonandHunt1975outlineCharacteristics

特征Classification分類Distribution分布Geodynamicsettings動力學背景Intrusions侵入巖Hydrothermalalterationandmineralization熱液蝕變和礦化Mainoreminerals:chalcopyrite,bornite,gold,molybdenite

主要礦石礦物：黃銅礦、斑銅礦、金、輝鉬礦HypogeneMineralization

深成成礦作用11,000EE26-Cu&AuGrades10,800E10,600E11,200E200m++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>2g/tAu1-2g/tAu0.5-1g/tAu>2%Cu1-2%Cu0.5–1%CuGangue:qz,or,anh,mt,bt±ser±py

脈石：石英、正長石、硬石膏、磁鐵礦、黑云母＋絹云母＋黃鐵礦Withindepositzonation

在礦化帶內:lowpyrite,Cu-richcore

貧黃鐵礦、富銅內核,outerpyrite-richhalo

富黃鐵礦外帶Cu-AurichcoresurroundedbyMo-richzone&outerpyritehalo

有些礦床內核富Cu-Au，核外環繞著中性富鉬帶和黃鐵礦外帶Freegoldinqz-mtvein,Ridgeway,NSW石英－磁鐵礦脈不含金Cu,Auandquartzveins,Grasberg

銅、金和石英脈,GrasbergKavaleris,1994Goldandmagnetite,Grasberg,Indonesia

金和磁鐵礦Kavaleris,1994Aveins:

Thesearetypicallygranularquartz-K-feldspar-anhydrite-sulfideveinsthatgenerallylackinternalsymmetry,andareirregularanddiscontinuous“A”veins“B”veins“D”veinsVeinTypes(GustafsonandHunt,1975)Bveins:

Thesetransitionalquartzveinsoccupycontinuousplanarfractures,containmolybdenite,andlackK-feldsparandassociatedalterationhalosDveins:

Latesulfideveinscontainpyriteandlesserbornite,chalcopyrite,enargite硫砷銅礦,tennantite,sphaleriteandgl,withquartz-anhydritegangueandphyllicalterationhalosSupergeneMineralisation次生成礦作用Boyongan,PhilippinesIdealisedsupergeneenrichmentblanket次生礦床富集層位理想模式FromTitley,1982Enrichment

Blanket次生礦化深成礦化青盤巖化低品位核鉀化青盤巖化高嶺土化高嶺土絹云母低黃鐵礦化帶黃鐵礦化帶淋濾蓋層ExamplesofFemineralsinleachedcaps淋濾蓋層中的Fe礦實例Cuajone,PeruOverburden覆蓋層Hematiticcap赤鐵礦蓋層Chalcociteore輝銅礦礦石ExamplesofFemineralsinleachedcaps淋濾蓋層中的Fe礦實例Jarositicleachedcapina

highlypyriticAg-Aubearingepithermalsystem,BoliviaGoethiticleachedcap

aboveapyriticSn-Ag

porphyrysystem,Bolivia含Sn-Ag黃鐵礦斑巖體系上的針鐵礦淋濾層含Ag-Au的富黃鐵礦淺成熱液礦床中的黃鉀鐵釩淋濾層Identifyingresidualsmineralsinleachedcaps

淋濾蓋層中的殘留礦的鑒別

Ironoxidecharacterizationchartforcomparingsmudgesfromleachedoutcropsanddrillholesintervals

氧化鐵特征圖，用于對比經淋濾的露頭與鉆孔中的顏色差異Mixturesofredhematite,goethiteandjarositewillproducegradationalcolorsasshowninthestandardbox

用紅色赤鐵礦、針鐵礦及黃鉀鐵礬進行混合，會產生象標準圖標中一樣的顏色等級

NotethatthestandardsmudgesarederivedfromleachedcappingenvironmentsandrepresentsXRDanalyzedend-memberironoxides

注意，標準影像來自淋濾層環境，代表經XRD分析了的鐵氧化物的一個端元Hematite

赤鐵礦Goethite

針鐵礦Jarosite

黃鉀鐵釩Limonites

褐鐵礦:FromPetersonandChavez(2019).

Neotociteonfracturesinphyllicalteredquartzmonzoniteporphyry,Quellaveco,Peru絹英巖蝕變石英二長斑巖裂隙中的硅錳礦Brochantitealongoxidisedqtz-cpveinsinquartzmonzoniteporphyryQuellaveco,Peru氧化脈中的水膽礬ExamplesofCumineralsinleachedcaps淋濾蓋層中的Cu礦ExamplesofCumineralsinleachedcaps淋濾蓋層中的Cu礦石Azuriteonfracturesfromoxidationofchalcocite,Escondida,ChileAntlerite塊銅礦Turquoise綠松石azurite藍銅礦NativeCu自然銅，近地表氧化帶（潛水面以上）：2FeS2(黃鐵礦)+7O2+H2O2FeSO4+2H2SO42FeSO4+O2+2H2SO42Fe2(SO4)3+2H2OFe2(SO4)3+6H2O2Fe(OH)3（膠體）

+3H2SO4Fe(OH)3脫水形成褐鐵礦（針鐵礦、水針鐵礦、水赤鐵礦），構成“鐵帽”CuFeS2(黃銅礦)+O2+H2OCuSO4+FeSO4+H2SO42CuSO4+2CaCO3+5H2OCu2[CO3](OH)2(孔雀石)

+2CaSO4·2H2O+CO2↑近潛水面以下的還原帶：CuSO4+5CuFeS2+8H2O8Cu2S+5FeSO4+8H2SO4含銅量黃銅礦輝銅礦34.6%79.8%CuSO4+4FeS2+4H2O7CuS+4FeSO4+4H2SO4含銅量黃鐵礦銅藍0%66.5%上述過程使原生礦石的品位大大提高，即所謂的“次生硫化物富集作用”supergeneenrichment

若次生硫化物進一步氧化（潛水面下降）：4Cu2S+9O22Cu2O+4CuSO4含銅量輝銅礦赤銅礦79.8%88.8%4Cu2S+2O2Cu+CuSO4含銅量輝銅礦自然銅79.8%100%上述過程使礦石的品位進一步提高，即所謂的“次生氧化富集作用”supergeneenrichment

outlineCharacteristics

特征Classification分類Distribution分布Geodynamicsettings動力學背景Intrusions侵入巖Hydrothermalalterationandmineralization熱液蝕變和礦化Porphyryoregenesis斑巖礦床成因斑巖型礦床的成因認識基本事實礦床多位于匯聚板塊的邊界，與鈣堿性巖漿作用密切相關含礦斑巖體常與同源火山巖密切共生，在深部往往與大巖基相連，表明斑巖體形成于噴發環境與侵入環境過渡帶深度范圍內礦床附近巖石中銅含量通常很低同位素研究表明，S主要來自地幔；含礦流體早期主要為巖漿水，晚期有大氣降水的參與FelsicmagmaVolatilemigrationTectonictrigger(e.g.,ridgesubduction)Multiplephasesofintrusiveactivity–oneormoreofwhichefficientlyconcentratesandreleasesmetalsIncompatiblebehaviourofmetalsandvolatilesallowsmagmatictransportofmetalsandsulfurCyclesofvolatileaccumulationandreleaseattheapexofthemineralizingintrusion(multipleseismicevents)FluidexsolutionmaybetriggeredbymaficmagmaunderplatingoffelsicmagmachamberPorphyryoregenesisMaficmagma(?)OutflowandmineralisationEpisodicfluidaccumulationandreleaseSeveralkms斑巖型銅礦床成因的板塊構造摸式（Sillitoe,1972）洋陸碰撞造山帶（安第斯帶）斑巖銅礦成因示意圖陸陸碰撞造山帶（地中海沿岸）斑巖銅礦成因示意圖巖性：黑云母二長花崗斑巖侵入年齡：57-26Ma礦帶的Cu儲量:

≈10×106t

玉龍：6.5×106t雜那尕：3.2×105t莽總：6.7×105t

多霞松多：8.9×105t馬拉松多：1.01×106t

Guetal.,2019,MineralogyandPetrology,78:1-20PotassicstagePhyllicstagePropyliticstageGuetal.,2019,MineralogyandPetrology,78:1-20Guetal.,2019,MineralogyandPetrology,78:1-20Majorgeneticclasses:Magmatic-hydrothermalVolcanic-hydrothermalHydrothermalbrecciasTectonicBrecciasinMagmatic-HydrothermalSystemsPolymicttourmalinebreccia,SierraGorda,ChileGeneratedbyexplosivefluidreleasefromcrystallisingporphyryAngularclasts-implieslimitedclasttransport&abrasion棱角狀碎屑Hightemperaturealterationrinds(clasts)andalteredmatrix蝕變邊/巖石Sulfidecement硫化物膠結Magmatic-hydrothermalbrecciasTourmaline-chalcopyritecement,RioBlancoSulfideMineralisationStyles硫化物礦化類型Clastalteration蝕變碎屑Vein脈Cement膠結物Tourmalinebreccia,RíoBlanco,ChileHydrothermalcement

熱液膠結Alterationofmatrix

巖石蝕變Alterationofclasts

碎屑蝕變Cross-cuttingveins

交切脈體Maar-diatremebrecciacomplex角礫巖體Lateintrusionintoactivehydrothermalsystem后期侵入至活動的熱液系統2-5kmpaleodepth

古深度2–Phreatomagmaticbreccias巖漿蒸氣作用角礫巖Clasticmatrix&milledclasts

碎屑狀基質和粉碎的碎屑豐富Surficialandsubsurfacedeposits

在地表及地下均有角礫巖形成Beddedandmassivebreccias條帶狀、塊狀構造的角礫巖相Ventingofvolatilestosurface

地表揮發份氣孔deathofaporphyrydeposit

斑巖礦床的消逝shortcuttotheepithermalenvironment形成淺成環境的捷徑BrecciasinHydrothermalSystems

熱液體系中的角礫巖Capillitasdiatreme,FallonNegrodistrict,ArgentinaVolcanic-HydrothermalBreccias–Nature’sDrillholesSericite-chloritealteredpolymictmatrix-richbreccia,AcupanGoldMine,Philippines

Chalcopyriteclastinpolymicticmatrix-richbreccia,Amacan,PhilippinesLate-stagediatremebrecciaatAcupanAu-Agmine,PhilippinesoutlineExploration勘探Porphyrydepositdiscoveriessince1992Mapsource:gebcoPebbleEastRekoDiqTokiclusterIncadeOroResol