2018考研英語強化編講商主講介紹人。15年來他獨創的“考研英語背詞班”和“考研英語作文班”，幫助超過600萬的考研英語學渣變考霸，使眾多考生逆襲名對學生用心負責，授課風趣幽默，富有，飽含心靈雞湯，內主編的考研英語搶分系列輔導（考研英語藍皮書，被學生推考研英語不選擇商歐巴，就是考研最大的！撥開考研迷霧打破英語瓶頸揭示致命誤區鋪就 閱讀理解B部分是在2005年才設置的，之前在考研英語試卷上沒有這種題型，所以這種題型被稱為新題型。也就是說，迄今為止，新題型一共只考過13年。其中英語一共考過13次（2005年到2017年、英語二共考過8次（20102017年值得一提的是：英語二8年中2010年考過的新題型是：根據一篇課文的內容，判斷幾個句子是正確還是錯誤（trueorfalse。后來新大綱規定，2011年后這種題型不再考。所以英語二的不用復習英語二2010年中的這種新題型了，中的這一篇也不用做一、大綱對閱讀理B部分的要本分1篇5000共5題,10主要體結構和微觀結構。實際上就是《大綱》對考生閱讀理解八項技能要求中的第六項(考生應能)理解文章的整體結構以及單句之間、段落之間的關系本部分有4種備選題型，實際考試時將從中僅選擇一種進行命題。需要注意的一只3種。而英語二只考其中的后2種題型一：試題內容是一篇文章中有5個空白處。每個空白處本應有一個或一組句子。6-7段文字，要求考生根據文章內容從6-7字中選出能放進文章中每個空白處文章內容和結構將所列段落(6--7重新排序1-2個段落在文章中的位置已給出。此英語一的13年中有4年考了這種段落排序題，分別是2010年、2011年2014年以題型三：在一篇長度約500詞的文章前有6～7個概括句或小標題。這些文字或標題別是對文章中某一部分的概括或段落主旨。要求考生根據文章內容，從這6～7個選項中選5英語一的13年中僅2007年和2016年考過這種題英語二的8年 英語二的8年中2011年、2012年、2014年、2017年都是考的這類題二、閱讀理解B部分題規1、考查考生對文章結構和段落結構的總體2、考查考生對語篇、語段特征的理①一致性。“一致性”指全文圍繞一個；每一個段落也只有一個。文章或段落的可能是顯性的有鮮明的句（topic sentence),也可能是隱性的之可能②連貫性。構上及三、怎么復習閱讀理解B部分才能拿到高二個辦法考生在平常的細讀課文過程中子之間的關系。這就必須借研英語藍皮書《搶分精講》系列上對考研英語所有考生在做有針對性的習題時解題思四、具體考點、知識點，以及做題思路規律對2001到207這17年題列套典、新商志老師編寫的全部考研英語輔導資料以及考研英語藍皮書《搶分精講》系列（含英語一、英語二；含詞匯、語法、作文、、模擬題請在商志老師 接五、商志老師為指導考研并的各種困惑和疑問的唯一方式是：新浪商志考研英語。Part 樣

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)LongbeforeManlivedontheEarth,therewerefishes,reptiles,birds,insects,andsomemls.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtoday,othersarenowextinct,thatis,theyhavenodescendantsalivenow.41. Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskin,sothat,apartfromcolor,wecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thekindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundlsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginalland,oftenofthentsthatgrewonit,andevenofitsclimate. .Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepinrocksformedbywateraction,andmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmls,birds,andinsectsofwhichweknownothing. .Therewerealsocrab-likecreatures,whosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstance.Thebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegs,onepairforwalkingonthesandybottom,theotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyes,oftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet. .Ofthese,theammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveascomposedofmanychambers,eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast. About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themlsquicklydeveloped,andwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermls,thoughnowextinct,wereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbonecarvings.sfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsaress,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandsshavebeenpintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecanltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyfirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseam,orlayer,formed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,andinthebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.earliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesea-lilies,relationsofthestar-fishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks.ananimaldies,thebody,itsbones,ors,mayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesor eembeddedandp.factorscaninfluencehowfossilsarep inrocks.Remainsofanorganismmayberecedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,orsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.附錄1：對題型一的補就近尋找信息線上出現現；they以及它們的賓格，所有格；here,there等的指代關系，找出它們在空前一句中相呼應；it可指代前面的單數名詞或整個句子；theythem指代前面的復數名詞；one指代前面的單數可數名詞；that指代前面的不可數名詞或句子；this指代前面的單數名詞或句子；次；附錄2：大綱樣題分——我們可以見到的化石的最早動物，水生殼類動物，脊椎類動物——逐一加以介紹41．[答案[分析]物之間的關系7個選項中有]][][G]四項提到了ock”)”einc”和”nodescedan”acuae”和”uh”則為肯定意義的表達，]42．[答案[分析]本題具有相當的難度。由于]開始就有“howosarep”，與上文[G]項后面講的是動物遺體上的有機組織“oan"可能轉化成的幾種形式，而本題空白處后面的內容則告訴我們“Neayalofheoshatenowerepnocsoredbyaeraco”(巖石中幾乎所有的化石都是由于水作用而保存下來的)，因此兩部分彼此不相吻合。只有]項——水沖泥沙對于化石保存下來所起的作——43．[答案44．[答案45．[答案析的地“bout75ionearsaoheeofepesasoer”到過渡作用的段落，因此只有]項符合這一條件。另外，epe”]。

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41--45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA--Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeencedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)"Ijustdon'tknowhowtomotivatethemtodoabetterjob.We’reinabudgetcrunchandIhaveabsoluynofinancialrewardsatmydisposal.Infact,we’llprobablyhavetolaysomepeopleoffinthenearfuture.It'shardformetomakethejobinterestingandchallengingbecauseitisn’tit’sboring,routinepaperwork,andthereisn’tmuchyoucandoaboutit."Finally,Ican’tsaytothemthattheirpromotionswillhingeontheexcellenceoftheirpaperwork.Firstofall,theyknowit’snottrue.Iftheirperformanceisadequate,mostaremorelikelytogetpromotedjustbystayingonthe acertainnumberofyearsthanforsomespecificoutstandingact.Second,theyweretrainedtodothejobtheydooutinthestreets,nottofilloutforms.Allthroughtheircareeritisthearrestsandinterventionsthatgetnoticed."I'vegotarealproblemwithmyofficers.Theycomeontheasyoung,inexperiencedmen,andwesendthemoutonthestreet,eitherincarsoronabeat.TheyseemtolikethecontactTheyalsolikehelpeopleoutatfires,accidents,andotheremergencies."Somepeoplehavesuggestedanumberofthingslikeusingconvictionrecordsasaperformancecriterion.However,weknowthat’snotfair toomanyotherthingsareinvolved.Badpaperworkincreasesthechancethatyouloseincourt,butgoodpaperworkdoesn’tnecessarilymeanyou’llwin.Wetriedsettingupteamcompetitionsbasedontheexcellenceofthereports,buttheguyscaughtontothatprettyquickly.Noonewasgettinganytypeofrewardforwinningthecompetition,andtheyfiguredwhyshouldtheylaborwhentherewasnopayoff."Theproblemoccurswhentheygetbacktothestation.Theyhatetodothepaperwork,andbecausetheydislikeit,thejobisfrequentlyputoffordoneinadequay.Thislackofattentionhurtsuslateronwhenwegettocourt.Weneedclear,factualreports.Theymustbehighlydetailedandunambiguous.Assoonasonepartofareportisshowntobeinadequateorincorrect,therestofthereportis.Poorreportingprobablycausesustolosemorecasesthananyotherfactor."SoIjustdon’tknowwhattodo.I’vebeengrointhedarkinanumberofyears.AndIhopethatthisseminarwillshedsomelightonthisproblemofmineandhelpmeoutinmyfuturework."Alargemetropolitancityernmentwasputtingonanumberofseminarsforadministrators,managersand/orexecutivesofvariousdepartmentsthroughoutthecity.Atoneofthesesessionsthetopictobediscussedwasmotivationhowwecangetpublicservantsmotivatedtodoagoodjob.Thedifficultyofacaptainbecamethecentralfocusofthediscussion.F→ F[試題分 接著，我們看A到E段，哪一段像發言的起始段呢?這就要看是哪一段把討論的話題引arealproblemwithmyofficers”，而且與首段的最后一句連接自然，所以我們可以斷定41題空[CEC]hepobemocushenheyetbackoheaonheyhaeodohepapero去解決的呢?他的解決方式是否奏效?順著這個思路，我們可以找出下兩段的順序是[A]項和[B[DYouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutintheacademiccommunity.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA--Fforeachnumberedparagraph(41--45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)WhattodoasaIdeasshouldalwaysbeIgnorancecanbeisequivalenttotheftTheconsequencesofScholars,writersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommunityhavestrongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanother’sideas.IntheEnglish-speakingworld,thetermisusedtolabelthepracticeofnotgivingcreditforthesourceofone’sideas.Simplystated,is"thewrongfulappropriationorpurloining,andpublicationasone’sownoftheideas,ortheexpressionofideasofanother." Thepenaltiesforvaryfromsituationtosituation.Inmanyuniversities,thepunishmentmayrangefromfailureinaparticularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity.Intheliryworld,wherewritersareprotectedfrombyinternationalcopyrightlaws,thepenaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandaruinedcareer.Protectionofscholarsandwriters,throughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthesocialpressuresoftheacademicandlirycommunities,isarelativelyrecentconcept.Suchsocialpressuresandcopyrightlawsrequirewriterstogivescrupulousattentionto ationoftheirsources. Students,asinexperiencedscholarsthemselves,mustavoidvarioustypesofbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholars'ideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwords,otherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsofasitisrevealedinstudents'inexactnessinidentifyingsourcesproperly.Theyarebyaccident,byignorance,andbyintention. byaccident,oroversight,sometimesistheresultofthewriter’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom.Hemayhavereaditlongago,hearditinalecturesinceforgotten,oracquireditsecond-handorthird-handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues.Hemayalsohavedifficultyindecidingwhethertheideaissuchcommonknowledgethatnoreferencetotheoriginalsourceisneeded.Althoughthistypeofmustbeguardedagainst,itistheleastseriousand,iflessonslearned,canbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished. throughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.Thetechniquesforation-note-taking,quoting,footnoting,listingbibliography,areeasilylearnedandcanpreventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhisreferences.Althoughthereisnocopyrightinnews,orinideas,onlyintheexpressionofthem,thewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged. Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisbyintention.Thewriter,limitedbyhislazinessanddullness,copiesthethoughtsandlanguageofothersandclaimsthemforhisown.Henotonlysteals,hetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideasareoriginal.Suchwordsasimmoral,dishonest,offensive,anddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofbyTheoppositeofisacknowledgement.Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseasdeveloscholars,writers,teachers,andprofessionalleaders,shouldrecognizeandassumetheirresponsibilitytoallsourcesfromwhichlanguageandthoughtsareborrowed.Othermembersoftheprofessionwillnotonlyrespectthescholarship,theywilladmirethehumilityand[試題分在不同情況下會受到不同的處罰。在6個選項中，[F]項(的)最貼切。下1段又說到，學生們應該避免。而造成又可以分為3種情況：偶然、無知和故意。接下來的幾段就是對這3種情況的進一步介紹。了解了這些段落的大意，考生就可選出剩下的答案在43和44到44題所處段落中有“noance[D]。但是該段強調的是作者都應該學會標注的來源，如果沒有標注，免不了要受到抨擊。43題所處段落中說，這種的情況是最輕的一種，是可以饒恕的，所以]選項最展題型一展[2005[2005 Canada'ss(theleadersofprovincialernments),iftheyhaveanybreathleftaftercominingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting,mightspareamomenttodosomething,together,toreducehealth-carecosts.They'reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhicharepharmaceuticalcosts.Whattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare――tosaynothingofreportsfromotherexperts―― mendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.Insteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs,bureaucracy,proceduresandlimitedbargainingpower,allwouldpoolresources,workwithOttawa,andcreateanationalinstitution.But“national”doesn'thavetomeanthat.“National”couldmeaninterprovincial――provincescombiningeffortstocreateonebody.Eitherway,onebenefitofa“national”organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices,ifpossible,withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince――oraseriesofhospitalswithinaprovince――negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.Ratherthan,say,Quebec,negotiatingonbehalfofsevenmillionpeople,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalf31millionpeople.Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumers,thehigherthelikelihoodofabetterprice.AsmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationoftheCanadianCo-ordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment,fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.Underit,aCommonDrugReview beincluded.Predictablyandregrettably,Quebecrefusedtojoin.Afewsaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They(particularlyQuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew,ifany,stringsattached.That'sonereasonwhytheideaofanationallisthasn'tgoneanywherewhiledrugcostskeeprisingfast.slovetoquoteMr.Romanow'sreportselectively,especiallythepartsaboutmorefederalmoney.Perhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs:“Anationaldrugagencywouldprovideernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompaniesinordertotrytoconstraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.”SowhenthesgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomintlist,theyshouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsandpatients.Quebec'stoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.OneofthefirstadvocatesforanationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.Quebec'sDrugInsuranceFundhasseenitscostsskywithannualincreasesfrom14.3percentto26.8percent!OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby'sreport:“thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsurancenstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies” Whatdoes“national”mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirby mendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.Theproblemissimpleandstark:health-carecostshavebeen,are,andwillcontinuetoincreasefasterthanernmentrevenues.AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,preventoneprovincefrombeingyedoffagainstanother,andbargainforbetterdrugprices.Ofcoursethepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers,theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn'tlikeanationalagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.[2006[2006 OnthenorthbankoftheOhioRiversitsEvansville,Ind.,homeofDavidWilliams,52,andofariverboatcasino(acewheregamblinggamesareyed).Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasino,Williams,astateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lostapproximay$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,a“FunCard”,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser’sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,theseewhathecallselectronic .In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesyedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatlockedat5a.m.,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.InMarch1998,afriendofWilliams’sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams’sgamblers.ThecasinoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohima“ceaseadmissions”letter.Notingthe“medical/psychological”natureofproblemgamblingbehaviors,thelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothecasinohewouldhavetopresentmedical/psychologicalinformationdemonstratingthatpatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being. TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas24signswarning:“Enjoythefun...andalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit”.Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-numberforcounselingfromthenaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,Williams’ssuitchargesthatthecasino,knowinghewas“helplesslyaddictedtogambling”,intentionallyworkedto“lure”himto“engageinconductagainsthiswill”well. TheeditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorderssays“pathologicalgambling”involvespersistent,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoneythanofthethrilloftakingrisksinquestofawindfall..Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsas alitydisordersakintophysical Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependentonyoumightsayaddictedtorevenuesfromwagering.AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblers’dollarshas intense.TheOct.28issueofNewsweekreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcasinoseveryweek.With$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear,gamblinghasographyastheWeb’smostprofitableAlthoughnosuchevidencewaspresented,thecasino’smarketingdepartmenttopepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoandusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingItisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsensewashiswilloperative?Bythetimehehadlost$5,000hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,hewouldGamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwasbroadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocial:themostimportantandaggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisernment.DavidWilliams’ssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdon’tbetonItisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,oftendefiningasaddictionswhatearlier,sternergenerationsexinedasweaknessofwill.Theanonymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconductivetocompulsivebehavior.ButeveniftheernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling,whatwouldbeitsgroundsforng[2015[2015 Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrr.(41) Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved:Whoismakingtheutnce,towhom,whenandwhere.Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42)Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor“true”meaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.Thisdoesn’t,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,cesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlapreadingsofthesamewordsonthepage–includingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns–debatesabouttextscanyanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.HowwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingSuchdimensionsofreadingsuggest–asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo–thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesn’tthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroveralllicy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualArewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.Factorssuchastheceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,ethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywill erelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity–inferencesthatformthebasisofaalresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.Inys,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor’sownthoughts.Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinctionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveinatext’sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.題型二展[2010[2010 Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer’sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout:theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkincesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope’slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definiynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,ratherthantheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultimaybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirgiganticscale,existinginfrastructure,andprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketinginligence.RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—France,Germany,Italy,andSpain—aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretoosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydon’teatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas“horeca”:hos,restaurantsandcafés.Overall,Europe’swholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends.Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescameto$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2000—morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamics