2021-2022年山西省呂梁市大學英語6級大學英語六級學校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.AprilFools'Special:History'sHoaxes

HappyAprilFools'Day.Tomarktheoccasion,NotionalGeographicNewshascompiledalistofsomeofthemorememorablehoaxesinrecenthistory.Theyarethelies,darned(可恨的)lies,andwhoppers(彌天大謊)thathavebeenperpetratedonthegullible(易受騙的)andunsuspectingtofulfillthatage-olddesireheldbysometoputthejokeonothers.

InternetHoaxes

TheInternethasgivenbirthtoaproliferation(增殖)ofhoaxes.E-mallinboxesarebombardedonanalmostdailybasiswithmessageswarningofterriblecomputervirusesthatcauseuserstodeletebenign(良性)chunksofdatafromtheirharddrives,orofcreditcardseamsthatenticethenaivetogivealltheirpersonalinformation,includingpasswordsandbankaccountdetails,toidentitythieves.Othere-mailsgiverisetowry(歪曲的)chuckles,whichiswherethislistbegins.

BanDihydrogenMonoxide(一氧化二氫)

CityofficialsinAlisoViejo,California,weresoconcernedaboutthedangersofdihydrogenmonoxidethattheyscheduledavotelastmonthonwhethertobanfoam(泡沫)cupsfromcity-sponsoredeventsaftertheylearnedthechemicalwasusedinfoam-cupproduction.

Officialscalledoffthevoteafterlearningthatdihydrogenmonoxideisthescientifictermforwater.

"It'sembarrassing,"citymanagerDavidJ.NormantoldtheAssociatedPress."Wehadaparalegal(律師助手)whodidbadresearch."

Indeed,theparalegalhadfallenvictimtoanofficial-lookingWebsitetoutingthedangersofdihydrogenmonoxide.Ane-mailoriginallyauthoredin1990byEricLechnerthenagraduatestudentattheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz,claimedthatdihydrogenmonoxide"isusedasanindustrialsolventandcoolant,andisusedintheproductionofStyrofoam(聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料)."

Otherdangerspranksters(愛開玩笑的人)associatedwiththechemicalincludedacceleratedcorrosionandrusting,severebums,anddeathfrominhalation.

Versionsofthee-mailcontinuetocirculatetoday,andseveralWebsites,includingthatoftheCoalitiontoBanDHMO,warn,tongue-in-cheek,ofwater'sdangers.

AlabamaChangesValueofPi

TheApril1998newsletterputoutbyNewMexicansforScienceandReasoncontainsanarticletitled"AlabamaLegislatureLaysSiegetoPi".ItwaspennedbyAprilHolidayoftheAssocimatedPress(sic)andtoldthestoryofhowtheAlabamastatelegislaturevotedtochangethevalueofthemathematicalconstantPifrom3.14159totheroundnumberof3.

Theersatz(假的)newsstorywaswrittenbyLosAlamosNationalLaboratoryphysicistMarkBosloughtoparody(滑稽地模仿)legislativeandschoolboardattacksontheteachingofevolutioninNewMexico.

AtBoslough'ssuggestion,DaveThomas,thepresidentofNewMexicansforScienceandReason,postedthearticleinitsentiretytotheInternetnewsgroupTalk.OriginsonApril1.(Thenewsgrouphostsalivelydebateoncreationvs.evolution.)LaterthateveningThomaspostedafullconfessiontothehoax.liethoughthehadputallrumorstobed.

ButtoThomas'ssurprise,however,severalnewsgroupreadersforwardedthearticletofriendsandposteditonothernewsgroups.

WhenThomascheckedinonthestoryafewweekslater,hewassurprisedtolearnthatithadspreadlikewildfire.Thetelltalesignsofthearticle'ssatiricalintent,suchastheAprilIdateandmisspelled"AssocimatedPress"dateline,hadbeenreplacedordeleted.

Alabamalegislatorswerebombardedwithcallsprotestingthelaw.Thelegislatorsexplainedthatthenewswasahoax.Therewasnotandneverhadbeensuchalaw.

TVandNewspaperHoaxes

BeforetheadventoftheInternet,andeventoday,traditionalmediaoutletssuchasnewspapers,radio,andtelevision,havesometimeshoaxedtheiraudiences.

A.YB.NC.NG

2.

Itfoundthatincreasesinairpollutiontendedto______.

3.ThepesticideDDTcanbeeffectiveagainst______.

A.malariaB.wildlifeC.animalsD.humannervoussystem

4.

Therealtherapistscanusedreamemotiontotreatpatientswhoareexperiencingunpleasantlifeevents.

A.YB.NC.NG

5.

Ifyouknowhowmanycarbohydrates,fatsandproteinsareinanygivenfood,youknow

A.howmuchenergythatfoodcontains

B.thecompilationofthesethreebuildingblocks

C.howtheenergyisacquired

D.wheredoesthefoodcomefrom

6.

Telegraphoperationisalessstressful,lessattention-demandinginformation-technologyjobincomparisonwithcomputeroperation.

A.YB.NC.NG

7.

Web-basedapplicationsareprogramsthatsit______andtalktoyouthroughaWebbrowser.

8.

Winstondeclaresthatsharpeningyourtimemanagementskillsisveryimportantandcanmakeyou_______.

9.WhatisthedifferencebetweenJoostandKaZaAaccordingtoFredrikdeWahl?

A.KaZaAbenefitedtheindustrywhichitentered.

B.KaZaAdidn'timpacttheindustrywhichitentered.

C.Joostdoesn'tthreatentheindustrywhichit'sentering.

D.Joostnegativelyimpactstheindustrywhichit'sentering.

10.WhichyearisthefewestinviolationoffederalsmogstandardsinLosAngeles?

A.1976B.1979C.1990D.2004

11.

Alternativesentencingisnowpracticedin______statesandisspreadingfast.

12.AccordingtoJohnMaynardKeynes,whencangovernmentsusedevaluationofcurrencytotakeinpeople?

A.Whenvalueisinherentinmoney.

B.Whenmetalcurrencybecomesatoken.

C.Whencashcan'tbeusedanonymously.

D.WhenMoore'slawbeginstowork.

13.

IfagoodwaycanbefoundtotrapanddisposeoftheassociatedCO2,thereisthepossibilityofcontinuingtousefossilfuelsas______.

14.

FreudlearnedfromCharcoteverythingheneededtoknowabouthowtocurementallyiiipatients.

A.YB.NC.NG

15.

Learningaboutacountry'scultureisashowofrespectandisalwaysdeeplyappreciated.

A.YB.NC.NG

16.

Howthepatientwillbetreatedwilldependontheresultofthe______.

17.

Followingitsfounder'slead,Hondahasalwaysbeenaleaderintechnology,especiallyintheareaof______.

18.

Unemploymentmeansalotoftime,especiallyforthosehard-chargingexecutiveswhoarenotusedtohavinganyfreetime.

A.YB.NC.NG

19.

Sincerainforestbacteriaandtreesdependoncactiotherforlife,therelationshiptheyform.istermed______.

20.

ColinAngleconsidersrobotsarenotsodifferentasto______.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.

【B11】

22.【B8】

23.(21)

A.Toimprovethestudyskillsofuniversitystudents.

B.Tosuggestchangesinthestudentgovernment.

C.Togivepeopletheopportunitytospeakwithapolitician.

D.Todiscussgraduationrequirementsforpoliticalsciencemajors.

24.聽力原文：M：Richpeopledon'tuseviolencetosteal．Theyusecomputersandlawyers．

W：Atleastacomputerwon'tshootandkillpeople．Ithinkviolentcrimeismorehorriblethanwhitecollarcrime．

Q：Whatdotheytalkabout?

(14)

A.Richpeople.B.Computersandlawyers.C.Amurder.D.Crime.

25.聽力原文：W:Michael,haveyouseenthenewHollywoodmovie,HannahMontana,TheMovie?Itisgreat.Ilovethestory,especiallythemusic;that'smyfavoritepart.

M:Well,itisreallynotmycupoftea.

Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?

(14)

A.Thewomanlikestheplotbest.

B.Themandoesn'ttaketothemovie.

C.Bothspeakersarefondofthemovie.

D.Themanlikesthemusicofthemovie.

26.(29)

A.Peopleshouldappreciatesuchshopping.

B.PeopleshouldmakeitaSeasonofCelebration.

C.Peopleshouldgiveouttheirbelongings.

D.Peopleshouldshowtheirkindnesstoothers.

27.(34)

A.Fromreligiousorganizations.

B.Frompublicsources.

C.Fromcorporatesources.

D.Fromresearchgrants.

28.(30)

A.Husbandshavetosharepowerwiththeirwivesandhelpwiththehousework.

B.Olderwomenarenotimportantandlivealoneaftertheirhusbands'deaths.

C.Familystructureismorecomplicatedinthenuclearfamily.

D.Womenhavetohelpsisters,grandparentswithhouseworkandchildren.

29.(25)

A.Afuelthatburnscleanly.

B.Anoiladditivethathelpscoolengines.

C.Amaterialfromwhichfiltersaremade.

D.Aninsulatingmaterialsprayedonengineparts.

30.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：FromCaliforniatoConnecticut,babiessitonthelapsoftheirparentsorcaretakersandarespokentoinItalian,French,Spanishand,increasingly,Chinese.Theysitincircles,distractedbycuddlytoys;atschoolssuchastheLanguageWorkshopinNewYorkorinformalgroupsorganizedbyparents.

Therehavebeenseveralstudiesthathavefoundadvantagesinstartingchildrenoffinanewlanguageatayoungage.Researchersdon'tknowwhetheritisbiologicalorsocial,butmostchildrenwholearnalanguagebeforepubertyseemtodeveloptheabilitytospeakitasanativewould.

FrancoiswhorunstheLanguageWorkshop,hascreatedalineoflinguisticsoftwareforyoungchildren."Understandingcomeslongbeforespeaking,andspeakingbeforereadingandwriting.That'sthewayweteachthelanguages,"asFrancoissays."Andwhenwetranslateforchildrenweactuallyaddconfusion;itisnotnecessaryinourclass.Forclaritywehavetorepeattheworduntiltheideasinksin."

Someparentsfearthatwithallthesedifferentwordsandlanguages,theirchildrenwillhaveahardertimepickingupEnglishorwillgetconfused,butscientistshavefoundnosuchdisadvantagetobeingmultilingual.Thereareemergingtheoriesthatthebrainisdesignedtopickupmultiplelanguagesearlyinlife,andthatourcurrentmonolingualfocusisactuallyasetbackoftheevolution.Someresearchshows,whenpeopledevelopawindowinwhichchildrencanmostreadilyabsorbnewlanguages,forthefirst6monthsoflife,forexample,babiescanheareverysoundfromeverylanguageintheworld.

(27)

A.ItteachestheforeignchildrenEnglish.

B.Itteachesthechildrenforeignlanguages.

C.Ittrainstheteachersforforeignlanguageteaching.

D.Ittrainstheparentstoteachtheirchildrenlanguages.

31.聽力原文：M:Ihearyou'retakingapaintingclass.Ididn'tknowyouwereanartist.

W:Oh,I'mnot.ButI'veneverhadanartcoursebefore,soIdecidedtotaketheplungenow.

Q:Whatdoesthewomansayshehasdone?

(13)

A.Shehasavoidedtalkingtoartists.

B.Shehasmadethedecisiontostudyart.

C.Shehastakenapaintingtoherartclass.

D.Shehasmadethepunchfortheartist'spary.

32.(18)

A.Thebookssheorderedarelost.

B.Thewomancannotreceivethepackage.

C.Thewomanshouldverifyitwiththecompany.

D.Thebooksaretemporarilyoutofstock.

33.聽力原文：M：Ijustwonderwhetherit'sadvisabletospendsomuchtimepolishingmyapplicationletter.

W:Youhadbetterdoit,forit'sworthwhiletomaketheeffort.Youknowjusthowimportantitistoleaveagoodimpression.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanwantthemantodo?

(18)

A.Themanshouldspendtimepolishinghisfurniture.

B.Themanshouldleaveheragoodimpression.

C.Themanshouldmaketheefforttoimpressher.

D.Themanshouldspendtimeonhisapplicationletter.

34.(32)

A.HumanBasicNeeds.

B.MaterialComfort.

C.Food:HumanBasicNeed.

D.BasicNecessitiesofLife.

35.(31)

A.Americanindustrialists.

B.Frencheconomists.

C.Internationalleaders.

D.CivilWarveterans.

36.(16)

A.Between19thand20thJeffersonStreet.

B.Between19thand20thJacksonStreet.

C.Between9thand10thJacksonStreet.

D.Between90thand91thJeffersonStreet.

37.(36)

A.Hisfather'sadvicehelpedhimtodecidewhichjobtotakeup.

B.Workinginthesportsteamwashismostimportantexperience.

C.Helearntmuchfromhissharedexperiencewithhisteammembers.

D.Hisexperienceasabaggageboyhadagreatinfluenceonhislaterlife.

38.

【B5】

39.(14)

A.Hereadthenewspaper.

B.Oneofhisstudentstoldhim.

C.Heattendedacabinetmeeting.

D.Helistenedtotheradioreport.

40.(24)

A.Quitthegameandgoaway.

B.Watchherpartnerplayingcards.

C.Teachthemanhowtoplaybridge.

D.Playcardsincooperationwithherpartner.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

【C7】

42.(57)

43.Theinfluenzapandemicof1918to1919______.

A.wastheonlylarge-scaleepidemicinmoderntimes

B.killedaboutonethirdoftheworld'spopulation

C.hadagreatimpactontheworldeconomy

D.killedmorepeoplethanAIDSdid

44.

______mainlyleadstothelowlifeexpectancyinAmerica.

45.

Privatecompanieshavebeengrantedalargesumofmoneytolaunchcampaignsasameasureto______.

46.

WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?

A.Renewedeconomicsecurity.

B.Asenseofself-fulfillment.

C.Newconflictsandcomplaints.

D.Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.

47.

Thepassageismainlyabout______.

A.whycomputercrimesarcdifficulttodetectbysystematicinspections

B.whycomputercriminalsareoftenabletoescapepunishment

C.howcomputercriminalsmanagetogetgoodrecommendationfromtheirformeremployees

D.whycomputercrimescan'tbeeliminated

48.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Forthreedecadeswe'veheardendlesslyaboutthevirtuesofaerobic(increasingoxygenconsumption)exercise.Medicalauthoritieshavepraisedrunningandjumpingasthekeytogoodhealth,andmillionsofAmericanshavetakentothetreadmill(踏車)toreaptherewards.Butthestoryischanging.EveryonefromtheAmericanHeartAssociationtothesurgeongeneral'sofficehasrecentlyembracedstrengthtrainingasacomplementtoaerobics.Andasweightliftinghasgonemainstream,sohastheonceobscurepracticeknownas"SuperSlow"training.Enthusiastsclaimthatbypumpingironatasnail'space-makingeach"rep"(repeat)last14secondsinsteadoftheusualsevenyoucansafelyplaceextraordinarydemandsonyourmuscles,andcallforthanextraordinaryresponse.Slowliftingmaynotbetheonlyexerciseyouneed,assomeadvocatesbelieve,butthebenefitsareoftendramatic.

Almostanyonecanhandlethisroutine.Theonlyrequirementsarecompletefocusandatolerancefordeepmuscularburn.Foxeachexerciselegpress,benchpress,shoulderpressandsoon--yousetthemachinetoprovideonlymoderateresistance.Butasyoudrawouteachrep,deprivingyourselfofimpetus,theweightsoonfeelsunbearable.Defyingtheimpulsetostop,youkeepgoinguntilyoucan'tcompletearep.Thenyousustainyourvaineffortfor10moresecondswhiletheweightsinksgraduallytowarditscradle,intense?Uncomfortable?Totally.Butonceyouembracemusclefailureasthegoaloftheworkout,itcanbecomealmostpleasure.

Thegoalisnottoburncalorieswhileyou'reexercisingbuttomakeyourbodyburnthemallthetime.Runningafewmilesmaymakeyousweat,butitexpendsonly100caloriespermile,anditdoesn'tstimulatemuchboneormuscledevelopment.Strengthtrainingdoesn'tburnmanycalories,either.Butwhenyoupushamuscletofailure,yousetoffapourofphysiologicalchanges.Asthemusclerecoversoverseveraldays,itwillthickenandthenewmuscletissuewilldemandsustenance.Bythetimeyouaddthreepoundsofmuscle,yourbodyrequiresanextra9000caloriesamonthjusttobreakeven.Holdyourdietsteadyand,veryquickly,youarevaporizingbodyfat.

Onemighthavebenefitedfromanystrength-trainingprogram.Butadvocatesinsisttheslowtechniqueissaferandmoreeffectivethantraditionalmethods.

ManyAmericanshavetakentotreadmillforyearsbyvirtueof______.

A.itsinherentawardstotheirhealth

B.itsgreaterconsumptionofoxygen

C.thecomplimentpaidbyauthorities

D.theactualbenefitsfromtheexercise

49.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Let'snowbrieflyconsideragenerallyhonoredbutsometimesmaligned(有壞影響的)typeofscientist,thetheorist.Theoristsareconsideredseparately,sincetheyaretherarest,mostfascinating,andmostimportantofthespeciesScientificus.TheirmotivationalsystemmostoftenisthatofthePlayer,althoughoccasionallyitisthatoftheOperator.

Althoughtheoristsareoftenviewedascold,rational,deliberatemachines,theyaregenerallyalmosttheoppositeofthispopularpicture.Theyareusuallyindividualsofstrongfeelingswhohavetheego(自我)ofactorsandanirrational,almostmysticattachmenttoparticularviewsoftheirdiscipline.Theappearanceofcooldeliberationistheirpublicface,whichoftenrepresentsonlytheirdisdain(輕蔑)forcontactwiththespectators.

Thereareimportantoccupationaldifferencesbetweentheoristsandotherscientists.Theoristssettheframeworkwithinwhichothersdotheirresearch.Thoseotherthanthetheoristsdotheimportantworkoffillingindetailsofexistingtheories.Non-theoristsfulfillarelativelysafeandusefulfunction.Theirworkcontributestosciencebutdoesnotthreatentheindividualscientistunlessheorshehappenstoaccumulateevidencecontrarytothestatusquo.

Whatisthegeneralpersonalitymakeupoftheorists?Aretheynormal,neurotic,orevenpsychotic?Theyrarelyfitthepatternofmiddle-classnormality,andyettheyareintenselyintouchwiththeirownreality.Perhapstheydon'tfitanyoftheusualcategories.GeorgeBernardShawoncesaid,"Thereasonablemanadaptshimselftotheworld;theunreasonableonepersistsintryingtoadapttheworldtohimself.Therefore,allprogressdependsontheunreasonableman."Perhapshismessagewastotoleratethedissenters(反對者),thefaddists,thekooks(狂人),andingeneralthosewhodisagreewithwhatweknowarerightsolongastheydon'tbecometooviolent.Toleratethem,notoutofanysenseofhumanitybutforcrassself-interest.Afewofthemareinnovators,andsocietyneedstheminfinitelymorethantheyneedsociety.

Inreviewingallthegroupofscientistsandscience-trainedindividualswehaveencountered,wefindarangeofindividualsspreadoverthewholespectrumofhumanbehavior.butwithsomeimportantcommoncharacteristics.Scientistsareneithersupermennornaivechildren.Theyarenotfoggilyabsent-mindedorunrealistic;rather,manyofthethingstheyconsiderimportantandrealareoftenquitedifferentfromthoseofthe"everyday"world.

Bydescribingtheoristsascold,rational,deliberatemachines,theauthorintendstoimplythattheoristsareactuallyindividualsof______.

50.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.

Noclearcutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,thewordamateurdoescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.

AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbyfiationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.

AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.

Thegrowthofspecializationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuchas______.

A.sociologyandlinguistics

B.literatureandpsychology

C.linguisticsandpsychology

D.physicsandchemistry

51.

Whatdoesthephrase"todevelopanidentity"(Paragraph5)mean?

52.Imagineaworldinwhichtherewassuddenlynoemotion--aworldinwhichhumanbeingscouldfeelnoloveorhappiness,noterrororhate.Trytoimaginetheconsequencesofsuchatransformation.Peoplemightnotbeabletostayalive:knowingneitherjoynorpleasure,neitheranxietynorfear,theywouldbeaslikelytorepeatactsthathurtthemasactsthatwerebeneficial.Theycouldnotlearn:Theycouldnotbenefitfromexperiencebecausethisemotionlessworldwouldlackrewardsandpunishments.Societywouldsoondisappear:Peoplewouldbeaslikelytoharmoneanotherastoprovidehelpandsupport.Humanrelationshipswouldnotexist:Inaworldwithoutfriendsorenemies,therecouldbenomarriage,affectionamongcompanions,orbondsamongmembersorgroups.Society'seconomicunderpinnings(基礎)wouldbedestroyed:Sincetherewouldbenoincentivesofanykind.Foraswewillsee,incentivesimplyacapacitytoenjoythem.

Insuchaworld,thechancesthatthehumanspecieswouldsurvivearenexttozero,becauseemotionsarethebasicinstrumentofoursurvivalandadaptation.Emotionsstructuretheworldforusinimportantways.Asindividuals,wecategorizeobjectsonthebasisofouremotions.True,weconsiderthelength,shape,size,ortexture,butanobject'sphysicalaspectsarelessimportantthanwhatithasdoneorcandotous--hurtus,surpriseus,angerusormakeusjoyful.Wealsousecategorizationscoloredbyemotionsinourfamilies,communities,andoverallsociety.Outofouremotionalexperienceswithobjectsandeventscomesasocialfeelingofagreementthatcertainthingsandactionsare"good"andothersare"bad",andweapplythesecategoriestoeveryaspectofoursociallife--fromwhatfoodsweeatandwhatclothesweweartohowwekeeppromisesandwhichpeopleourgroupwillaccept.Infact,societyexplainsouremotionalreactionsandattitudes,suchasloyalty,morality,pride,shame,guilt,fearandgreed,inordertomaintainitself.Itgiveshighrewardstoindividualswhoperform.importanttaskssuchassurgery,makesheroesoutofindividualsforunusualordangerousachievementssuchasflyingfighterplanesinawar,andusesthelegalandpenalsystemtomakepeopleafraidtoengageinantisocialacts.

Thereasonwhypeoplemightnotbeabletostayaliveinaworldwithoutemotionisthat______.

A.theywouldnotbeabletotellthetextureofobjects

B.theywouldnotknowwhatwasbeneficialandwhatwasharmfultothem

C.theywouldnotbehappywithalifewithoutlove

D.theywoulddothingsthathurteachother'sfeelings

53.

Whichofthefollowingstatementscanweknowfromthefourthparagraph?

A.Distinguishedprofessorsatresearchuniversitiesshouldfocusonresearchonly.

B.Theseparationofteachingfromresearchmayaffectthequalityoffuturescientists.

C.Itisvitallyimportanttoimproveteachinginelementaryschoolsinordertotrainnewscientists.

D.Itisimpossibletocombineresearchwithteachingduetotherapiddevelopmentofmodernscience.

54.

Howdotheparentsrespondtobabies'cry?

A.Theycometodoubtit.

B.Theytakeitseriously.

C.Theyareindifferenttoit.

D.Theyarewearyofit.

55.

【C5】

56.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Cultureshockisprecipitatedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thesesignsarethethousandandonewaysinwhichweorientourselvestothesituationsofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeople,whenandhowtogivetips,howtogiveorderstoservants,howtomakepurchases,whentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitations,whentotakestatementsseriouslyandwhennot.

Thesecues,whichmaybewords,gestures,facialexpressions,customs,ornormsareacquiredbyallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmuchapartofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofusdependforourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues,mostofwhichareunconsciouslylearned.

Whenanindividualentersastrangeculture,allormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedorfullofgoodwillhemay