Background背景Shoulderdisordersmainlyinvolverotatorcuffdiseasesandshoulderinstability.Forrotatorcuffdiseases,routineshoulderMRimagingasthefirstchoicecansolvemostoftheproblemsinpractice.Forshoulderinstabilityandrelatedglenoidlabrumlesions,shoulderMRarthrographyisthefirstselectionforevaluation肩關(guān)節(jié)常見病變主要為肩袖相關(guān)病變和肩關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)定。對于肩袖相關(guān)病變，肩關(guān)節(jié)MRI常規(guī)掃描可作為首選；對于肩關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)定和盂唇病變，則一般首選肩關(guān)節(jié)MRI造影進行評價。現(xiàn)在是1頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四常見疾病名稱Rotatorcuff

tendonsdisease肩袖肌腱病Rotatorcuff

tear肩袖撕裂Subscapularisrupture肩胛下肌斷裂Acromioclavicularjointdisease肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)病Thesub-acromialshoulderimpingementsyndrome肩峰下撞擊綜合征SLAP病變（上盂唇前后向撕裂）Bankart病變HAGL病變（盂肱下韌帶肱骨部撕脫）Labrumcyst盂唇囊腫Adhesivecapsulitisjoints粘連性關(guān)節(jié)囊炎Shoulderjointosteoarthrosis肩關(guān)節(jié)骨關(guān)節(jié)病現(xiàn)在是2頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四一、Rotatorcuff

tendonsdisease肩袖肌腱病Etiologypathology病因病理：Excessiveuse,leadtodegenerationandtearofrotatorcuff過度使用導(dǎo)致肩袖的退行性變和撕裂Mostofteninimpingement最常繼發(fā)于撞擊綜合征Canoccurin

patientswithcollagenvasculardisease可發(fā)生于膠原血管病患者Canbeacute,butmoreoftenrepeatedattacksonthebasisofthealreadysufferfromtendondisease可急性發(fā)生，但更常在已患有肌腱病的基礎(chǔ)上反復(fù)發(fā)作Tendonthickening,hardening;Partialortotaldisruption;Sometearonslipperybursa,articularsurfaceorinthestroma肌腱增厚、硬化；部分或完全中斷；部分撕裂可在滑囊面、關(guān)節(jié)面或間質(zhì)中Collagendegeneration,butthereisnoinflammatorycells,chronictendoncanappearinfattyinfiltration膠原變性，但沒有炎性細胞，慢性肌腱撕裂中可出現(xiàn)脂肪浸潤現(xiàn)在是3頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四NEERininstallmentofrotatorcufftendonlesions肩袖肌腱病變的NEER分期Ⅰ

period:rotatorcuff,especiallyhillstendonedemaandhemorrhage肩袖特別是崗上肌腱水腫和出血Tendonitisorinflammatorylesions,itisbettertosendinlessthan25yearsoldyoungman.reversible肌腱炎或炎性病變，最好發(fā)于小于25歲的青年人,可逆.Ⅱ

period:inflammationfurtherprogressandmorefibroustissueformation炎癥進一步進展及更多的纖維組織形成Happensat25～45yearsold.好發(fā)于25-45歲。Ⅲ

period:rotatorcufftear.肩袖撕裂。Oftenoccurinmorethan45yearsold.常發(fā)于45歲以上。☆Bestlocation:beingis1cm,fromthehillsmuscletothegreatertuberosityattachmentpoints(novasculardistribution).最好發(fā)部位：崗上肌距大結(jié)節(jié)附著點1cm處（無血管分布）。現(xiàn)在是4頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四MRImanifestationsofrotatorcufftendonsdisease肩袖肌腱病的MRI表現(xiàn)Onallpulse

sequence,signalsareincreased在所有脈沖序列上，信號均增高Tendonthickening,signalnotusuallyhomogeneous肌腱常常增厚、信號不均勻Partialtear,visiblewatersignalinthetendons,butonlypartialtendoninvolvement部分撕裂，在肌腱中可見水樣信號，但只是部分肌腱受累Tendonfull-thicknesstear,liquidintotendonfractures,withvaryingdegreesoftendonretraction肌腱全層撕裂，液體進入肌腱裂隙中，伴不同程度的肌腱回縮Tendonfull-thicknesstearofthechronicpatientstomergemusclefatatrophy肌腱全層撕裂的慢性患者可合并肌肉脂性萎縮現(xiàn)在是5頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四ObliquecoronaryanormalMRIimaging

斜冠狀位正常MRI造影

Thincontrastsketchbelowoutlineoftherotatorcuff(whitearrow)薄的造影劑勾畫出肩袖的下面輪廓（白長箭頭），Normaljointcapsule(blackarrow),正常關(guān)節(jié)囊（黑箭頭），axillaryfossae(whitetrianglearrows).腋隱窩（白三角箭頭）。現(xiàn)在是6頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四Fig1Subdeltoid–subacromialbursitis.肩峰下滑囊炎。CoronalobliqueMRimagesoftheshouldershowfluidinthedilatedsubdeltoid–subacromialbursa(arrowhead).常規(guī)MRI斜冠狀位示肩峰下滑囊積液(箭頭)；1A:SET1W;1B:TSET2W.

Fig2Acromialmorphology.肩峰形態(tài)。A.ShapeoftheAcromion.TypeI,flatⅠ型，肩峰下表面為一平面；TypeII,curvedⅡ型，肩峰下表面為弧形凹面；TypeIII,hookedⅢ型，肩峰下表面前部呈鉤狀突；

B.SagittalobliqueimageshowsaTypeIIacromionandadegenerativespurattheanteroinferioredgeoftheacromion(arrow).

MRI造影斜矢狀位示肩峰前下緣的骨刺(箭)，Ⅱ型肩峰

現(xiàn)在是7頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四Fig3Tendinitis.肩袖變性。

CoronalobliqueMRimagesoftheshouldershowthesupraspinatustendonisdiffusethickening,withintrasubstanceintermediatesignalonT1-weightedandT2-weightedMRimages(arrow).常規(guī)MRI斜冠狀位示岡上肌腱增粗，連續(xù)性好，T1W和T2W信號均增高(箭)現(xiàn)在是8頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四4AFig4:Bursal-sidedpartialthicknesstearofthesubscapularis.岡上肌腱上表面部分撕裂.4A:ObliquecoronalT2-weightedimageshowspartialdisruptureofthebursal-sidedtendonfibers(arrow).Thearticular-sidedfibersareintact.

常規(guī)MRI斜冠狀位FST2W示岡上肌腱止點處上表面部分撕裂，局部見液性高信號(箭)，伴肩峰下滑囊積液，下表面完整.4B:partialthicknesstearofthesubscapularis.ObliquecoronalT2-weightedMRimageshowspartialdiscontinuityofthearticular-sidedtendonfibers(arrow).Thebursal-sidedfibersareintact.岡上肌腱下表面部分撕裂。常規(guī)MRI斜冠狀位FST2W示岡上肌腱止點處下表面撕裂(箭)，信號增高，但上表面完整4B現(xiàn)在是9頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四4C4DFig4C:Intratendinouspartialthicknesstearofthesubscapularis.

岡上肌腱腱內(nèi)部分撕裂。ObliquecoronalT2-weightedMRimageshowsabnormalintratendinousfluidaccumulation(arrows).Thebursal-sidedandarticular-sidedfibersareintact常規(guī)MRI斜冠狀位FST2W示岡上肌腱止點處腱內(nèi)限局液性高信號影(箭)，肌腱上下表面均完整.Fig4D:Articular-sidedpartialthicknesstearofthesubscapularis.岡上肌腱下表面部分撕裂。ObliquecoronalT1-weightedMRarthrographicimageshowspartialdiscontinuityofthearticular-sidedfibers(arrows),withcontrastmaterialleakingintothesubstanceofthetendon,andintactbursal-sidedfibers.MRI造影斜冠狀位示高信號對比劑進入岡上肌腱下表面(箭)，但未進入肩峰下滑囊現(xiàn)在是10頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四Fig5:DifferentMRItechniquesforlabraltear.盂唇撕裂對比。

Fig5A:AnaxialroutineMRimageshowsintactanteroinferiorlabrum.常規(guī)MRI軸位示盂唇未見撕裂征象；Fig5B:AnaxialMRarthrographicimagedemonstratestearoftheanteroinferiorlabrum(arrow).MRI造影軸位示前方盂唇撕裂(箭)5A5B現(xiàn)在是11頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四54,M,Therightobliquecoronary:partofthejointsurfaceandtheslipperybursasurfaceoftheRotatorcuffistorn右側(cè)斜冠狀位示肩袖的關(guān)節(jié)面和滑囊面部分撕裂PDWIT2WIMRarthrogramPDWI（質(zhì)子加權(quán)像）：supraspinatustendonobviouslyobviouslyirregular(longarrow);崗上肌肌腱明顯不規(guī)則（長箭頭所示）；T2WI：foundsimilarsignal,inlinewiththetearoftheparts(longarrow);發(fā)現(xiàn)相似信號符合部分撕裂（長箭頭所示）；MRarthrogram（關(guān)節(jié)造影）：contrastagentintotheshouldersleevematerial,butnotfallingdowntotheshoulderpeakcapsule(arrow),inaddition,asmallpartofcontrastagents,insertedneartheshouldersleeve(longarrow).造影劑進入肩袖實質(zhì)內(nèi)，但未沿伸到肩峰下滑囊（三角箭頭所示），另外一小部分相連的造影劑插入鄰近肩袖（長箭頭所示）。現(xiàn)在是12頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四58Y，M，Theleftobliquecoronaryinrotatorcufffull-thicknesstear

左側(cè)斜冠狀位示肩袖全層撕裂PDWIT2WIMRarthrogramPDWI：

rotatorcuffessence,lackoflimitations(longarrow);肩袖實質(zhì)局限性缺失（長箭頭所示）；T2WI：tearmouthincreasedsignal(longarrow);撕裂口信號增高（長箭頭所示）；MRarthrogram：contrastfillinggapsofrotatorcuff(longarrow),undertheshoulderpeak-deltoidincapsule(arrow).造影劑充填肩袖缺口（長箭頭所示）、肩峰下-三角肌下滑囊（三角箭頭所示）。現(xiàn)在是13頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四Thedifferentialdiagnosisoftendondisease肌腱病的鑒別診斷Calcificationfeaturestendonitis鈣化性肌腱炎：tendonthickening,andoftenaccompaniedbysignaldecreases肌腱可增厚，并常伴有信號減低Withinthetendoncyst肌腱內(nèi)囊腫：tendonthickening,andonT2WItumorcystwithpartialrotatorcufftear肌腱增厚，且在T2WI上見囊腫合并部分肩袖撕裂現(xiàn)在是14頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四二、Rotatorcuff

tear肩袖撕裂Intendonfissure,visibleinjointfluid,slipperybursaliquidfillingorgranulationtissue,ontheFSET2WIorSPAIRsequencesismostclear在肌腱裂隙中可見充以關(guān)節(jié)液、滑囊液或肉芽組織，在FSET2WISPAIR序列中最清晰Tendonedgesappeardifferentdegreeofcontractionanddegeneration肌腱邊緣出現(xiàn)不同程度的收縮和退行性變Inpatientswithchronictendonfull-thicknesstearcanincorporatethefatofmuscleatrophy慢性患者的肌腱全層撕裂可合并肌肉的脂性萎縮Mergerofsynovialsaceffusionundertheshoulderpeak合并肩峰下滑囊積液Occurbetweenthefrontofthehillsmuscletearorrotatorcufftear,easytomergesynovialsaceffusionunderbeak有崗上肌前方撕裂和肩袖間撕裂時易合并喙下滑囊積液現(xiàn)在是15頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四

Suspiciouspatientswithrotatorcufftear,imagingexamination,shouldbeacomprehensiveobservationofrotatorcuffandthesurroundingstructure可疑肩袖撕裂的病人行影像學(xué)檢查時需對肩袖及其周圍結(jié)構(gòu)作全面觀察:Notethattearmouthsize,affectedthescope,edgecases,muscleatrophyandbonechangeandsoon.注意撕裂口大小、肌腱受累范圍、肌腱邊緣情況、肌肉萎縮及骨骼改變等。Partialtendonaccordingtotearthicknessordepthintothreedegrees.部分性肌腱撕裂可按撕裂厚度或深度分三度。Ⅰ度：﹤3mm；Ⅱ度：3-6mm；Ⅲ度：﹥6mm。Completeatendon,accordingtothegapsizeisdividedintofourcategories完全性肌腱撕裂據(jù)裂口大小分四類。﹤2mmMildtear輕度撕裂；2-4Moderatetear中度撕裂；

4-5mmSeveretear重度撕裂；﹥5mmGianttear巨型撕裂。現(xiàn)在是16頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四TheMRIclassificationofRotatorcufftear(Neer)肩袖撕裂的MRI分級（Neer）0：Normally,auniformlowsignal正常，呈均勻一致的低信號1：Rotatorcuffnormalform,onT1WIorPDWIsequencesshoweddiffuseorlinearhighsignal肩袖形態(tài)正常，T1WI或PDWI上呈彌漫性或線狀高信號2：Shouldersleeve,isthinningorirregular,andhashighsignalonT1WIorPDWIsequences肩袖變薄或不規(guī)則，T1WI或PDWI上呈高信號3：Rotatorcuff

signalonT2WIsequenceincreasedandaffectedtendonlayerT2WI上肩袖信號增高且累及肌腱全層現(xiàn)在是17頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四Carrino,thinkrotatorcufftearisdividedintosevendegrees肩袖撕裂分7級:0級：Tendonisnormal肌腱正常；1級：Tendon(T1WIsignalorPDWI)increased,theattachmentpointsabout1cm距附著點1cm肌腱信號（T1WI或PDWI）增高；2級：Tendonitis,increasedsignalonT2WI,butnotinvolvingthetopoftheshoulderjoint(withNeer2degree)肌腱炎，T2WI上信號增高，但未累及肩關(guān)節(jié)上面（同Neer2級）；3級：Degeneration,oneormorehighsignalonT2WI,andthereisnoenoughtothetornpartofdiagnosticcriteria退行性變，T2WI上一個或多個高信號區(qū)，未達部分撕裂診斷標準；4級：Partoftear,onT2WIsequence,tendonsignalincreasedobviously,andaffectedtendonaboveorbelow部分撕裂，T2WI上肌腱信號明星增高，且累及肌腱上下面；5級：Tendonnearfull-thicknessrupture,butwithalittlemusclefibercomplete肌腱近乎全層斷裂，但有少許肌纖維完整；6級：Tendonfull-thicknessrupture,withouttendoncontracture肌腱全層斷裂，無肌腱攣縮；7級：Tendonfull-thicknessrupturewithtendoncontracture.肌腱全層斷裂伴肌腱攣縮。現(xiàn)在是18頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四Obliquecoronary

斜冠狀位Tendonitis肌腱炎（1級）TIWITIWIT2WIRotatorcuff

tear肩袖撕裂（2級）現(xiàn)在是19頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四Fig3Fullthicknesstearofthesupraspinatus.肩袖全層撕裂。CoronalobliqueT2-weightedMRimageshowsthesupraspinatustendonbecomesthicker,withabnormalhighsignalasintenseasfluidextendingfromthearticularsurfacetothesubacromialbursasurface(arrow)常規(guī)MRI斜冠狀位FST2W示岡上肌腱連續(xù)、增厚，其內(nèi)部可見關(guān)節(jié)液樣的高信號，累及肌腱全層(箭)Fig4Fullthicknesstearofthesupraspinatus.肩袖全層撕裂。CoronalobliqueT2-weightedMRimageshowsthecompletediscontinuityandretractionofthetendon(arrow).MRI造影斜冠狀位FST2W示岡上肌腱連續(xù)性中斷，斷端回縮(箭)現(xiàn)在是20頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四5A5BFig5:Fullthicknesstearofthesupraspinatus.肩袖全層撕裂。A：Fig6A:CoronalobliqueT1-weightedMRarthrographicimageshowsthecompletediscontinuityandretractionofthesupraspinatustendon(arrow),atrophyofthesupraspinatus,andupwarddisplacementofthehumeralhead.MRI造影斜冠狀位，示岡腱連續(xù)性中斷，斷端(箭)回縮，同時伴有肌腱萎縮、肱骨頭上移；B:SagittalobliqueT1-weightedMRarthrographicimageshowsthediscontinuityoftherotatorcuffandthepresenceofhighsignalcontrastmaterialwithinthesubacromialbursa(arrow).MRI造影斜矢狀位，示肩袖不完整，撕裂累及岡上肌腱和岡下肌腱，肩峰下滑囊內(nèi)(箭)可見高信號對比劑現(xiàn)在是21頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四三、Subscapularisrupture肩胛下肌斷裂Patientswithsecondarytoanteriordislocationofshoulderjoint,typicallymorethan40years繼發(fā)于肩關(guān)節(jié)前脫位，患者一般大于40歲Secondarytotherearoftheshoulderjointdislocation,visibleatanyage繼發(fā)于肩關(guān)節(jié)后脫位，可見于任何年齡Tendonsignaluneven;Tendoninseewatersignal;Differentdegreeoftendonretraction.肌腱信號不均勻；肌腱中見水樣信號；不同程度肌腱回縮。Plainradiographs,showsthehumerussmalltuberclefracture平片可見肱骨小結(jié)節(jié)骨折現(xiàn)在是22頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四斜失T1WI軸位MRarthrogramT1WI：Edgeisclear,uniformlowsignal邊緣清楚，均勻低信號0級：19Y，F(xiàn)，Arthroscopyhasconfirmedthenormalhillsmuscletendon關(guān)節(jié)鏡證實的正常崗上肌肌腱MRarthrogram：Completetendon(arrow),noleakageofcontrastmedia,headofbicepstendonislocatedinthecentral完整的肌腱（箭頭），無造影劑滲漏，肱二頭肌腱居中現(xiàn)在是23頁\一共有27頁\編輯于星期四1級：57Y，M，Surgeryconfirmedthatshoulderinjuryoftendonadhesion手術(shù)證實肩胛下肌腱附著處損傷斜失T1WI軸位