外文翻譯1外文原文出處：KennethZammit,UniversityofMalta.June2003具有混合纖維增強塑料片的混凝土梁–柱聯接部位的加固（節選）摘要：本篇文章描述了對加固后標準尺寸混凝土結構試件進行試驗的結果，該試件代表平面框架結構中的梁–柱聯接部位。設計試驗的目的是為了研究在靜載條件下纖維增強塑料被應用到梁–柱聯接部位外表面附近時對所測試件的影響。特別令人感興趣的是在靜載條件下應用纖維增強塑料對增強梁–柱聯接部位所起的作用。作為研究的關鍵，為了從外部對混凝土的連接部分進行加固，設計了帶有E玻璃無捻粗紗布和碳布的混合纖維增強塑料復合物，并且該復合物結合了短貼原絲氈和帶有乙烯基酯樹脂的玻璃纖維帶。結果顯示，對于應用纖維增強塑料改進過的混凝土結構的關鍵部分能夠對混凝土結構的強度和硬度起到增強的作用，同時也能夠起到在不同類型荷載條件下增強它們的效果。同時，本篇文章也討論了為改進和增強混凝土結構的強度和硬度而如何選擇纖維增強塑料和結構類型。關鍵詞：混凝土結構；加固；修復；混合纖維增強塑料；繞接技術1.前言為了對混凝土結構進行改進，一個被廣泛采用的技術是使用鋼外套管放置于現有混凝土柱的周圍，這種使混凝土產生側向限制的技術已經被廣泛的研究[1，2]；而且已經顯示重縮載重承載量和混凝土柱的延性增加。然而，這一個技術的缺點是它在實際的應用受到來自腐蝕和固有的缺點。另一方面，纖維增強塑料日益被采用來加固混凝土，磚石和木結構。通過關鍵部分的外表面采用纖維增強塑料來加固結構，能夠很明顯提高結構的載重量和結構的效用。最近幾年，纖維增強塑料的材料類型更加的廣泛，有玻璃纖維、碳纖維等。它們提供給設計者一個使用的、有效的構造材料，這些材料具有范圍很廣的模數和強度的特性。和傳統的加固技術相比，纖維增強塑料復合物具有特別高的強度和硬度，以及設計上的靈活性、在不利的環境中的可替代性、較強的韌性等優點。通過優化材料組成和結構，使得纖維增強塑料達到最好的加固效果是可能的，同時也是必要的。為了在實際的加固過程中充分利用纖維增強塑料的優點，優化組成材料和結構是非常必要的。研究表明，正方形混凝土柱周圍的碳纖維/環氧基樹脂能夠使其負載能力增加8%—22%，而這種能力的增強是依賴于大量纖維的使用以及對基層表面的處理。樹脂注入技術的使用表明其對繞接效果的改進起了非常重要的作用,研究表明，當使用玻璃無捻粗紗布來增強繞接效果時，不僅能顯著提高混凝土的負載能力同時也能夠增加混凝土短支柱的變形抵抗能力。此外，通過使用帶有環氧樹脂的玻璃/碳混合增強材料來加固混凝土，當對混凝土柱進行反復的試驗來檢測它的最初性能時，發現它的負載能力進一步的提高了。根據復合物彎曲的方位和厚度，表明在套箍位置處進行加固會產生更好的效果。盡管已經進行了大量的研究，但是大多數研究中都存在一個不足之處，即他們所做的試驗僅限于形狀較小較簡單的結構，如混凝土圓柱體，而不是真正的結構。此外，有必要根據成本其中包括材料和處理方法來研究使組合結構達到最優化。這就表明，當使用纖維增強塑料來進行基礎加固時，應該使用各種材料的優點，不僅僅是帶有環氧樹脂的碳纖維，同時也應該包括玻璃纖維或帶有其它聚合樹脂的碳/玻璃纖維的復合物，在這個試驗中為了加固一個典型的建筑部分，即梁–柱聯接部位，設計了一個帶有乙烯基酯樹脂的碳/E玻璃復合物。為了研究帖有纖維增強塑料對構件的影響，在靜載條件下，分別對通過纖維增強塑料加固后的試件和沒有加固的試件進行了大量的試驗。研究報告是一個合作研究項目的一個組成部分，該項目是有悉尼理工大學、高級材料技術中心和悉尼大學共同合作研究的關于應用高級纖維復合物來增大混凝土的強度和硬度，由此來對混凝土結構進行加固。4．結論作為研究的結果，列出了以下結論：1．對加固后標準尺寸混凝土結構試件進行試驗已經被成功地處理，所設計的試件代表了平面框架結構中的梁–柱聯接部位。通過平衡校核證明了由該試驗所得出的結論。2.由無捻粗紗布、碳布、短貼原絲氈和玻璃纖維帶組成的復合物有效地證明了纖維增強塑料對混凝土結構試件的加固效果。試驗的結果表明由于使用了纖維增強塑料復合物使得混凝土的硬度和負載能力有了明顯的提高。結果也表明用較低的成本加強混凝土結構并且使其達到較好的效果，使結構達到最優化是很重要的。3.靜載試驗的結果也表明具有較低彈性模量的混合碳/E玻璃纖維復合物可能會提供更好的連接。然而，這需要被更多的試驗證明。4．研究也表明應該進行進一步的研究，其中包括加固被破壞的混凝土結構試件，循環荷載和使用不同的結構類型。外文原文1Reinforcementofconcretebeam–columnconnectionswithhybridFRPsheet喝Kenn買eth伐Zamm推it,率格Univ升ersi認tyo著fMa躲lta.螞Jun業e20釣03垮Abst欣ract違：拼The調pape課rde何scri往bes驢the雜resu雞lts令oft訓ests甜on引prot啟otyp仙esi廁zer蠅einf某orce往dco嗚ncre俘tef性rame如spe膽cime谷nsw殿hich洪wer赴ede麗sign砍edt則ore怕pres市ent熱the拐colu解m尊n上–憤beam交con網nect運ions雕in索plan屯efr附ames膝.Th千ete北sts顧were社dev怕ised場to室inve題stig爛ate喪the儉infl陷uenc句eof壘fib耐rer命einf沙orce掩dpl劃asti習c(無FRP張rei全nfor漂ceme均nta想ppli很edt紫oex藥tern凳als惱urfa巾ces譜adja工cent仗to嫌the倒bea懼m濕–院colu寺mn眠con射nect辦ion堤ont報heb盛ehav授iour慧of讀the嗽test芒spe氣cime郵nsu毅nder犯sta避tic拒load兇ing.男Of球part賓icul姨ari年nter刻est含unde源rst喇atic助loa泳ding分was戒the短inf亦luen役ceo燥f育FRP豈rei豈nfor役ceme司nto關nth故est個reng句tha演nds系tiff窗ness跑of直bea抹m扇–囑colu剖mn館con肢nect辱ion.天As壇ake愿yto牲the剩stu零dy,放the娛hybr習id巧FRP武comp丘osit塔eso線fE-遲glas蛾swo萬ven愈rovi沸ng(倉WR)早and色plai造nca宇rbon狐clo鉗th,遼comb智ined偏wit芹hch暗oppe秒dst具rand屠mat糞(CS繭M),尤glas龜sfi三ber較tape鬼(GF丟T)w狂ith屋avi面nyl-村este河rre挑sin耳were腫des污igne亭dto聲ext粒erna轟lly填rein容forc聰eth綿ejo稍int砌oft溪hec闊oncr宋ete筍fram蔥e.T者her旬esul暗tss限how佛that許ret沾rofi衰ttin雁gcr選itic歷als刪ecti成ons先ofc襯oncr撿ete唯fram屋esw跡ith怎FRP猶rei難nfor膊ceme懸ntc蜂anp證rovi厘des沾igni克fica宋tion拳str遲engt臘heni哭nga腫nds腔tiff豐enin溉gto熄con瞇cret乞efr倆ames房and言imp壘rove宣the助irb卻ehav抓iour械und農erd映iffe破rent項typ斧eso躍flo嚼adin意g.T伴hes戲elec數tion學sof壓typ巡eso提f根FRP筒and金the彼arc高hite肝ctur粱eof藝com司posi疑tes浴ino貪rder籮to晌impr塵ove段the忠bond舒ing巖and貸stre憐ngth催of癥the繳retr搭o-fi欄ttin快gwe著rea稼lso答disc滴usse剛d.曉Auth料orK肉eywo權rds未:傳Conc尺rete妖str股uctu庭re;支Stre喉ngth骨enin田g;R肥ehab蜓ilit滾atio唱n;H泰ybri朋d差FRP午comp孔osit胃e;W漿rapp明ing焰tech你niqu圈e老1.I紅ntro宿duct愉ionAwidelyadoptedtechniqueforretrofittingconcretestructureistousesteeljacketsplacedaroundexistingconcretecolumns[HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"1and2].Theuseofsteelencasementtoprovidelateralconfinementtotheconcreteincompressionhasbeenstudiedextensively[HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"3andHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZA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doc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.1.Amongthreespecimens,twoofthemareas-isconcretebeam–columnconnectiontype(nonecomposites-reinforced(Non-CR)specimens)andonespecimenwasreinforcedbythehybridofcarbonfiberandglassfibrecompositesaroundthecolumn–beamjoint(composites-reinforced(CR)specimen).Allthreespecimenswerepre-castusingstandardcommercialmixgrade40concrete.ThesteelreinforcementoftheconcretespecimensarealsoshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.1.ConcretecompressiontestsbasedontheAustralianStandard(AS1012–1986)wereconductedonthesamplestakenduringtheconcretepourinordertodeterminethemodulusofelasticityandultimatecompressionstrength(UCS)oftheconcrete.Fig.1.Geometrydetailsoftestspecimens(notoscale).2.1.CompositesarchitectureOneofthethreeconcreteframespecimenswasreinforcedwithhybridcomposites.Thehybridcompositesconsistsoffourbasicarchitectures,namelyE-glasswovenroving(WR/600g/m2),choppedstrandmat(CSM-300g/m2),carboncloth(plainweave-200g/m2)andglassfibretape(GFT-250g/mm2).ThedetailsofthecompositesarchitectureareshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Table1andHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.2.Detailsoflay-upareillustratedinHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.3.WRandcarbonclothareamulti-directionalreinforcementwithbiaxialplainweavingwhichprovideequivalentstrengthinbothaxialandhoopdirections.Theyplaythebasicreinforcementroleinthiscompositesarchitecture.GFTapplyingathoopdirectionprovidesverygoodconfinementandenhancesstructuralintegrity.Theselectionofresincuringsystemsismainlyconcernedwiththeresingel-timeatambienttemperature,whichiscriticaltowrappingprocess.Ingeneral,coldsettingresinsystems(ambienttemperaturecuring)canbeusedwhenwetlay-upprocessisapplied.Sincenolay-upmachineisavailableforthewrappingprocessdescribedinthisstudy,thehandlay-upmethodwasused.Thevinyl-esterresin,Dastar-R/VERPVE/SW/TP,wasmixedwith1.5%ofMEKP(methyl-ethyl-ketone-peroxide),0.4%ofCoNap(Cobaltnapthenate),and0.5%ofDMA(Dimethylaniline)atambienttemperature.Theresincuresatambienttemperature.Theweightratiobetweenresinandfibrelayerswas1:1.5forWR/CSMlayersand1:0.8forcarboncloth,respectively.Theconcreteframewaswrappedbyalames-woolrollerandaconsolidatingroller.Beforelayingthefirstfibrelayer,theconcretesurfaceswerecleanedupusingacetone,andathinresincoatwasappliedtosealmicroholesonthesurfaceofconcretecolumns.However,furthersurfacetreatmentsuchassandingsurfacetoexposetheaggregateswasintentionallyavoided.Eachcompositelayerwaswettedwiththeresinandrolledontotheconcreteframetoensurefullconsolidation.Table1.DetailsoffivecompositesystemswithacompositearchitecturesFig.2.SchematicillustrationofFRPcompositesarchitectureusedinthisstudy.Fig.3.SomedetailsofFRPcompositeslay-up.2.2.DesignofstatictestsThestatictestsoftheconcreteframespecimensweresetupinahorizontalplane.Thethreesupportsoftheconcreteframe(noloadapplied)wererollertypeasshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.4.Theendatwhichloadwasappliedwasalsoarollertypesupport,however,horizontalmovementswereobviouslynotprevented.Inordertoprovidetheidealrollertypeboundaryconditionsateachendasdesigned,aspecialsetupwasdevelopedwithcombinationofrollersandaswivelheadateachsupporting/loadingpoint(HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.5).Four1000-kN-hydraulicjackswereusedinthetests.Amongthem,theonlyactivejackwasthejackthatappliedloads,whileothersweresimplyactingasadjustablepackingtoprovidingthereactions.Fig.4.Illustrativesketchoftestset-upforstatictest.Fig.5.Set-upforstatictestofconcreteframe.2.3.InstrumentationanddataloggingAppliedloadaswellasreactionforcesweremeasuredusingfour998.8kNloadcellslocatedineachoffoursupporting/loadingpositions.Inordertoobtaindetailedflexuraldeflectioncurvesfortheconcreteframespecimens,twelvelinearvariabledisplacementtransducers(LVDTs)witharangefrom±2.5to±50mmwereusedatstrategiclocationstomeasuretheflexuraldeflections.ExtensivestraingaugingwasdesignedtocapturethestressdistributionofthetestingspecimensinordertovalidatetestsandgainaninsightintothebehaviouroftheconcreteframewithorwithoutFRPreinforcement.Thetotalnumberofstraingaugeswas56foreachspecimen,inwhich28straingauges(5mm)werelocatedonsteelrebarsandtherest(30mmstraingauges)werelocatedontheexternalsurfaceoftheconcreteframespecimens.Locationsofthestraingaugeswerearrangedsothatthestrainsonvariouspointsofthecrosssectionscouldbecaptured.AtypicalstraingaugearrangementformostmeasuredcrosssectionsisshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.6.LocationsofstraingaugesinsidethesectionareshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.7.Fig.6.Locationofcrosssectionsoftheconcreteframeforstraingauging.Fig.7.Locationofstraingaugesinbothbeamandcolumnsections.2.4.TestprocedureDesignationsoftestspecimensandabriefdescriptionaregiveninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=