外文翻譯：RETROFITOFEXISTINGSTRUCTURES2.1IntroductionManystructureshavehistoricallybeenconstructedusingreinforcedconcrete.Typicalordinaryconcreteconsistsoffourconstituents:gravel,sand,water,andcement.Reinforcedconcretehassometypeofreinforcement,typicallysteel,combinedwithconcretetoproduceastrongersystemthanplainconcrete.Concreteisstrongincompressionbutweakintension.Tensileforcescauseconcretetocrackandeventuallyfailinabrittlemanneratstressessignificantlylowerthanthecompressionstrengthofconcrete.Steel,oranothertypeofreinforcementmaterial,canbeusedtocompensatefortheweaktensilestrengthofconcrete.Thissystemisreferredtoasreinforcedconcrete.Asreinforcedconcreteages,avarietyofdetrimentaleffectscanoccur.Theseincludespalling,flaking,orcrackingoftheconcrete,andsubsequentcorrosionofthereinforcingsteel.Theseoccurrencescansignificantlyaffectthestrengthofstructuralmembers.Membersdisplayingtheseadverseaffectsmayberehabilitatedusinganappropriateretrofitmethod.Retrofittingistypicallydonefortworeasons:rehabilitationorstrengthening.Aspreviouslydiscussed,rehabilitationisfixingthestructuraldeficienciesofadamagedstructureorstructuralmember.Thismaybenecessaryforagingmembersthatnolongerdisplaythestrengthoftheoriginaldesign.Strengtheningincreasestheload-carryingcapacityofastructuralmember(Ersoyetal.1993).Thismaybenecessaryifthesupportedloadisalteredthroughthelifeofthestructuralmember,orifcurrentdesignstandardshavemorestringentreinforcementrequirements.Additionally,structuralmembersinseismicregionsmayneedtobeupgradedtocurrentseismicrequirements.Retrofittingcanbeappliedtoanystructuralmembers,includingbeamsandcolumns.Severalmethodsaretraditionallyutilizedforretrofitting.Theseincludeconcretejacketing,steeljacketing,andFRPstrengthening(Wipfetal.1997).Reinforcementforconcretejacketscanbeprovidedbyrebarreinforcementorweldedwirefabric(WWF).Additionally,arelativelynewproduct,PrefabricatedCageSystemreinforcement(PCS),issuggestedasapossiblereinforcementalternativeforconcretejacketretrofits.2.2PrefabricatedCageSystem(PCS)ReinforcementPCSreinforcement,asshowninFigure2.1,isessentiallyacontinuoussteelsectionwithholesappliedasasecondaryprocess.ThePCSreinforcementprovideslongitudinalandtransversereinforcementsimultaneouslyandcanbeusedincircularorrectangularsections.Thismonolithicconnectionreducestheneedforseparatelongitudinalandtransversereinforcement.PCScanbeusedasreinforcementincolumns,shearwalls,foundationsorbeams.PCSreinforcementcanbeconcentricallylayerediflargereinforcementratiosarerequired(Figure2.2).Foracolumn,verticalsteelstripsprovidelongitudinalreinforcementwhilethehorizontalsteelstripsprovidetransversereinforcement.TestshaveshownthatPCSprovideshigherconfinementcapacitiesthantraditionalrebarreinforcementsystems(ShamsaiandSezen2005).2.2.1PCSProductionPCSreinforcementisproducedfromsteeltubesorplates.Standardsteeltubesorplatesarepunchedorcuttoprovideholeswiththedesireddimensions.Inlieuoftubes,steelplatescanbebentintotherequiredshapeandthenwelded.CastingofPCSreinforcementhasalsobeensuggestedasamethodofproduction.CuttingofholesinthePCScanbeperformedwithavarietyofmethodsincludinglaser(asshowninFigure2.3),plasma,flame,andabrasivewaterjetcutting.Additionalsuggestedmethodsincludemilling,electrochemicalmachining,electricaldischargemachining,andchemicaletching.Precision,time,cost,availability,andthicknesslimitationsvaryamongthedifferentcuttingmethods(Shamsai2006).PunchingholestoformthePCSreinforcementissuggestedformassproduction.Computernumericalcontrol(CNC)machinescanprogramthepunchingspacesanddimensionsforPCSreinforcement.ThreesuggestedCNCpunchingmachinesincludeasinglestationpress,amechanicalturretpunchpress,andahydraulicturretpunchpress.Punchingalsohasdisadvantagesincludingsteelthicknessrestrictionsandpossiblesteeldeformations(Shamsai2006).2.2.2PCSBenefitsPCSreinforcementhassomeuniqueproperties.ThelongitudinalandlateralreinforcementforPCSarelocatedthesamedistancefromthecenterofthemembercross-section.Thisprovidesincreasedflexuralcapacity,usingthesameamountofsteelasatraditionalrebarsystem,andresultsinmoreefficientuseofthereinforcingsteel.ThemonolithicactionofPCSeliminatesseparationoflongitudinalandtransversereinforcement.Additionally,PCSreinforcementisspreadinaplanarconfigurationwhichoffersgreaterconfinementthanrebarreinforcement,asdisplayedinFigure2.4.ThicknessofthePCSsteeldeterminesthedimensionsofthereinforcementconfiningtheconcrete.PCSreinforcementoffersseveraladditionalbenefits.Dimensionsofthereinforcementaredeterminedbythedesignertoproduceanydesiredamountoftransverseandlongitudinalreinforcement.Thisallowsagreatdealofflexibilityandefficiencyinthedesignprocess,asreinforcementchoicesarenotlimitedtoavailablestockmaterials.Additionally,PCSreinforcementcanbefabricatedoff-siteandimmediatelyplacedforconcretecastingwithoutadditionalfieldwork,suchastying,cutting,orbendingofreinforcement,whichprolongconstructiontime.Off-sitefabricationalsoprovidesanincreasedlevelofqualitycontrolforthereinforcement.InPCSproduction,dimensionsandspacingarefarmoreaccuratewhichminimizesopportunitiesforhumanerrorandeliminatesacceptanceofsub-pardetailingorinadequateconstruction.This,inturn,resultsinanincreasedfactorofsafetyforconstructionprojects.2.3RetrofitMethodsAspreviouslymentioned,commonretrofittechniquesincludeconcrete,FRP,andsteeljackets.Concretejacketsareconstructedbyenlargingtheexistingcrosssectionwithanewlayerofconcreteandreinforcement(Ersoyetal.1993).Thisreinforcementistraditionallyprovidedbyhooporspiralrebar,orweldedwirefabric.FRPreinforcementistypicallyappliedtwoways:prefabricatedjacketsorwraps.Bothmethodshavebeenexperimentallyresearched(MorshedandKazemi2005).Steeljacketsareconstructedbyplacingasteeltubewithaslightlylargerdiameteraroundthemembertoberetrofitted.Theareabetweentheexistingmemberandsteeltubeistypicallyfilledwithgrout(Priestleyetal.1996).2.3.1ConcreteJacketing羨Additi惡onof嗎aconc誰retej凳acket瞇isuse愧dtoe張nhance煌flexu拳ralst赤rength報(bào),duct蛾ility,晴ands敘hears海trengt嘩hofc副olumns生.T役histe擠chniqu刑eism碰oreco矛mmonly歌used翅forbu恐ilding絨colum領(lǐng)nsbut趨hasb俱eenap紅plied狂tosom蹦ebrid注gemem黃bersi筐nJapa蠟n.Th具eenha局ncedc純onfine符menti掩sachi莊evedw擁ithth榮euse省oftie展sors逼pirals丹ata秀small看pitch,赴ortr擁ansver頃serei辰nforce肚ments稼pacing翅(Prie診stley丈etal.曲1996)也.Con恥crete臘jacket惱scan球beuse轉(zhuǎn)dtor砍etrofi宏tbeam睜sasw旋ellas池colum炸ns(Ch逗eonga晴ndMac暢Alevey達(dá)2000)占.Add劍itiona舅lmate真rials眼canbe淹used奇torei赴nforce淋ther槽etrofi或t,as暖longa燃sconf彎inemen寬tise宮nhance糞d.看睛.1Re勵(lì)barRe丹inforc國(guó)ement并Concre冰tejac部keted貼column桶swith斧hoop是andsp倘iralr營(yíng)einfor么cement瞎effec王tively揭enhan迫cethe齡struc評(píng)tural認(rèn)capaci性tyof岔retrof障itted垃member鍬s.Er即soyet愿al.(磚1993)紹rantw去oseri絲esof遭tests火tostu捏dythe撞behav調(diào)iorof混stren利gthene跳dand箭repair穩(wěn)edcon幣crete勸jacket說edcol些umns.解Thef鉛irsts子eries桌compar伏esthe菠behav御iorof嘗jacke喂tedco凳lumns鐘witha晴monol勞ithic項(xiàng)refere鳳ncesp唉ecimen沸under著monot拴onica刃xiall劈oading格.All倦thec薪oncret傾efor魄themo古nolith萌icspe搭cimen鵲wasca國(guó)stwit屠hthe聾basec姻olumn羅andre齒trofit閥reinf愚orceme危ntin狠place,列topr鼠ovide疼aspec農(nóng)imenw遭ithpe弟rfect屑intera攔ction珠andbo臉ndbet椅weent盲hebas傍ecolu噸mnand辟retro我fitma稻terial惱.Hoo臨prein茂forcem級(jí)entis蹤used易inthe項(xiàng)base頁co爐lumna帥ndret濱rofit款reinfo值rcemen若t諷.The列jacke伶tsare佛appli跨edund富ertwo荷condi狹tions:叨afte估rthe卵compre益ssion執(zhí)loadin識(shí)gwas怎applie延dand葛remove標(biāo)d,as亞wella潛swhil塌ethe擊axial納loadi摟sstil券lappl繩ied.蝦Itis裁determ妹inedt侍hatco鮮lumns曉jacket壇edaft騙erunl帥oading愈perfo雕rmedw無ell,r詠eachin斧g80t僚o90p備ercent派ofth離estre衡ngtho昂fthe絲monoli歌thicr嫁eferen曾cespe薦cimen.曾Repa嶺irjac闊ketsa交pplied龜while木thec否olumn泛issti束llund坊erloa逃ddid濱notpe俯rform煌aswel嗚land大onlyr盯eached拒50pe劑rcent驟ofthe芽axial沙load牲c(diǎn)arrie噴dbyt互hemon析olithi林cspec久imen.著Thes耀econd襲series況ofte擇stsst覆udyth就eeffe緣ctiven抄essof仙concr宋eteja汪ckets潮withc聽olumns益teste暖dunde得rcomb弦ineda督xiall器oadan繁dbend兇ing.邊Bothr債epair關(guān)andst伏rength政enedj涌ackets批behav幣eadeq肝uately駱under紛monot巡onica濃ndrev錦ersed叢cyclic芬loadi拉ng.筑Mrepr墾esents蟻monol獨(dú)ithica妙llyca雜stspe贊cimens傾.La撲ndUr唇eprese尊ntspe原cimens欲retro晨fitted鵲under鼠load爪oraft窯erunl兆o(hù)ading粒,resp駁ective化ly.S獵andR葵repre割sents粒trengt托hening凍orre邀pairr旋etrofi探ts,re烤specti靈vely.詠From結(jié)there鐮sults烤itis贊obviou置sthat與thes課trengt霧hened臟specim敞enspe剖rform不adequa懂telya綱ndcar冊(cè)ryaxi頁alloa欲dscom艙parabl虛etot姻hemon梁olithi供crefe覺rence揚(yáng)specim貼en.余Rodrig俗u(yù)ezan揚(yáng)dPark免(1994肥)cond呆ucted造furthe借rtest青ingon掏recta懸ngular雷colum透nsrep錢aired孟andst扛rength拳enedb瀉yconc語retej睜ackets庫under跡compr膀essive粗axial嘴loadi蜂ngas熔wella各slate角rallo博ading.格Reba懼rhoop秀sare筆provid帳edas尿there論trofit起reinf編orceme陳ntfor邁thec臥oncret處ejack切ets.C照oncret紋ejack銜etsin擋crease衰thes忠trengt鍵hand結(jié)stiffn蓄essof掌thea辰s-buil疫t(unr蛛etrofi抹ttedo裕rbase醫(yī))colu墾mnsby惕upto蹤three性times袋.It蓮isals齊oshow析nthat月damag孔ebefo思rethe前retro額fitha炕snos貸ignifi獎(jiǎng)canti見nfluen夠ceon認(rèn)thepe筋rforma發(fā)nceof峽thej鍛ackete蘆dcolu充mns.忌Overal抬l,con春crete櫻jacket改swith忠rebar展reinf匆orceme傍ntsig躍nifica座ntlyi攤mprove匠stiff騎ness,豪streng耳th,an憤dduct鼻ility綁oftyp逗icalr玉einfor禁cedco興ncrete蒼colum湯ns,bu艇tcons伍tructi辮onis演veryl為abor-i利ntensi腫ve.鹽Simila炮rresu揪ltsar包erepo膛rtedb少yBett澆etal奏.(198經(jīng)8)for全simil浸arlyr吧etrofi參ttedc筆olumns雀.Thr看eesqu菊areco耗lumnt燙estsp故ecimen溪sare介constr周ucted,三retro益fitted跨with丙aconc穩(wěn)retej垮acket,緒andt珍hente雙sted.惡Oneo頭fthe頁specim述ensis屬teste食d,rep咸aired,叨andt召henre默tested永.The濃other息two丹specim醬ensar宜estre沙ngthen扔edbef罷orete鄙sting.鳴Spec稈imens馬arete止stedu狼ndera鏈xiala駱ndlat味eral宮形loads昏simult蘭aneous售lyto抽simula映teear蒸thquak蘇eload誤ing.摧Again,手thee飼xperim丈entde拌termin鄰estha河tada苦maged能retrof疤itted癥column具h(yuǎn)asn筋early煤thesa艱mestr家ength平andst擊iffnes吃sasa躬nunda俯maged艙retrof方itted轟column蕉with峽asimi名larco姻ncrete康jacke晉t.造Lehman爬,eta苗l.(20昂01)us壇econc真retej忘ackets休tore辱pairs升everel劉ydama度gedco減lumns.此Thre辜erepa治irmet鑼hodsa貢r(shí)econ柔sidere元dand版implem艦ented刺forth全edama抽gedco耽lumns,篩which睬were惡built織tomod尿ernse羽ismic燙specif欺icatio啦ns.I岡nitial他damag造etot啊hecol捧umnsi給nclude凍scrus遮hingo圓fconc蔥rete,毫buckli剖ngand柔fract仙ureof祝longi卷tudina監(jiān)lrein勿forcem炭ent,a影ndfra現(xiàn)cture怪ofthe弦spira潮lrein答forcem伶ent,w謝hichw經(jīng)asthe帝resul羞tofa蝶xiala聽ndlat版erall聾oading鑒.The鎮(zhèn)concre冶tejac策ketre鉗trofit膽tedco披lumnd賽isplay逮sincr礎(chǔ)eased溝stiffn飾essan布dstre移ngth,弓compar題ablet撕othe伏origin障alcol因umnbe爐fored障amage.均熟.2Ad燕dition詞alRei嫂nforce闊mentO次ptions林Additi扁onalr擱einfor屢cement爺optio給nsfor賤concr相eteja少cketin佩ghave合been梢introd杏uced.懲Welde覽dwire澤fabri刺cisa嶄nother證commo張nmate惹rialt帶hatco梯uldbe急used臟torei憲nforce亞acon午crete魯jacket著retro奪fit.從Mors圾hedan涉dKaze翁mi(20脾05)pr樹opose淘asimi釘larsy冶stemp聯(lián)roduce盞dfrom寧expan冤dedst劑eelme絡(luò)sh,sh揮ownin摧Figur酸e2.9.崖The異resear訪chdet義ermine躺sthat滋retro僵fittin牧gmemb杜erswi辱ththe屈expan裙dedst伯eelme專shand邪morta斤rsign珠ifican亂tlyin描crease猛sthe肥shear考streng津thand福ducti驅(qū)lityo皂fthe秤retrof治itted玉member漁s.尺額Ste割elJac關(guān)keting惡Steel此jacket值sprev敞entco街ncrete何from萬expand澡ingla暢terall楊yasa火resul童tofh夏ighax稿ialco衛(wèi)mpress奮ionst漁rains.攀Thes宣teelj輛acket飯isequ典ivalen殊ttoc祥ontinu他ousho摟oprei搭nforce閣menta鹽ndcan腥beus請(qǐng)edfor凡circu防larco惱lumns釋orrec劣tangul團(tuán)arcol洽umnsw折ithsl取ightm疤odific鼓ations診,ass儀howni瀉nFigu堪re2.1類0.St軍eelja鴿cketin撓gofr愛ectang捐ularc夕olumns被isno彼treco炒mmende灶dbeca綠usewh招ilesh內(nèi)earst栗rength叛isen滑hanced涂,flex攔urald厚uctili逐tyis對(duì)onlyp剛rovide剪datt惠hecor供ners.頑Anel除liptic知alste流eljac騎ketwi蜂thcon參crete誕infill毯shoul尚dbep倉(cāng)rovide爐dfor客rectan贏gular冒member悲stof潤(rùn)ullyc餐onfine愁allt膏hecon嫌crete棍(Pries錦tleye催tal.勝1996).石Acomp梨rehens齊ivetw百o-part雕study恒wasp禍erform薦edby蚊Priest汁leyet鉛al.(柏1994a平,b)t城odete辭rmine腎theen瓜hanced失shear裂stren凈gthpr鑼ovided棒byst備eelja瞇cketr鋼etrofi抗tting.枯The投first晌parto何fthe秀resear菌chfoc倒useso椒ntheo毛retica透lcons厭iderat尋ionsa鋪ndtes恩tdesi段gn.I達(dá)tisd穿etermi引nedth型atACI束desig譯nequa忠tions見areov蘋erlyc湯onserv對(duì)ative萍andne益wdesi攻gnequ出ations撥arep紛resent披edfor森circu邁laror吩recta根ngular光colum價(jià)nsin從needo營(yíng)fshea使renha蛙ncemen弊t.Th授eseco序ndpar紅toft嘩heres爪earch句focuse醬sont您heact尸ualte箏sting工ofthe斃colum豎nsdes江igned炒accord衫ingto商thep紛ropose竹dequa惰tions.派Iti傅sconc映luded千thats只teelj舉ackets杏signi貫ficant董lyinc荒rease風(fēng)thesh尾earst暴rength食and跡唇flexur活alduc駕tility蝶ofsh侍earde蕉ficien想tcolu共mns,w幅hichi暫sshow扭ninT雄able2懲.1.S耽pecime漏nswit保hanA淹area陵s-buil密tcolu降mnsan媽danR鑒repre族sents嘉retrof干itted背column窗s.課Furthe表rrese華archp眉erform笛edby仆Shams韻andSa聞adeghv零aziri侵(1997)盤deter杏mines救severa共lneed者sfor懶resear那chint鵝oconc蝴rete-f儲(chǔ)illed符steel麥tubes草(CFT).銅Iti勸sconc襪luded伍thatt熔heult鉤imate支streng猜thof鵝CF火T辮’進(jìn)sisn京otacc渡uratel瞧ypred些icted獲andth龜econf啄inemen需tbene零fitsn欲eedto昨beac壁counte刻dfor.切Addi傭tional鴿ly,th燙erese訪archi富nclude型saxia跨lcomp唯ressio嚼ntest渾sperf正ormed臭oncir血cular芳andre硬ctangu和larCF按Tspec略imens,球shown送in具Figure助2.11.酸Iti殘ssugg豈ested悄thatf年urther號(hào)resea任rchis累neede黨dtoa減ccurat辜elyun主dersta敏ndthe筒bond犯betwee秀nthe維steel被andco廊ncrete情,duct業(yè)ility謹(jǐn)enhanc集ement,館andt膊oprov蓄idea士newde區(qū)signm駝ethod.繪Abouta需haet德al.(1男999)u脅sesva店rious袖types牽ofrec狠tangul物arste鄉(xiāng)eljac短ketst藏ostre幅ngthen曠concr遭eteco廣lumns.維Thin眾steel單plate囑sare劉alsou飲sedto扒measu訓(xùn)rethe踏confi觸nement連ands慣trengt葬hening襲ofth蚊inpla貫tesus土edwit師hlarg征ecolu虧mns.截There陣search緩shows閱that評(píng)event窄h(huán)inst風(fēng)eelja肅ckets悉areef朵fectiv閑efor面streng慎thenin垂grein擴(kuò)forced憶concr銹eteco恨lumns.常The詞steel熟jacket伏sappl校iedin縣clude綱fulla績(jī)ndpar旨tials視teelj政ackets濁,whic喬hdon兄otful患lyenc御ompass所thee毀ntire聲r(shí)etrof遠(yuǎn)itted貸member鑼.Bot捐hjack比etsen余hance宣thedu頁ctilit屋yand狡streng橫thof糾theme仇mbers.毅Addi伏tional芽ly,pa四rtiall番ystif宋fened電steel右jacket塌sare紫propos突edby徒Xiaoa榮ndWu驟(鏟2003a襯)toe亡nhance怕stren抹gthan旱dduct匆ility攪forsq票uareo膊rrect念angula逼rcolu薦mns.樸Zhang歷etal.殊(1999被)appl許iesst博eelja沸cketr王etrofi塔tmeas隸urest松ypical符lyuse匹dfor錄single倘colum昌ns,to頭multi獻(xiàn)column匪bridg順eappl逝icatio沙ns.T近heret蘋rofitt惡edbri愛dgest刃ructur臥eisc有ompare央dtoa源nunre奏trofit理tedbr呈idges松tructu咳reund欺eras旺imulat借edsei貢smicl忽oadus聲inga則dynami礎(chǔ)cbrid孟geana故lysis例progra渾m.軟題FRP符Jacke屈ting呼Fiber圓reinfo況rcedp央olymer繞(FRP)琴confi女nement敞canb樹eprov紙idedu夾sings蜂everal旗compo此sitem適ateria于lsinc皺luding間fiber她glass,副carbo拉nfibe備r,and論Kevla央rbond炕edto愚theco論nfined上concr傻etesu毀rface蹄using高epoxy禮(Pries意tleye襪tal.效1996).隆Weig歷htand寨cross趣-secti厲onof艷there促trofit霸tedme臣mbera怕renot斷signi誕ficant金lyaff搖ected扛withF膊RPjac么kets.鴉FRPj緣ackets扎arem呆ostap貝plicab加lefor儉circu蛇larco代lumns,國(guó)asst墨ressc紛oncent含ration宋scan能develo繪pint愚heFRP塘wrap窯around技thec找orners偽ofsq名uareo房rrect幫angula動(dòng)rcros亭s-sect侍ions.溪FRPj樂ackets助canb謠eused判forr塞ectang凈ularo載rothe報(bào)rshap狠edmem稱bers,棋ifsha豈pemod休ificat兩ionis率perfo模rmedt春oprev吩entst疑ress遼坦concen貴tratio外nsfro德mdeve擾loping榴.Two礙types話ofFR吩Pretr敢ofits,燭wraps意andp遞refabr碑icated幸compo叢sitej暖ackets淡,are庭typica墳llyut廈ilized罪.踢質(zhì).1FR咐PWrap踢s猶FRPwr劈apsha常vesev看eralb翠enefit滑sincl紡uding清highs蓄trengt晴h,lig路htwei眉ght,r污esista采nceto重corro局sion,泰lowco沸st,an災(zāi)dvers凝atilit尊y(Saa便datman置eshet仔al.1瞞997).以FRP團(tuán)wrappi脅ngis片perfor若medby族first而clean胃ingth趨esurf閃aceof芽them妹ember喊tobe黃retrof換itted.外Epox峰yorr掀esini療sthen閑used鼓toatt沖achth狡eflex對(duì)ibleF猛RPfab件ricto栗thes岡urface騾ofth進(jìn)ememb側(cè)erto異beret權(quán)rofitt沙ed.Th貍efabr瀉iccan泳beap壟plied穿dry,b厲utthe伏prefe沫rredm羅ethod新isto犧soakt巨hefab悉ricin蠢epoxy擇befor嗽eappl手icatio督ntoa平llowf坑orbet來terco菜hesion架with遺thesu朋rface暖ofthe鵝membe災(zāi)rtob鑼eretr權(quán)ofitte爆d.Th憤efabr柏icis親thens基moothe謹(jǐn)dout習(xí)toens部ureno娃airp尚ockets待exist他ande雷xtrae正poxyi暮ssque矛ezedo切utthe廢sides擇.An腔ewlay構(gòu)erof和epoxy比should索beap銹plied坦betwee紐neach駕layer贏offa甩brica陜ndaf宰inall順ayero克fepox黎yont養(yǎng)heout吃ermost蛋surfa底ceof漲thefa混bric.貨Thew來rapsh寫ouldt短henbe從allow勺edto霧curea芹tambi僑entte潮mperat更ures.懲Saadat券manesh慘etal拼.(199急7)app鳥liesF尿RPwra寄psto仔repair燭sever著elyda辦maged掛reinfo鹿rcedc瑞oncret牢ecolu托mns.甘Critic至allys疼tresse幕dregi良o(jì)nsne懲arthe贏colum蘇nfoot宮ingjo宏intar趨erepa心iredw繞ithFR易Pwrap節(jié).It坐isevi叔dentf摸romth免eresu幻ltsth緒atFRP騾compo容sitew桃rapse晉ffecti略velyr粱estore籌flexu走ralst右rength毅andd對(duì)uctili護(hù)tyin貨damage酒dcolu懼mns.薯Simila總rly,G展ergely陵etal篩.(199巡8)use柄scarb騎onFRP籌wrap直totes蛛tthe陡perfor捐mance島enhanc狡ement虛ofrei顏nforce餃dconc保retec售apbea腹msand鉛capb腫eam-co膝lumnj選oints.喉The玻resear嚷chsho勾wstha澇tFRP昏wraps忠cansi靜gnific旁antly憲increa獻(xiàn)sethe娃shear醫(yī)capac恐ityan兵dduct請(qǐng)ility除ofcap農(nóng)beams遵andc屑apbea飼m-colu培mnjoi澇nts.節(jié)Hadi(飛2003)趨perfor租mssim庸ilart結(jié)estso飾nconc狠reteb服eamsa扭ndcon墻cludes昏that砍FRP式驢wraps北contri層butet嘗othe縮loadc體arryin算gcapa晉city,您aswel麻lasf耳lexura材lstre庫ngth,忘ofrei動(dòng)nforce期dconc忙reteb鬧eams.講Addit溪ional對(duì)layers敗ofFR脫P(yáng)resu勒ltin尊increa攝sedfl滾exural輕stren赴gth.扇Xiaoa悅ndWu婦(2003b盾)perf咬orma鋸compre蒙hensiv軟erese核archp譯rogram便tost徹udyth堂ebeha糕vioro糖fconc智retec疲onfine耽dbyv旺arious匹types繼ofFR頑Pwrap賞s.Ca卡rbonf嫌ibera辦swell皇asE-共glass妨wraps欺arein歪vestig精ated.掩Them映ethods衫ofap勵(lì)plicat棚ionva區(qū)rybet農(nóng)weeni鴉nsitu妖(hand背layup累)and斧machin麥e-woun摔dappl糾icatio錄n.Ag煮ain,i疾tisd照etermi音nedth播atFRP盤compo怪sitej田ackets塑signi鞠ficant澆lyinc能rease到thest似rength堡andd證uctili堵tyof晨concre慶te.顆瓶.2Pr范efabri鳥cated隊(duì)FRPCo及mposit仆ePlat賽es嚷FRPco偵mposit支eplat病esare洗typic食allys棗hells京thata附repre低fabric地atedi殘naqu充ality-條contro數(shù)llede洪nviron善mentp每riort魄ofiel支dappl精icatio摸n.Pr肢efabri腿cated冠FRPpl她atesa摩reuse鬼dtoa僵voidt射hespe毅ciala盲ttenti坑onnee哄dedto于assur鍬ethat嘩on-si班tequa假lityc啊ontrol武andc援uring茫condit梳ionsa衡restr偽ictly赴enforc修ed(Xi點(diǎn)aoand什Ma19嫂97).界Fiber欲reinfo伴rcemen握tis籍combin診edwit膽hresi歡nand釘allowe記dtoc浸urein似thed蛋esired蝴dimen市sions,胳which息creat搜esas嶺hell.捎Shell能sare康either消fabri懷cated累contin緣uously堆tofo盲rmam深ultila藥yerro滅llor乒cutin亞toind彼ividua賺lsing俗le-lay魂ercyl甩indric煮alshe泛llswi鳳thal堅(jiān)ongitu藥dinal亂slitf啊oreac品hlaye忌r.Af征tercu僑ring,嘉thesh塑ellsa捉reope航nedan會(huì)dclam芽pedar閘oundt聲hecol召umnto雹bere揭trofit桃ted.絨Adhesi拴ve,or唱epoxy販,ist何henap拳plied孔tobon杯dthe胃shells恨toth瘋ecolu賣mnsur糠face.率Addit粱ional而adhesi路veis炊applie挨dbetw俱eenea余chshe蝴lllay宅erals伙o.Sl垮itsof定thei擱ndivid封ualla體yersa籃resta魚ggered秘toav召oida系concen雅trated塵weakn翅ess(X西iaoet小al.1心999).辯Xiaoa賀ndMa持(1997)敬usep逆refabr鈴icated恥glass份fiber腦shell組stor累epair器full-s指ize,d雪amaged儉,啟火“街asbui迫l害t灶”園colum挨ns.T越he些逮“慚asbui味l墨t流”街colum西nsare乖initi冤allyf扣ailed凳andth梳enret賽ested誦after救there般trofit桃isap課plied.暫Figu上re2.1眠2disp脂layst讓hetes及tset-稱upuse窯dtol求oadth嘉eretr肯ofitte蹈dcolu饑mns.促Thepr而efabri悠cated軋jacket附syste觀mdela深yscol譯umnfa墳ilure移byimp捆roving右theh鋒ystere獅ticre纏sponse鍋andi六ncreas泛ingth個(gè)educt肚ility態(tài)ofthe東retro溜fitted甘speci曾mens.方Xiao柔etal.瞇(1999醉)cont升inuet疏hisre蜜search獸ofpr膜efabri茫cated喚FRPpl深atesb暈ytest擦ingpl漿atesi搬ndivid丸ually礙cured嫌andpl調(diào)atesc柿uredt件ogethe捕rasa拔conti眼nuous卵system敢.She宏arand脫ducti歷lityi橡mprove旋menta面rever預(yù)ified沒forbo慌thmet晌hods,駁andli叫ttlea倍ppreci堅(jiān)abled濁iffere遵nceis帥notic報(bào)edbet狡weent招hetwo幣syste局ms.似Additi旗onalr牌esearc眾hisp暴erform諒edby浩Shahro旦ozand暈Boy(綠2004)饅tostr幸engthe得nbrid憂gespa茄nswit乒hFRP軍plates摘.The通prefa粉bricat折edpla罪tesar蓄ecomp龍aredw太ithFR昌Pfabr逗ic,as乎shown壘inFi奶gure2午.13.醬Tests遺arepe沒rforme租dtod想etermi進(jìn)nethe孝effec臨tivene腳ssof捏thesy雨stems謝shortl疲yafte踏rinst炊allati曬onand桑again遵ayea役rlate開r.Ef撥fectiv損eness蒼ofthe此FRPd葛idnot遇chang云eint服he屆店oneye塊artim肅eperi拴od.B卷othFR舅Pretr獵ofits抽aresu顏ccessf尾ulin屆increa拒singt連heloa困dcarr盟yingc典apacit漲yoft浸hebri外dgean定dthe蔥stiffn避ess拔.繩Allre吩trofit攜metho徐dsdis跡cussed竄ares企hownt終oincr勞easem廢ember子streng偷thand蝴confi沃nement謠.The泄discus搭sedme師thods郊haveb傾eenpr臉evious瞎lytes癥tedas鞠retro月fitsf橡orrei雖nforce戲dconc要retec革olumns棄.The臭useo攀fPCS攻asrei凱nforce犁mentf算orcon估crete藍(lán)jacket單shas需notpr政evious蟻lybee狠ntest島ed.S僵everal眨aspec頑tscon拆sidere炸dine勻valuat犬ingre勇trofit烏optio管nsinc地ludea艘pplica落tion,鍵confin貨ement,時(shí)cost,禾type盟offai蛇lure,墻bond,完andco捷nstruc參tiont鼓ime.深2.4.1歉A引pplica唯tion府Applic磚ation驕variab也lesar設(shè)efurt朋herdi過vided孤intos駝everal離facto互rstha犬tcoul投dassi籌stin賊determ迎ining但thety占peof睛retrof疫itto種use.第These與factor忌sincl移udeco美nstruc跨tiont完ime,c蔽onstru施ction四diffic吉ulty,甘andcu哭r(nóng)ing.春婦.1Co盤nstruc槍tionT仿ime索Timer己equire鑄dfor者concre脊tejac宿keting猛isde待penden字tupon扣thet匙ypeof盒reinf聾orceme勁ntuse協(xié)d.Set錦tingu括pform夠work,各creati夾ngor伙settin歲gupr堆einfor符cement希,pour吼ingco梯ncrete錘,and伏c(diǎn)uring腿ofth險(xiǎn)econc怒retea好llcon掃tribut腹etot訊hetim崇erequ珠iredf摔orthi少sretr掩ofitti厘ng.P察CSand雀welde葛dwire部fabri復(fù)c(WWF歲)redu怨cecon仆struct沈ionti畢mebec招auseb奉othar剛eprod貴ucedo地ff-sit彎e.Th舅etime屋requi逼redto波produ顏cePCS臣reinf臘orceme品ntis圖depend訪enton相them旅ethod蜘usedt減ocrea零tethe信holes繭.WWF武isma愛sspro銳duced桿andre年adily喂availa咱bleon究them掃arket.井Some憑weldi岡ngmay蠶bere拔quired頃forb宿othPC槳Sand識(shí)WWFto棒enclo洽sethe厭membe葬rtob盞eretr脈ofitte千d.Re噴barca補(bǔ)gepro逢ductio鏈nisv后eryti綱me-con餅suming岸wheth罪erpro臨duced魯off-si蛾teor嗎inthe閉field苦.Plac拐ement竊ofthe淋trans副verse蘋reinfo鑰rcemen任tarou鉤ndthe禾membe揮rtob禾eretr片ofitte采disa想若length棵yproc帶essif掏mecha彼nical杯means再arene幅cessar游ytop碗roperl償yposi野tiont閥herei脖nforce鋤ment.默Steel奸jacket荒srequ解ireli湯ttles級(jí)et-up育time.閃Nofo剖rmwork斬isne柄ededb搏ecause俗thet灌ubese從rvesa邁sform炒work.木Littl達(dá)efabr耗icatio祥nand境field撐timea笑renee慧dedfo豈rthe潤(rùn)retrof雀it.S組omefi填eldwe界lding陜maybe株requi凝redto糞enclo托sethe燈membe蒸rtob竊eretr層ofitte雅d.Po習(xí)uring勸ofthe佩concr助ete,o南rgrou狼t,doe辭snot郊requir栗esign裁ifican奴ttime廳.蹲FRPja臭ckets除requir持eprep籃aratio朝noft食hesur墨facet巧ober煮etrofi縫tted.她Forc呆ircula盒rsect往ions,消thist話imeis辦minim唱al.T褲hesur志faceo乖fthe返member聽isth翼orough初lycle拜aned,愁andin處some央cases,劑rough奮enedw欄itha穿diskg學(xué)rinder膽.For不recta冷ngular束secti羅ons,a辭llcor追nerso攀rprot踏ruding舌edges斯must稠besmo福othed沒which術(shù)could暑requir徐eaddi彈tional傾time.證Ift注herec樸tangul蓮arcro偶ss-sec壇tioni塵stob周ealte要redto隊(duì)anel脖liptic雙alsha鏡pe,si芝gnific頌antti被mecou斜ldbe擾requir掀edfor耍formw欄orkse亮t-up,葛concre享tepou善ring,唱andcu食ring.狼Actual角appli絨cation當(dāng)ofth鞏emate淚riald經(jīng)oesno剝ttake仇long,旨asth惕emate秒riali酸sappl闊ieddi雨rectly習(xí)toth煮eprep叔areds繳urface咬.Clo魚sesup洋ervisi繪onis胳requir漫edthr婆oughou仿tcuri鳳ngto艘ensure草that張slidin其gors壇lippin權(quán)goft燕hemat館erial螞doesn曾otocc卡ur.I介fpref柳abrica度tedco仰mposit花eplat虜esare帆used,艱addit脆ional狡timei咽srequ蒼iredf梯orpro乓ductio需nand準(zhǔn)curing蚊ofth才eplat牛es.醒唯.2Co花nstruc潑tionD伍ifficu寇lty雀Theco決nstruc委tions聽equenc壞efor編concre溫tejac鼓ketco護(hù)nstruc登tionc戰(zhàn)anbe穴divide釘dinto探畜three相parts:岔form趣work,暗reinfo沒rcemen當(dāng)tappl龜icatio做n,and粱concr殊eteca廣sting.臺(tái)Form厭worki眾ssimi起larfo僻rall袖concre抄tejac斑keting潮regar慧dless咬ofthe屆type慌ofrei荒nforce送ment.扇Diffi患culty爺incon膀crete邪收castin良gisa索funct桐ionof與thet育ypeof妙membe滅rbein姿gretr誼ofitte掃dand鼓spacin陵goft月herei局nforce典ment.庭Close膏l(xiāng)yspa也cedre劑inforc呆ement繭restri糖ctsth蘇eflow長(zhǎng)ofco島ncrete奇andc交reates幟addit諸ional蜜workt裕oensu謎rethe徹concr勸eteis襯prope怎rlydi職stribu鬼tedth燃rougho雙utthe柿membe走r.Pro增percl各earanc閥esall副owcon決crete狼toflo愈wfree抬lythr濤oughr及ebarc掀agesa爐ndWWF何reinf嶄orceme占nt.P腸CSres盆tricts徑concr垂etefl派owmor鹿ebeca值useth靈erein貨forcem和entpr蘆ovided遮ispl郵anar,絮sothe框surfa歷ceare葉aconf燒ining唯theco蘿ncrete雞isgr駁eater.棒Ifp悉roper祝cleara煌ncesa盲repro怠vided,邁concr臣etefl衰owis宋nota到proble旋m.Sh洽otcret由e,or億thesp塵raying禮oflo舞w-slum病pconc咱rete,渣isan蝦applic殿ation莊thatc惑ouldp臉ossibl麥y(cè)redu剛cethe筒need氣forfo屋rmwork辦.Rein筋forcem鏈entap辱plicat周ionis勉afac站torsi害gnific告antly辜affect進(jìn)edby嫂thety而peof記reinfo互rcemen損tused裂inth衣econc新retej掘acket.但WWF驚canea考silyb發(fā)eplac委edaro加undth訂ememb恰erto尺beret筐rofitt弊edand杰then響welded孟orti柿edto插create訓(xùn)thed鄙esired守cage.內(nèi)Smal量lgaug羊ewire肥sare喚easily撤manip緞ulated飛toth杏edesi勢(shì)redsh棉ape.刃Iflar可geamo則untso親frein贈(zèng)forcem瘡entar橋eneed摔ed,WW研Fwoul耽dbes祖pecial幫lypro裙duced,競(jìng)orma受ynot竹beav檢iable網(wǎng)option雨atal昌l.Ci易rcular鋒PCSc吼anbe父placed形intw極oC-se含ctions野andt不henwe湖ldedt菜osurr晌oundt器hemem滔ber.榮Placem陸entof種hoop冰orspi挨ralre喘barre場(chǎng)inforc牽ement捧around撓anex申isting工membe宜risa漲diffi純culta器ndtim描econs患uming溫proces譯sasm授echani盼calme憑ansma羞yben票ecessa孩ryto押bendt唯herei欣nforce至menti刃ntopl拿ace.掛Hoopr何einfor君cement萄canb機(jī)elap僑splice楚dorw爭(zhēng)elded浴astwo仆C-sha療pes,b途utthi萌sisa辟lsoa棚time-c逗onsumi寶ngpro沫cess.股Steel趕jacket洲srequ澆ireth廁etwo喉halves谷ofth層etube表tobe轉(zhuǎn)welde圣dtoge收thert永oenco狹mpass棄theme尾mber.支Nofo先rmwork解isre耽quired勵(lì)andt音herea持reno榮cleara不nceis神suesb米ecause莊thec藥oncret怕eisc春ontain玻edwit唐hinth蒸etube隨.配Nofor它mwork虹orext莖racon泉crete催isreq就uired嘗forFR語Pretr古ofitti酸ngtyp棕ically燒