DAY1

Introduction

Passage1

Adividebetweenaestheticandtechnicalconsiderationshasplayedacrucialrole

inmapmakingandcartographicscholarship.Sincenineteenthcentuiycartographers,

forinstance,understoodthemselvesastechnicianswhodidnotcareaboutvisual

effects,whileotherssawthemselvesaslandscapepainters.Thatdichotomystructured

thedisciplineofthehistoryofcartography.Untilthe1980s,inwhatBlakemoreand

Harleycalled“theOldisBeautifulParadigm,scholarslargelyfocusedonmaps

madebefore1800,marvelingattheirbeautyandsometimesregrettingthedeclineof

thepre-technicalage.Earlymapmakingwasconsideredartwhilemoderncartography

waslocatedwithintherealmofengineeringutility.Alpers,however,hasarguedthat

thisboundarywouldhavepuzzledmapmakersintheseventeenthcentury,because

theyconsideredthemselvestobevisualengineers.

1.Accordingtothepassage,Alperswouldsaythattheassumptionsunderlyingthe

“paradigm”were

A.inconsistentwiththewaysomemapmakerspriorto1800understandtheirown

work

B.dependentonaseventeenth-centuryconceptionofmapmakingvisualengineering

C.unconcernedwiththedifferencebetweentheaestheticandtechnicalquestionsof

mapmaking

D.insensitivetodivisionsamongcartographersworkingintheperiodafter1800

E.supportedbythedemonstrabletechnicalsuperiorityofmapmakingmadeafter

1800

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,beginninginthe1980s,historiansof

cartography

A.placedgreateremphasisonthebeautyofmapsmadeafter1800

B.expandedtheirrangeofstudytoincludemorematerialcreatedafter1800

C.grewmoresensitivetothewaymapmakerspriorto1800conceivedoftheirwork

D.cametoseethevisualdetailsofmapsasaestheticobjectsratherthanpractical

cartographicaids

E.reducedtheattentiontheypaidtothetechnicalaspectsofmapmaking

Passage2

SupernovasintheMilksWaysarethelikeliestsourceformostofthecosmicrays

reachingEarth.However,calculationsshowthatsupernovascannotproduce

ultrahigh-energycosmicrays(UHECRs),whichhaveenergiesexceeding1018

electronvolts.Itwouldseemsensibletoseekthesourceoftheseintheuniverse's

mostconspicuousenergyfactories:quasarsandgamma-rayburstsbillionsof

light-yearsawayfromEarth.ButUHECRstendtocollidewithphotonsofthecosmic

microwavebackground-pervasiveradiationthatisrelicoftheearlyuniverse.The

oddsfavoracollisionevery20millionlight-years,eachcollisioncosting20percent

ofthecosmicray'senergy.Consequently,nocosmicraytravelingmuchbeyond100

millionlight-yearscanretaintheenergyobservedinUHCERs.

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

1.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagewouldagreewithwhichofthe

followabouttheoriginofUHECRsthatreachEarth?

(A)TheoriginissomethingotherthansupernovasintheMilkyWay.

(B)Theoriginismostlikelysomethingotherthanverydistantquasarsorgamma-ray

bursts.

(C)Theoriginismostlikelynomorethanalittleover100millionlight-yearsaway

fromEarth.

2.Inthecontextoftheauthor'sargument,thelastsentenceperformswhichofthe

followingfunctions?

(A)Itexplainsacriterionthatwasemployedearlierintheargument.

(B)itshowsthatanapparentlyplausiblepositionisactuallyself-contradictory.

(C)Itisaconclusiondrawninthecourseofrefutingapotentialexplanation.

(D)Itoverturnsanassumptiononwhichanopposingpositiondepends.

(E)Itstatesthemainconclusionthattheauthorisseekingtoestablish.

Passage3

Whatmakesaworkerantperformoneparticulartaskratherthananother?From

the1970stothemid-1980s,researchersemphasizedinternalfactorswithinindividual

ants,suchaspolymorphism,thepresenceinthenestofworkersofdifferentshapes

andsizes,eachsuitedtoaparticulartask.Otherelementsthenconsideredtohave

primaryinfluenceuponanant'scareerwereitsage-itmightchangetasksasitgot

older-anditsgenetics.However,subsequentantresearchershavefocusedonexternal

promptsfbrbehavior.Inadvocatingthisapproach,DeborahGordoncitesexperiments

inwhichinterventioninacolony'smakeupperturbedworkeractivity.Byremoving

workersorotherwisealteringthenestconditions,researcherswereabletochangethe

tasksperformedbyindividualworkers.

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingfactorswereconsideredfrom

the1970stothemid-1980stoinfluencethedivisionoflaboramongacolony'sworker

ants?

(A)Ants5inheritedtraits

(B)Theageoftheants

(C)Theants'experiencesoutsidethenest

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatGordonandearlierresearcherswould

agreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutworkerants?

(A)Disruptionofthenestcanaffectworkers'roles.

(B)Geneticspredominatesoverotherfactorsindeterminingaworkeranfsrole.

(C)Anindividualworker'staskscanchangeduringitslifetime.

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

3.Thelastsentencehaswhichofthefollowingfunctionsinthepassage?

(A)ItexplainshowtheexperimentsperformedbyGordondifferedfromthose

performedbyearlierresearchers.

(B)ItjustifiesthemethodologyoftheexperimentscitedbyGordon.

(C)ItgivesdetailsshowinghowtheexperimentscitedbyGordonsupporther

position.

Chapter1同義與反義

Passage4

WritingoftheIroquoisnation,Smithhasarguedthatthroughthechiefs5council,

tribalchiefstraditionallymaintainedcompletecontroloverthepoliticalaffairsofboth

theIroquoistriballeagueandtheindividualtribesbelongingtotheleague,whereas

thesolejurisdictionoverreligiousaffairsresidedwiththeshamans.Accordingto

Smith,thisdivisionwasmaintaineduntilthelatenineteenthcentury,whenthe

dissolutionofthechiefs'councilandtheconsequentdiminishmentofthechiefs5

politicalpowerfosteredtheirincreasinginvolvementinreligiousaffairs.

However,Smithfailstorecognizethatthisdivisionofpowerbetweenthetribal

chiefsandshamanswasnotactuallyrootedinIroquoistradition;rather,itresulted

fromtheIroquois5resettlementonreservationsearlyinthenineteenthcentury.Priorto

resettlement,thechiefs5councilcontrolledonlythebroadpolicyofthetriballeague;

individualtribeshadinstitutions-mostimportant,thelonghouse—togoverntheir

ownaffairs.Inthelonghouse,thetribe'schiefinfluencedbothpoliticalandreligious

affairs.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A)questionthepublishedconclusionsofascholarconcerningthehistoryofthe

Iroquoisnation

(B)establishtherelationshipbetweenanearlierscholar'sworkandnew

anthropologicalresearch

(C)summarizescholarlycontroversyconcerninganincidentfromIroquois

history

(D)tracetwogenerationsofscholarlyopinionconcerningIroquoissocial

institutions

(E)differentiatebetweenIroquoispoliticalpracticesandIroquoisreligious

practices

2.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassageregardsSmith'sargumentas

(A)provocativeandpotentiallyuseful,butflawedbypoororganization

(B)eloquentlypresented,butneedlesslyinflammatory

(C)accurateinsomeofitsparticulars,butinaccuratewithregardtoanimportant

point

(D)historicallysound,butoverlydetailedandredundant

(E)persuasiveinitstime,butnowlargelyoutdated

3.Theauthorofthepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingoccurredafterthe

Iroquoiswereresettledonreservationsearlyinthenineteenthcentury?

(A)Chiefsbecamemoreinvolvedintheirtribes,religiousaffairs.

(B)Theauthorityofthechiefs'councilovertheaffairsofindividualtribes

increased.

(C)ThepoliticalinfluenceoftheIroquoisshamanswasdiminished.

(D)IndividualtribescoalescedintotheIroquoistriballeague.

(E)Thelonghousebecauseapoliticalratherthanareligiousinstitution.

4.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesanopinionpresentedbytheauthorofthe

passage?

(A)SmithhasoverstatedtheimportanceofthepoliticalroleplayedbyIroquois

tribalchiefcinthenineteenthcentury.

(B)SmithhasoverlookedthefactthattheIroquoisrarelyallowedtheirshamans

toexercisepoliticalauthority.

(C)Smithhasfailedtoexplainwhythechiefs9councilwasdissolvedlateinthe

nineteenthcentury.

(D)Smithhasfailedtoacknowledgetherolepriortothenineteenthcenturyof

theIroquoistribalchiefsinreligiousaffairs.

(E)SmithhasfailedtorecognizethattheverystructureofIroquoissocial

institutionsreflectsreligiousbeliefc.

Passage5

Notableasimportantnineteenth-centurynovelsbywomen,MaryShelley's

FrankensteinandEmilyBronte'sWutheringHeightstreatwomenverydifferently.

Shelleyproduceda“masculine“textinwhichthefatesofsubordinatefemale

charactersseementirelydependentontheactionsofmaleheroesoranti-heroes.

Bronteproducedamorerealisticnarrative,portrayingaworldwheremenbattlefor

thefavorsofapparentlyhigh-spirited,independentwomen.Nevertheless,thesetwo

novelsarealikeinseveralcrucialways.Manyreadersareconvincedthatthe

compellingmysteriesofeachplotconcealelaboratestructuresofallusionandfierce,

thoughshadowy,moralambitionsthatseemtoindicatemetaphysicalintentions,

thougheffortsbycriticstoarticulatetheseintentionshavegeneratedmuch

controversy.Bothnovelistsuseastorytellingmethodthatemphasizesironic

disjunctionsbetweendifferentperspectivesonthesameeventsaswellasironic

tensionsthatinhereintherelationshipbetweensurfacedramaandconcealedauthorial

intention,amethodIcallanevidentiarynarrativetechnique.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A)defendacontroversialinterpretationoftwonovels

(B)explainthesourceofwidelyrecognizedresponsestotwonovels

(C)delineatebroaddifferencesbetweentwonovels

(D)compareandcontrasttwonovels

(E)criticizeandevaluatetwonovels

2.Accordingthepassage,FrankensteindiffersfromWutheringHeightsinits

(A)useofmultiplenarrators

(B)methodofdisguisingtheauthor'srealpurposes

(C)portrayalofmenasdeterminersofthenovel'saction

(D)creationofarealisticstory

(E)controversialeffectonreaders

3.Whichofthefollowingnarrativestrategiesbestexemplifiesthe"evidentiary

narrativetechnique^^mentionedinline24?

(A)Tellingastoryinsuchawaythattheauthor'srealintentionsarediscernible

onlythroughinterpretationsofallusionstoaworldoutsidethatofthestory

(B)Tellingastoryinsuchawaythatthereaderisawareaseventsunfoldofthe

author'sunderlyingpurposesandthewaysthesepurposesconflictwiththe

dramaoftheplot

(C)Tellingastoryinawaythatbothdirectsattentiontotheincongruitiesamong

thepointsofviewofseveralcharactersandhintsthattheplothasa

significanceotherthanthatsuggestedbyitsmereevents

(D)Tellingastoryasamysteryinwhichthereadermustdeduce,fromthe

conflictingevidencepresentedbyseveralnarrators,themoraland

philosophicalsignificanceofcharacterandevent

(E)Tellingastoryfromtheauthor'spointofviewinawaythatimpliesboththe

author'sandthereader'sironicdistancefromthedramaticunfoldingof

events

4.Accordingtothepassage,theplotsofWutheringHeightsandFrankensteinare

notablefortheirelementsof

(A)dramaandsecrecy

(B)heroismandtension

(C)realismandambition

(D)mysteryandirony

(E)moralityandmetaphysics

Passage6

Whilethebestsixteenth-centuryRenaissancescholarsmasteredtheclassicsof

ancientRomanliteratureintheoriginalLatinandunderstoodthemintheiroriginal

historicalcontext,mostofthescholar'seducatedcontemporariesknewtheclassics

onlyfromschoollessonsonselectedLatintexts.ThesewerechosenbyRenaissance

teachersaftermuchdeliberation,forworkswrittenbyandforthesophisticatedadults

ofpaganRomewerenotalwaysconsideredsuitablefortheRenaissanceyoung:the

centralRomanclassicsrefused(asclassicsoftendo)toteachappropriatemoralityand

frequentlysuggestedtheopposite.Teachersaccordinglymadestudents5need,not

textualandhistoricalaccuracy,theirsupremeinterest,choppingdangeroustextsinto

shortphrases,andusingthesetoimpartlessonsextemporaneouslyonavarietyof

subjects,fromsyntaxtoscience.Thus,Ibelievethatamodernreadercannotknowthe

associationsthatalineofancientRomanpoetryorprosehadforanyparticular

educatedsixteenth-centuryreader.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithdiscussingthe

(A)unsuitabilityoftheRomanclassicsfortheteachingofmorality

(B)approachthatsixteenth-centuryscholarstooktolearningtheRomanclassics

(C)effectthattheRomanclassicshadoneducatedpeopleintheRenaissance

(D)wayinwhichtheRomanclassicsweretaughtinthesixteenth-century

(E)contrastbetweentheteachingoftheRomanclassicsintheRenaissanceandthe

teachingoftheRomanclassicstoday

2.Theinformationinthepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwouldmost

likelyresultfromastudent'shavingstudiedtheRomanclassicsunderatypical

sixteenth-centuryteacher?

(A)ThestudentrecallsalineofRomanpoetryinconjunctionwithapointlearned

aboutgrammar.

(B)ThestudentarguesthataRomanpoemaboutgluttonyisnotmorallyoffensive

whenitisunderstoodinitshistoricalcontext.

(C)ThestudentiseasilyabletoexpressthoughtsinLatin.

(D)ThestudenthasmasteredlargeportionsoftheRomanclassics.

(E)ThestudenthasasophisticatedknowledgeofRomanpoetrybutlittleknowledge

ofRomanprose.

3.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostseriouslyweakentheassertionmade

inthepassageconcerningwhatamodemreadercannotknow?

(A)SomemodernreadersarethoroughlyfamiliarwiththeclassicsofancientRoman

literaturebecausetheymajoredinclassicsincollegeorobtaineddoctoraldegreesin

classics.

(B)SomemodernreadershavelearnedwhichparticularworksofRomanliterature

weretaughttostudentsinthesixteenthcentury.

(C)Modernreaderscan,withsomeeffort,discoverthatsixteenth-centuryteachers

selectedsomeseeminglydangerousclassicaltextswhileexcludingotherseemingly

innocuoustexts.

(D)Copiesofmanyoftheclassicaltextsusedbysixteenth-centuryteachers,

includingmarginalnotesdescribingthemorallessonsthatwerebasedonthetexts,

canbefoundinmuseumstoday.

(E)Manyofthewritingsofthebestsixteenth-centuryRenaissancescholarshave

beentranslatedfromLatinandareavailabletomodernreaders.

Passage7

Mostseismologistsassumethatfollowingamajorearthquakeanditsaftershocks,

thefault(abreakinEarth'scrustwherepressurecantriggeranearthquake)will

remainquietuntilstresseshavetimetorebuild,typicallyoverhundredsorthousands

ofyears.Recentevidenceofsubtleinteractionsbetweenearthquakesmayoverturn

thisassumption,however.Accordingtothestress-triggeringhypothesis,faultsare

unexpectedlyresponsivetosubtlestressestheyacquireasneighboringfaultsshift.

Ratherthansimplydissipating,stressrelievedduringanearthquaketravelsalongthe

fault,concentratinginsitesnearby;eventhesmallestadditionalstressesmaythen

triggeranotherquakealongthefaultoronanearbyfault.Althoughscientistshave

longviewedsuchsubtleinteractionsasnonexistent,thehypothesishasexplainedthe

locationandfrequencyofearthquakesfollowingseveraldestructivequakesin

California,Japan,andTurkey.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisanassumptionthatmaybe

invalidatedbyrecentseismologicalevidence?

A.EarthquakesarecausedbystressesbuildingupinfaultswithinEarth'scrust.

B.Mostmajorearthquakescanbepredictedwithreasonableaccuracy.

C.Faultsarehighlyresponsivetoevenminorstressesinneighboringfaults.

D.Mostmajorearthquakesarefollowedbypredictableaftershocks.

E.Afaultthathasresultedinamajorearthquakebecomesquietforalongperiod.

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthat

apply.

2.Thepassagesuggeststhatmostseismologistsbelievewhichofthefollowingabout

faultstresses?

A.Theyaredissipatedwhentheyresultinanearthquake.

B.Theyaretransferredbetweenneighboringfaults.

C.Theywillnotcauseamajorearthquakealongthesamefaultinthespaceofafew

years.

邏輯單題一黑體字題

1.Economist:Corpitrop,whichconstantlyseeksprofitableinvestmentopportunities,

hasbeenbuyingandclearingsectionsoftropicalforestforcattleranching,

thoughpasturesnewlycreatedtherebecomeuselessforgrazingafterjustafewyears.

Thecompanyhasnotgoneintorubbertapping,eventhoughgreaterprofitscanbe

madefromrubbertapping,whichleavestheforestintact.Therefore,some

environmentalistsconcludethatCorpitrophasnotactedwhollyoutofeconomic

self-interest.Buttheseenvironmentalistsareprobablywrong.Theprimary

investmentrequiredforasuccessfulrubber-tappingoperationislargerthanthat

neededforacattleranch.Moreover,thereisashortageofworkersemployablein

rubber-tappingoperations,andfinally,taxesarehigheronprofitsfromrubbertapping

thanonprofitsfromcattleranching.

Intheeconomist'sargument,thetwoboldfacedportionsplaywhichofthefollowing

roles?

A.Thefirstsupportstheconclusionoftheeconomist'sargument;thesecond

callsthatconclusionintoquestion.

B.Thefirststatestheconclusionoftheeconomist'sargument;thesecond

supportsthatconclusion.

C.Thefirstsupportstheenvironmentalists,conclusion;thesecondstatesthat

conclusion.

D.Thefirststatestheenvironmentalists,conclusion;thesecondstatesthe

conclusionoftheeconomist'sargument.

E.Eachsupportstheconclusionoftheeconomist'sargument.

2.Paleontologist:About2.7millionyearsago,manyspeciesthatlivedneartheocean

floorsufferedsubstantialpopulationdecreases.Thesedecreasescoincidedwiththe

onsetofaniceage.Theclaimthatcoldkilledthosebottom-dwellingcreatures

outrightismisguided,however;temperaturesneartheoceanfloorwouldhaverarely

changed.However,thecoldprobablydidcausethepopulationdecreases,

thoughindirectly.Manybottom-dwellersreliedforfoodonplankton,small

organismsthatlivedclosetothesurfaceandsanktothebottomwhentheydied.

Mostprobably,theplanktonsufferedaseverepopulationdecreaseasaresultof

sharplylowertemperaturesatthesurface,deprivingmanybottom-dwellersof

food.

Inthepaleontologist'sreasoning,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthe

followingroles?

(A)Thefirstintroducesthehypothesisproposedbythepaleontologist;thesecondisa

judgmentofferedinspellingoutthathypothesis.

(B)Thefirstintroducesthehypothesisproposedbythepaleontologist;thesecondisa

positionthatthepaleontologistcriticized.

(C)Thefirstisaninterpretationchallengedbythepaleontologist;thesecondisan

interpretationproposedbythepaleontologist.

(D)Thefirstisajudgmentadvancedinsupportofaconclusionreachedbythe

paleontologist;thesecondisthatconclusion.

(E)Thefirstisageneralizationputforwardbythepaleontologist;thesecondpresents

certainexceptionalcasesinwhichthatgeneralizationdoesnothold.

3.CityReports:AtCityHospital,uninsuredpatientstendtohaveshorterstaysand

fewerproceduresperformedthandoinsuredpatients,althoughinsuredpatients,on

average,haveslightlylessseriousmedicalproblemsatthetimeofadmissiontothe

hospitalthanuninsuredpatientshave.Criticsofthehospitalhavemadeaconclusion

thattheuninsuredpatientsarenotreceivingpropermedicalcare.Nevertheless,

thisconclusionisalmostcertainlyfalse.Carefulinvestigationhasrecentlyshown

twothings:insuredpatientshavemuchlongerstaysinthehospitalthannecessary,

andtheytendtohavemoreproceduresperformedthanaremedicallynecessary.

InthecityofficiaPsargument,thetwoboldfaceportionsplaywhichofthefollowing

roles?

A.ThefirststatestheconclusionofthecityofficiaPsargument;thesecond

providessupportforthatconclusion.

B.Thefirstisusedtosupporttheconclusionofthecityofficial'sargument;the

secondstatesthatconclusion.

C.Thefirstwasusedtosupporttheconclusiondrawnbyhospitalcritics;the

secondstatesthepositionthatthecityofficial'sargumentopposes.

D.Thefirstwasusedtosupporttheconclusiondrawnbyhospitalcritics;the

secondprovidessupportfortheconclusionofthecityofficiaPsargument.

E.Thefirststatesthepositionthatthecityofficiafsargumentopposes;the

secondstatestheconclusionofthecityofficiafsargument.

High

4.Historian:Montaliadevelopedmathematicalconceptsandtechniquesthatare

fundamentaltomoderncalculus.Parktowndevelopedcloselyanalogousconcepts

andtechniques.Ithastraditionallybeenthoughtthatthesediscoverieswere

independent.ButinvestigatorhaverecentlydiscoverednotesofParktown'that

discussoneofMontana'sbooksonmathematics.Severalscholarshavearguedthat

afterthebookincludesapresentationofMontana'scalculusconceptsandtechniques,

andsincethenoteswerewrittenbeforeParktown9owndevelopmentofcalculus

conceptsandtechniques,itisvirtuallycertainthatthetraditionalopinionisfalse.

Amorecautiousconclusionthanthisiscalledfor,however.Parktown'notesare

limitedtoearlysectionsofMontalia9sbook,sectionsthatprecedetheonesin

whichMontalia9scalculusconceptsandtechniquesarepresented.

Inthehistorian'sreasoning,thetwoboldfacedportionsplaywhichofthefollowing

roles?

A.Thefirstprovidesevidenceinsupportoftheoverallpositionthatthehistorian

defends;thesecondisevidencethathasbeenusedtosupportanopposingposition.

B.Thefirstprovidesevidenceinsupportoftheoverallpositionthatthehistorian

defends;thesecondisthatposition.

C.Thefirstprovidesevidenceinsupportofanintermediateconclusionthatis

drawntoprovidesupportfortheoverallpositionthatthehistoriandefends;thesecond

providesevidenceagainstthatintermediateconclusion.

D.Thefirstisevidencethathasbeenusedtosupportaconclusionthatthe

historiancriticizes;thesecondisevidenceofferedinsupportofthehistorian'sown

position.

E.Thefirstisevidencethathasbeenusedtosupportaconclusionthatthe

historiancriticizes;thesecondisfurtherinformationthatsubstantiatesthatevidence.

Homework

Passage8

Humanrelationshavecommandedpeople'sattentionfromearlytimes.Theways

ofpeoplehavebeenrecordedininnumerablemyths,folktales,novels,poems,plays,

andpopularorphilosophicalessays.Althoughthefullsignificanceofahuman

relationshipmaynotbedirectlyevident,thecomplexityoffeelingsandactionsthat

canbeunderstoodataglanceissurprisinglygreat.Forthisreasonpsychologyholdsa

uniquepositionamongthesciences.46Intuitive,,knowledgemayberemarkably

penetratingandcansignificantlyhelpusunderstandhumanbehavior,whereasinthe

physicalsciencessuchcommonsenseknowledgeisrelativelyprimitive.Ifweerased

allknowledgeofscientificphysicsfromourmodernworld,notonlywouldwenot

havecarsandtelevisionsets,wemightevenfindthattheordinarypersonwasunable

tocopewiththefundamentalmechanicalproblemsofpulleysandlevers.Ontheother

handifweremovedallknowledgeofscientificpsychologyfromourworld,problems

ininterpersonalrelationsmighteasilybecopedwithandsolvedmuchasbefore.We

wouldstill"know”howtoavoiddoingsomethingaskedofusandhowtoget

someonetoagreewithus;wewouldstill"know"whensomeonewasangryandwhen

someonewaspleased.Onecouldevenoffersensibleexplanationsforthe"whys”of

muchoftheselfsbehaviorandfeelings.Inotherwords,theordinarypersonhasa

greatandprofoundunderstandingoftheselfandofotherpeoplewhich,though

unfbrmulatedoronlyvaguelyconceived,enablesonetointeractwithothersinmore

orlessadaptiveways.Kohler,inreferringtothelackofgreatdiscoveriesin

psychologyascomparedwithphysics,accountsforthisbysayingthat“peoplewere

acquaintedwithpracticallyallterritoriesofmentallifealongtimebeforethe

foundingofscientificpsychology.^^

Paradoxically,withallthisnatural,intuitive,commonsensecapacitytograsp

humanrelations,thescienceofhumanrelationshasbeenoneofthelasttodevelop.

Differentexplanationsofthisparadoxhavebeensuggested.Oneisthatsciencewould

destroythevainandpleasingillusionspeoplehaveaboutthemselves;butwemight

askwhypeoplehavealwayslovedtoreadpessimistic,debunkingwritings,from

EcclesiastestoFreud.Ithasalsobeenproposedthatjustbecauseweknowsomuch

aboutpeopleintuitively,therehasbeenlessincentiveforstudyingthemscientifically;

whyshouldonedevelopatheory,carryoutsystematicobservations,ormake

predictionsabouttheobvious?Inanycase,thefieldofhumanrelations,withitsvast

literarydocumentationbutmeagerscientifictreatment,isingreatcontrasttothefield

ofphysicinwhichtherearerelativelyfewnonscientificbooks.

1.Accordingtothepassage,ithasbeensuggestedthatthescienceofhuman

relationswasslowtodevelopbecause

(A)intuitiveknowledgeofhumanrelationsisderivedfromphilosophy

(B)earlyscientistsweremoreinterestedinthephysicalworld

(C)scientificstudiesofhumanrelationsappeartoinvestigatetheobvious

(D)thescientificmethodisdifficulttoapplytothestudyofhumanrelations

(E)peoplegenerallyseemtobemoreattractedtoliterarythantoscientific

writingsabouthumanrelations

2.Theauthor'sstatementthat"Psychology