經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁眉頁腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡(luò)整理，如有侵權(quán)，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝！Task6-1Nowlistentoapartofatalkinanimmunologyclass.Intoday’sclass,wearegoingtotalkaboutthehumanbody’simmunesystem.First,letmetellyouthatourbodies’immunesystemhastwostagesofeffects.Thefirststageistheantibioticstage.Itisourbodies’“firstlineofdefense.”Thisstagehelpstopreventgermsfromgettingintohumansbody.Letmegiveyouanexample.Ourskinisaperfectshield.Itisourfirstlineofdefense.Wegetlotsofgermsanddustfromthesurroundingenvironmenteveryday,butmostofthosegermsanddustdonotenterourbodiesattheend.Why?Itisbecauseourskinspreventthemfromenteringintoourbodies.Although,wehaveourskinsactedasourshields,butsomegermsstillgettopassthemandenterourbodies.Atthistime,weneedtoreactivatethesecondstageofourbodies’immunesystem.Thesecondstageofhumansimmunesystemisthemechanicalremovalstage.Thisstagehelpstoforcetheharmfulgermsoutofthehumanbody.Forinstances,whensomeonesneezes,themechanicalremovalstageisactuallyworking.Itactstopushout”thegermsanddustfromthepersonsnoseaftertheyarenotsuccessfullybeingblockedawaybythenosesskin.Therefore,themechanicalremovalstagefurtherhelpsthehumanbodytocleanawaymoredustandgerms.Question:Usingpointsandexamplesfromthelecture,explainthetwotypesofstagesofhumanbodysimmunesystem.Task6-2Nowlistentoapartofatalkinanmarketingclass.In’sclass,wearegoingtotalkabouttheimportanceofthelookoftheproductscontainer.Thereareafewfactorsconsumersusuallyconsiderwhentheymaketheirpurchases.Oneofthoseimportantfactorsistheproductslook.Consumersliketopurchasegood-lookingproductstoputintheirhomes.Inordertoappealtomoreconsumers,businessescanimprovethedesignoftheirproducts’containers.Thereareusuallytwowaystodoit.Thefirstwayistomakethecontainerasuser-friendlyaspossibletotheconsumers.Forexample,ketchupwasoriginallypackedinaglasscan.Consumershadtofirstremoveitslidtouseit.And,itwasveryinconvenient.Later,theproducerchangedthescontainerfromtheglasscantotheplasticbottle.Thischangemadethecontainermoreflexible.Consumerscanjustsqueezetheketchupoutfromitsbottle.Itisveryeasytouseit.Thesecondwayabusinesscandotoimprovethedesignofitsslookistomakethecontainerlooknice.Forexample:cookiecompaniesusuallydecoratetheirmetalcookieboxeswithbeautifulpictures.Afterconsumersbuythecookies,theyusuallytakethemouttoservetheguestswhentheyhavevisitors.Andgoodlookingboxesaremoreappealingtotheirguests.Therefore,consumersaremoreinclinedtobuythecookieswithnicelookingboxes.Question:Usingpointsandexamplesfromthelecture,explainthetwowayswhichabusinessusestoimprovethedesignofitsproductscontainers.Task6-3Nowlistentoapartofatalkinanagriculturerelatedclass.Today,wearegoingtotalkaboutthesoilerosion.Whatissoilerosion?Farmersplantcropsontheslopesofmountainsandhills.Whenitrains,thenitrogenfromthesoilstoplayeriswashedawaybytherain.Itbecomesaproblem.Therearetwomethodstopreventsoilerosion.Thefirstmethodistoplanttwotypesofcropsinanalternatingfashion.Itistoplantonetypeofcropatthefirstrow,andthenplantheothertypeatthesecondrow,andthenswitchbacktothefirsttypeatthethirdrow,andthesecondtype,andonandon.Letmeexplaintheadvantageofthismethod.Cropsrootscanholdonthesoil.And,whenitrains,thesoilwillnotbewashedawaybecauseoftheholdingoftheroots.Plantingtwotypesofplantsinalternatingrowsmakessurethattherootsofthetwoplantscancontinueholdingonthesoilthroughouttheyearbecausethetwoplantshavedifferentharvestingseasons.Thesecondmethodpeoplecanusetopreventthesoilerosionistoreducetheeffectoftheraintothesoil.Whenitrains,ifwecantakesomeprecautionstomaketherainwashthesoilinaslowerorlessforcefulfashion,thesoilwilllesslikelytobewashedaway.Question:Usingpointsandexamplesfromthelecture,explainthetwomethodsafarmercanusetopreventsoilerosion.Task6-4Nowlistentoapartofatalkinanagriculturerelatedclass.In’sclass,wearegoingtotalkaboutthedisadvantagesofirrigation.Mainly,irrigationhastwodisadvantages.First,toomuchirrigationcausestheincreaseofthe’diseasesandfungiamount.Whenwekeepirrigatingthecrops,wemaygivethemtoomuchwaterthantheyneed.Whenithappens,thesoilwillbeverywet.Awetsoilconditionislikelytocausethegrowthofdiseasesandfungi.Itcanbedisastroustothecrops.Sowehavetobeverycarefulwhenwedotheirrigation.Onlygivethemtherightamountofwater,donotover-doit.Second,wehavetopayattentiontothesoilssaltlevel,becausehighsaltlevelhasnegativeimpactonthecrops’growth.Somewatercontainshighamountofsalt.Whentheirrigationfirststarts,itisyetaproblem.However,afteralongperiodoftime,thelevelofsaltinthesoilwillincrease.Whenitreachesacertainamount,itwillaffectthenormalgrowthofthecrops.So,wewillhavetobecarefulaboutthelevelofthesaltinthesoilaswell.Question:Usingpointsandexamplesfromthelecture,explainthetwodisadvantagesirrigationcauses.Task6-5Nowlistentoapartofatalkinazoologyclass.In’sclass,wearegoingtotalkabouthowlandanimalsdealwiththeproblemofunabletobreathunderwater.Thereareusuallytwowaystodealwiththisproblem.First,landanimalsusuallyslowdowntheirbodyfunctionsastheyexperiencethelackofoxygen.Thereasonforsuchreactionisthatdoingactivitiescostoxygen.Inanotherwords,themoretheymove,themoreoxygentheyuse.However,ifthoseanimalsreducetherateoftheirheartbeatsandmakelessamountofmovements,theywillneedlessamountofoxygen.Letmegiveyouanexample.Atypeofreptileanimalstaysstillwhentheypreyunderwater.Theyusuallywaitforalongtimeforthefishestocomeclose.Whenthefishescome,theywillsuddenlymakethekill.Bystayingstillunderwaterforalongtime,reptilesreducetherateoftheirheartbeatsandconservemoreoxygen.Thesecondmethodlandanimalsdotocopewiththeproblemofunabletobreathunderwateristominimizetheirtimeunderwater.Forexample:Atypeofbrownbirdalwaysfliesincirclesabovethewater.Oncetheyfindtheirprey,theywillquicklydiveintothewatertocatchthefish.And,theyhaveverysensibleeardrumswhichcansensethewaterpressure,sotheycannotgotoofarinthewater.Therefore,theyareunlikelytostayunderthewaterfortoolong.Asaresult,theyhavelessproblemswiththelackofoxygen.Question:Usingpointsandexamplesfromthelecture,explainthetwowaystodealwiththeproblemofunabletobreatheunderwater.Task6-6Nowlistentoapartofatalkinazoologyclass.In’sclass,wearegoingtotalkabouthowanimalsusetheirorganstodigestthegrass.Generally,theyusuallyusetwomethodstodigestgrass.Thefirstmethodisthephysicalmethod.And,thesecondmethodisthechemicalmethod.Letmeexplaintoyouthetwomethodsindetail.Thefirstmethodisthephysicalmethod.Itisquitesimpletounderstandthismethod.Animalsusetheirdigestionorganstophysicallyprocessthegrasstheyfeedon.Toexplainthisprocess,letmegiveyouanexample.Rabbitscutgrasseasilywiththeirflatbooth.Thecutactiononlyinvolveswiththeteeth,therefore,itisapurephysicalaction.So,wecallitthephysicalmethod.Thesecondmethodanimalsusetodigestgrassisthechemicalmethod.Thismethodisalsoeasytounderstand.Itistousethechemicalelementstoprocessthegrass.Letmegiveyoutheexample.Forinstance:cowsstoreanddigestgrasswiththeirlargestomachs.Cowsdonotcutgrasstodigestthegrass.Rather,theyswallowthegrass.Andthen,theyusethechemicalsecretionfromtheirstomachstodigestthegrass.Whatcowsdowiththegrassisnotthroughaphysicalway.Itisapurechemicalprocess.Therefore,wesaythatthecowsusethechemicalmethodtodigestthegrass.Question:Usingpointsandexamplesfromthelecture,explainthetwomethodsanimalsusetodigestgrass.Task6-7Nowlistentoapartofatalkinazoologyclass.In’sclass,wearegoingtotalkaboutthesocialinteractionsamonganimalslivingingroups.Therearetwotypesofsocialinteractions.Thefirsttypeiscalledthecomplexsocialinteraction.Forsomeanimals,whentheyliveingroups,theyhavealotofinteractionsamongthemselves.Letmegiveyouanexample.Iwillpicktheelephanttodemonstratethistypeofsocialinteraction.Whenanelephantissickorwounded,othermembersofthegroupwilltakecareofthesickorwoundedelephant.Theywillgetfoodandwaterforit.And,theywillevennurseitsbabies.Thistypeofbehaviorsiscalledcomplexsocialinteraction.Thesecondtypeofsocialinteractionisthesimplesocialinteraction.Forthoseanimalslivingingroup,theydonotformastrongbondamongthemselves.And,theydonothelpeachother.Theonlypurposeforthemtostaytogetheristogoagainsttheintrudersorpredators,sotheycansurvive.Todemonstratethistypeofsocialinteraction,Iwillusethefishesasmyexample.Inthesea,thefishesaregroupedtogether.But,thereisnocommunicationsamongthem.And,theycannotevenrecognizeeachother,notmentioningtakingcareofeachotherliketheelephants.Theystaytogethertopreventtheattackoftheirpredators.Thistypeofbehavioramongfishesiscalledthesimplesocialinteraction.Question:Usingpointsandexamplesfromthelecture,explainthetwotypesofsocialinteractionsamonganimalslivingingroups.Task6-8Nowlistentoapartofatalkinamarketingclass.In’sclass,wearegoingtotalkabouthowtoimprovethemarketingeffectsforacertainservice.Therearemainlytwotypesofmethodspeopleusetoimprovetheirmarketingeffects.Thefirstmethodisthetestimonialmethod.Andthesecondmethodisthecomparisonmethod.Letmetalkaboutthefirstmethodnow.Hereisanexample.Ihaveafriend.Hewantedtodothepaintworkforhispotentialcustomers,buthedidnotgetmuchbusiness.However,oneday,someonesaidthathispaintingwasnotonlygoodbutalsolast–lasting.Afterthat,hegotmoreandmorecustomers.Theywenttohimbecauseofthewordsofmouth.”And,thistypeofmarketingmethodiscalledthetestimonialmethod.Thesecondmethodisthecomparisonmethod.Itistocomparetheeffectsoftwodifferentservices.Andtheresultattractsthecustomerstocomefortheservice.Todemonstratethistypeofmarketingmethod,letmealsomakemyfriendastheexample.Ifhegiveshispotentialcustomersphotosorpicturesaboutthedifferentresultsofhispaintingandotherspainting.Afterthecustomersseethedifference,theyareinterested.And,theybecomehiscustomers.Itiscalledthecomparisonmethod.Whenabusinessorindividualattractspotentialcustomersbycomparingthedifferentresultsofservices,itiscalledthecomparisonmethod.Question:Usingpointsandexamplesfromthelecture,explainthetwotypesofmethodspeopleusetoimprovetheirmarketingeffects.Task6-9Nowlistentoapartofatalkinageologyclass.In’sclass,wearegoingtotalkabouttheweathering.Itisthechangeoftherocksduetotheeffectsofthechangeoftheweatherandenvironment.Weatheringusuallyoccursin2ways.Onetypeofweatheringiscausedbytherainwater.Theothertypeofweatheringiscausedbytheplantgrowth.Letmestartwiththeonecausedbytherainwaterfirst.Rainwaterseepsintohugerocksthroughsmallopenings.Afteraperiodoftime,whentemperaturedrops,waterwillfreezeintoice.And,thewatervolumewillgetbigger.Asaresult,thesmallopeningswillgetlargeraswell.Afterseveralrepetitionsofthiscycle,smallopeningswillgetlargerandlarger.Finally,thehugerockswillbebrokenintosmallpieces.Thesecondmethodinwhichtheweatheringoccursisbytheplantgrowth.Ithappenswhentheplantseedsareblownintothesmallopenings.Afteracertainperiodoftime,astheplantsgrow,theirrootsextenddeeplyintotherockstoabsorbmorewaterandnutrition.And,astherootsgrowthickerandthicker,thesmallopeningsbecomelargerandlargerasaresult.Finally,therockswillbecrackedintosmallpiecesbythegrowingroots.And,thistypeofweatheringisduetotheplantgrowth.Question:Usingpointsandexamplesfromthelecture,explainthetwowaysinwhichweatheringoccurs.Task6-11aaaIaaaatTASK6-12aaa’aTask6-13aaaaaaa3Task6-14aaaa’sataTask6-15aaaaaaaaaaTask6-16aaaaaaTask6-17aaaaaaaaaaTask6-18aaaTask6-19aaaaa.aaTask6-20aaInthisquestion,youwilllistentopartofalecture.Youwillthenbeaskedtosummarizeimportantinformationfromthelecture.Afteryouhearthequestion,youwillhave20secondstoprepareyourresponseand60secondstospeak.Professor:Inordertomaintaingroupunity,socialanimalsdisplaytwokindsofbehavior.First,theydisplayawarningorthreatening.Butthiskindofbehaviordoesnotaffecteachother.Onthehand,ithelpstoprotecteachother.Forexample,iftwogorillashaveseenfoodatthesametime,oneofthemwantstoeatitandtheotherwantstogetclosertoo.Thentheonethatgetsfirstwillbeverythreateningbystaringattheother,pretendingtoattackandtryingtoscareawaytheother.Bydoingso,aphysicalfightcouldbeavoided.Second,gorillaswilldisplayfriendlybehavior.Iftwogorillasreallygetinvolvedinafight,theywouldhugeachotherafterthefightandtheywouldsendfriendlynoisetoshowfriendliness.Inthisway,theycangetalongwellinonegroup.Gorillasarethelargestoftheprimates.Theyareground-dwellingandpredominantlyherbivorous.TheyinhabittheforestsofcentralAfrica.Gorillasaredividedintotwospeciesand(stillunderdebateasof2008)eitherfourorfivesubspecies.TheDNAofgorillasishighlysimilartothatofa,between95and99%dependingonwhatiscounted,[3]andtheyarethenextclosestlivingrelativestohumansafterthetwochimpanzeespecies.Gorillas'naturalhabitatscovertropicalorsubtropicalforestsin.AlthoughtheirrangecoversasmallpercentageofAfrica,gorillascoverawiderangeofelevations.Usingpointsandexamplesfromthetalk,explainhowanimalslivingagrouplifetomainitsunity.Inthisquestion,youwilllistentopartofalecture.Youwillthenbeaskedtosummarizeimportantinformationfromthelecture.Afteryouhearthequestion,youwillhave20secondstoprepareyourresponseand60secondstospeak.Therearetwobenefitsofplowing.Firstofall,ithelpsthecorpstogetnutritionfromthesoileasily.Forexample,youcanputmanureintothetopofthesurface.Statedbriefly,thepresent-dayplowcutsasliceofearth,turnsthesliceupsidedown,andthencrumblesit.Theplowmaybepulledbyhorsesorbyatractor;beawalkingplowormountedonwheels;beamoldboardploworthedisktype.Inallofthesethepurposeisthesame.Plowingpreparesagranularseedbed,controlsweeds,andturnsundercropresidues,weedsandmanuretorotandaddtotheorganicmatterofthesoil.In,addition,plowinghelpsregulatesoilventilation,moisture,temperature,andmakesplantfoodmorereadilyavailabletotheplantedcrop.Tillageofthelandstartswiththeplow.Second,plowinghelpstopreventweeds.Youcan’lantweedsandcorpsinthesamearea,becauseweedswillgetmostofthenutritionandthecorpswilldie.Theplowofcolonialdayswasaheavyaffairmadeofwoodandwroughtironwithabeamtenfeetlong.Thepointorsharewhichcutsthesoilwasironbutthemoldboardwagofwood,oftencarvedfromatwistedtreetrunk.Ittookseveralteamsofhorsesoroxentopulloneanditneededrepairsoften.Usingpointsandexamplesfromthetalk,explainthebenefitsofplowing.Inthisquestion,youwilllistentopartofalecture.Youwillthenbeaskedtosummarizeimportantinformationfromthelecture.Afteryouhearthequestion,youwillhave20secondstoprepareyourresponseand60secondstospeak.ProfessorAnimalsfightagainsthotordryweatherinordertopreventthemselvesfromthehardweather.Therearetwostrategies.Let’stakesnailsasanexample.Thefirststratethatinthehotweather,itwillhideintheshadowofatree.Ifthegroundistoohot,itwillclimbuponatree.Secondofall,inadryweather,asnailwillstayinitsshellandproduceacertaintypeofliquidtocoveritsownbody.Bydoingso,itcanstaymoisturizeduntilrainydays.Snailslikewetweatherbestbecauseithelpsthemcreatemucus,inhotweathertheycandryout.Thethicknessoftheshellisinrelationtohowmuchcalciumisavailable.Snailswhosedietdoesnothavemuchcalciumusuallyhavethinshells,whicharefragileandcouldbreak.Somostsnailsliveinhabitatswithcalcareoussoilssotheycanbuildstrongershells.Mostsnailsaredextral,whichmeanstheycoiltotheright.Somespeciesl,meaningtheshellcoilstotheleft.Whenthesnailisborn,theshellithasiscalledaprotoconch,fromthiswhorlscoildownwardsoraroundthis.Theedgeoftheshellaroundthemantleiscalledthelip,thisissometimesfoldedoutwhenthesnailisfullygrown.Shellscomeinmanyshapes.Theycanbespherical,Discoidal(Discus),Conical.Mostsnailsareherbivores,eatingplants,fruits,vegetables,fungiandalgae.Theyareagreatpesttogardeners,whouseslugpelletsandotherdetergentstogetridofthem.Slugpelletsareespeciallycruelastheydissolvethesnail.Snailshavewildpredatorstoo,songthrushesbashthesnailonarocktoremovetheshell.Otherpredatorsincluderats,hedgehogsandmoles.Usingpointsandexamplesfromthetalk,explainhowanimalsliveextremeweathers.Inthisquestion,youwilllistentopartofalecture.Youwillthenbeaskedtosummarizeimportantinformationfromthelecture.Afteryouhearthequestion,youwillhave20secondstoprepareyourresponseand60secondstospeak.ProfessorInchoosingalocationofaobservatory,twoofthefollowingfeaturesneedtobeconsidered.First,itshouldbelocatedinadryareathatisbecauseiftheairiswet,thenpeoplecannotobservetheskyclearly.Forexample,itisbettertopickupsomewhereinadesert.Second,therecannotbeanylightpollutionintheplacewheretheobservatorylocated.Forexample,inthecity,thelightsareonevenatnight.Theobservatoryshouldbebuiltfarawayfromthecitywithnocarheadlights.LightpollutionisamajorfactorindeterminingthelocationofanobservatoryandwearefortunatehereintheOkanaganinthatonceoutsideofthevalleybottomtheeffectsoferrantlightdropoffsuddenly.Inchoosingourobservatorylocationwehadtobalancetheneedforpublicaccesswithaminimumoflightexposurefromthenearbyurbanareasandascanbeseenbythelightpollutionmapsbelowafaircompromisewasreached.Themapsgraphicallydisplaytheamountoflightpollutionwiththebrightestareasshownasredanddiminishinglevelstransitioningtoorange,yellow,green,blueandfinallynocoloraddedforareasthatarecompletelydarkforastronomicalpurposes.Usingpointsandexamplesfromthetalk,explainthefeaturesinchoosingthelocationofanobservatory.Task6-25Inthisquestion,youwilllistentopartofalecture.Youwillthenbeaskedtosummarizeimportantinformationfromthelecture.Afteryouhearthequestion,youwillhave20secondstoprepareyourresponseand60secondstospeak.Therearetwobenefitsofplantsshedding.First,itpreventsdamage.Forexample,mapletressshedleaves.Duringthetimeoffall,alltheleavesaregone.Ifnot,inwinterwhenthereisaheavysnow,thesnowfallsontheleavesmayturnintoice.Ifthereistoomuchiceontheleaves,itmightbreakthebranches.Second,sheddingcanpreserveenergy.Forexample,avocadoshedsfruitssothatitcanconserveenoughnutritiontosupportfruitswhichtdropyettomature.Ahealthyplantwouldn'tsheditsleavesinsummer.Descidiousplants(plantsthatdoshedtheirleaves)wouldnormallylosetheminAutumn('TheFall'),inpreparationforWinter.Thisisdoneforvariousreasons:theydon'tservemuchpurpose.Normallytheyareusedforabsorbingthesunslightenergyforphotosynthesis.Inwinter,thesunisn'tstrongenough.Inadditiontothis,thefrostandcoldwoulddamagetheleaves,meaningtheyprobablywouldn'tbeabletothejobanyway.Soratherinvestenergyinmaintainingthem,theylosethem.Alsoinwinter,theclimatehastheeffectofdryingoutleaves.Thismeanstheplantwouldactuallylosewateriftheleaveswerestillinwinter.Usingpointsandexamplesfromthetalk,explainthebenefitsofsheddingoftheplants.Task6-26Inthisquestion,youwilllistentopartofalecture.Youwillthenbeaskedtosummarizeimportantinformationfromthelecture.Afteryouhearthequestion,youwillhave20secondstoprepareyourresponseand60secondstospeak.Duringthetimeofindustrialrevolution,thesteamed-poweredmachineshavebroughtEnglandtwomajorchanges.First,therewasaproductioncentershift,manufacturingcentersmovedfromhomestofactories.Therefore,theproductswillbeproducedwithgoodqualityandhighspeed.Forexample,takeclock-makingasanexample,beforepeoplemadeclocksathomebutlateralltheclocksaremadeinaclockfactoryinashorterperiodoftime.Second,thepopulationshiftinacountryside.Becausefactorieshiredalargenumberofpeopleasemployees,alltheseemployeesliveinafactoryaroundasmallvillage.Therearemoreandmorepeopleinthevillagewhichfinallyturnedvillagesintotownsandcities.Suchgoodsasweremanufacturedcouldbemovedonlywithgreatdifficultyandatgreatexpense.Transportationfacilitieswereverybackward.Onetravelerofthetime,whospeaksofthehighwaysas"mostexecrablyvile,"tellsusthathefoundrutsfourfeetdeep,andthathe"sawthreecartsbreakdowninamileofroad."Suchbeingtheconditionoftheroads,packhorseswerestillthecommonmeansoftransportinggoodstoandfrommarket.Theonlyimprovementbefore1760consistedinthebuildingofafewcanals.Usingpointsandexamplesfromthetalk,explainthemajorchangesintheindustrialrevolution.Inthisquestion,youwilllistentopartofalecture.Youwillthenbeaskedtosummarizeimportantinformationfromthelecture.Afteryouhearthequestion,youwillhave20secondstoprepareyourresponseand60secondstospeak.Theexistenceoflakesisnotpermanent.Thelakeswilldisappearintwoways.Firstofall,wecallitanaturalprocess.Atthebottomofalake,therearemanyplants.Thedeadplantsbecomethesedimentandmud.Thennewplantsgrowinthemud.Whentheydie,theywillsedimentintomudagain.Timeaftertime,thelakewillbefilledwithsediment.Andthereislessroomforwater.Therefore,thelakewilldisappear.Second,thehumanactivitiescauseFarmerspumpwaterfromlakestoirrigatefarmingland.However,ifthereisnotenoughwatersuchasrainfallandstreamwatertoreplenishthelake,itwillfinallydryout.Anaturallakeisafairlylargebodyofwateroccupyinganinlandbasin(low-lyinggeographicarea).Lakescoveronlyabout1percentofthecontinents,andcontainlessthan0.02percentoftheworld'swater,buttheyareimportantecosystemsandmaybesourcesofwatersupplyincertainregions.Lakesareextremelyvariedintermsoforigin,occurrence,size,shape,depth,waterchemistry,andotherfeatures.Lakescanbeonlyafewhectaresinsurfacearea(i.e.,lessthanasquarekilometer),ortheycanbethousandsofsquarekilometers.Theiraveragedepthcanrangefromafewmeterstomorethanathousandmeters.Lakescanbenearlyuniformlyround,ortheycanbeirregularlyshaped.Usingpointsandexamplesfromthetalk,explainthedisappearanceoflakes.Inthisquestion,youwilllistentopartofalecture.Youwillthenbeaskedtosummarizeimportantinformationfromthelecture.Afteryouhearthequestion,youwillhave20secondstoprepareyourresponseand60secondstospeak.Recentresearchshowsthatmotherfemaleanimalsaresupposedtohaverelativestrongermentalabilitythannon-motherfemaleanimals.Monkeysperformmentalmath,pigeonscanselectthepicturethatdoesn'tbelong.Humansmaynotbetheonlyanimalsthatplanforthefuture,sayresearchersreportingonthelateststudiesofanimalmentalability."Isuggestwehumansshouldkeepouregosincheck,"EdwardA.WassermanoftheUniversityofIowasaidThursdayattheannualmeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.Wasserman,aprofessorofexperimentalpsychology,saidthat,likepeople,pigeonsandbaboonswereabletotellwhichpicturesshowedsimilaritems,liketrianglesordots,andwhichshoweddifferentitems.Thisisthedefinitionofaconcept,hesaid,"andtheanimalspasseditwithflyingcolors.”okeatasymposiumon"AnimalSmarts,"whereresearchersdiscussedthelatestfindingsinthementalabilitiesofanimals.Usingpointsandexamplesfromthetalk,explainthementalabilityofmotherfemaleanimals.Inthisquestion,youwilllistentopartofalecture.Youwillthenbeaskedtosummarize