TechnicalWriting

for

EngineeringStudents

FromStarttoFinish

ProfessorGuilinWenHunanUniversity2008-11-04StructureofaformaltechnicalpaperMainElements

IntroductionLiteratureReviewMethodResultsConclusionsandRemarksSupplementaryElements

AcknowledgesReferencesAppendicesAppendixAAppendixBAbstract（摘要）TheAbstractisintendedtobeaconcise,self-containedinformativedocumentwhichgivesreaderstheessenceofthereport,especiallyitsscopeandtheconclusionsreached.Awell-writtenAbstractenablesyourreaderstojudgequicklywhetherthereportorpaperissufficientlyinterestingforthemtoreadon.

閱覽文獻(xiàn)：你專業(yè)領(lǐng)域主要的國(guó)際期刊，堅(jiān)持每周把最新出來(lái)的看一遍。怎么看（篩選法）：先看題目，進(jìn)一步看摘要，進(jìn)一步精讀Abstract（摘要）1.WriteyourAbstractslast-thatisafterthewholepaperiscompleted.2.Beginonanewpage,andprovidealltheessentialinformationinabout150to250words.3.Beconcise,andavoidwordsandexpressionsthatconveylittleorinsignificantinformation(廢話少講）4.Writesimplybecausealthoughmostreadersareinformed,theymaynotbeexpertinyoursubject.5.Maketheabstractself-containedanddonotrefertotablesorgraphsinyourabstract.WhenwritingAbstracts,youshouldobservethefollowingconventions:Abstract（摘要）:informationelements1.

Thebackground:toexplainingeneraltermsthecontextandsignificanceoftheinvestigation.2.

PurposeandScope:totellreaderstheobjectivesandlimitations.3.

Methodology:tostatebrieflytheprocedure,thetheoryandthetechniquesused.4.

ImportantFindings:tosummarizethededucedfindingsfromtheinvestigationandanalysis.5.

Conclusions/Recommendations:tostatetheconclusionsdrawn,oneforeachobjective,andifrelevant,recommendationsforfurtherwork.AtypicalAbstractconsistsoffiveinformationelements.Listedbelowinatypicalsequencearethefiveelementsandtheirfunctions:TohighlightthemainsectionsofaformaltechnicalpaperTheMainSectionformsthebulkofyourformalreportorpaper.TohelpyouunderstandtheinformationstructureofthisSection,wehavesummarizedthevariouselementsofthedifferentsectionsinTable1Section

InformationElementsIntroductionBackground[LiteratureReview]ObjectiveScopeorganizationReviewofLiteratureGeneralStatementReferencetoPreviousResearchGapinResearchLinktoPresentResearchMethod/Materials/ProcessOverviewDescriptionofPartsorStepsConclusionTohighlightthemainsectionsofaformaltechnicalpaperSection

InformationElementsResults&DiscussionIntroductoryStatementsPresentationofResultsCommentsonResults:-Evaluation-Explanation-Comparison-Implication-LimitationConclusion&RecommendationsReviewofObjectiveReviewofMethodReviewofFindingsExplanationofFindingsLimitationsofFindingsImplicationsRecommendationsIntroduction（介紹）:Pointsoflanguage

IntroductiontoPreviousresearch:E.g.

Wen(1999)expoundedtheideaofmaximizingtimethroughcorrectmanagement.Referencetopreviousresearchcanbepresentedeitherwith:emphasisontheinformation,oremphasisontheauthorWhenyouemphasizetheauthor,theauthor’ssurnameappearsfirst,followedbytheyearofpublication.Theyearofpublicationappearsinparenthesisafterthesurname.一般以強(qiáng)調(diào)信息為主。突出作者個(gè)人的原則：突出的原創(chuàng)性工作。Seminalwork;文章結(jié)構(gòu)寫作形式的改變，活撥一點(diǎn)（還是挑需要重點(diǎn)需要突出的）Introduction（介紹）:Pointsoflanguage

PreviousresearchIntroductiontoPreviousresearch:Whenemphasizingtheauthor(s),youshouldconsiderthefollowing:a)whetherthefindingofthestudyisafactb)whetherthefindingislimitedtoaparticularstudyandcannotbeextendedtoallsimilarsituations.c)whethertheauthorisonlysuggestingorproposingInallcases,thereportingverbisinthePastTenseIntroduction（介紹）:Pointsoflanguage

VERBTENSE(emphasisonauthor)IntroductiontoPreviousresearch:Whenthefindingisafact,thereportingverbisinthePastTensebutthecomplementisinthePresentTense.E.g.Tay(1997)observedthatexaminationsareusuallyheldinverylow-temperatureroomsinmostpartsofAsia.b)Whenthefindingislimitedtoaparticularstudyonly,thereportingverbandthecomplementareinthePastTense.E.g.Tay(1997)observedthatexaminationswereusuallyheldinverylow-temperatureroomsinmostpartsofAsia.中國(guó)（高考）與新加坡Introduction（介紹）:Pointsoflanguage

VERBTENSE(emphasisonauthor)IntroductiontoPreviousresearch:C)Whenthefindingisjustasuggestionorproposition,youshoulduseTentativeVerbsinthepasttenseforreportingverbandmodalauxiliariesinthecomplementpartofthesentence.E.g.Samson(1996)suggestedthatexaminationhallsshouldbewarmerasthewarmthstimulatesthinking.Introduction（介紹）:Pointsoflanguage

emphasisonauthorIntroductiontoPreviousresearch:Thereisaconsiderablerangeofverbsthatmaybeusedaftertheauthor’sname(orauthors’name)whenemphasizingtheauthor(s).Somecommonlyusedreportingverbsare:Say,find,claim,argue,maintain,state,assert,discover,demonstrate,propose,proveObviously,theydonotallmeanexactlythesamething.Thechoiceofverbmustfaithfullyreflecttheattitudeorstandtakenbytheresearcherscited.Ifanideaisproposed,forexample,itwouldbefalsetoreportthatitisproved.Introduction（介紹）:Pointsoflanguage

SamplesofotherstyleIntroductiontoPreviousresearch:PhyscialReviewletterJournalofSoundandVibrationInternationalJournalofbifurcationandChaos結(jié)論：根據(jù)各期刊具體格式與要求:寫信Introduction（介紹）:Pointsoflanguage

Exercise:Gap-fillingIntroductiontoPreviousresearch:Dresner(1997)______thatalotofmoneyhadbeeninvestedinthistypeofresearchwithdisappointingreturnsinthe1960s2.Tan(1997)______byanexhaustiveseriesofexperimentsthatherculiniumis130timestougherthandiamond.3.Hartono(1997)______thatthereactionwouldtakeplaceasthetheorysuggestedalthoughnoconvincingevidencewasyetforthcomingtoproveit.Introduction（介紹）:Pointsoflanguage

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