（1）表面力：通過直接接觸，作用于所取流體表面的力。Pp法向應力τTAlimVAp為AA為AAlimFfBm33TAydyUdudrdthuxz↑↑A1KVTPρT8314R(J/KgK)MR11p歐X拉d方xYd3ppg(Hz)ppz00gP0P1p4z。pgappp(pp)Paabsabsaabsa100hA水水銀B水BpghghM22M221112112ssinApp(z)(z)B12.6hppAggABp234()pA12323454())(1234325413.69.80.6219.8(20.61.5274.6kPapgh）=sinPgcccIIyA2IxCCDCCh12/22mcA1.523m2P9.23.841ccc17y23DxcxcxpAdPdsinztanxzx第四章1dtxxuyyzzaxayazzzzza＝＋BA3QAvAudAQvA4yxxyzuyxztxyzyxpu22wg32或uuxxxxxdtyzuuuuy或yuyuyuydtxyzuuuzuuzzzdtxyzpu22zz11221g2pu2pupuzzh12'22g122hi2wLVpV221122g2g11222zA,hgdQhgQ2w()g(zzp)dA22a212wv22v2p()a21()g(zza21pv2pv211122gg2gmwpvpvpvpv21213223311'vc3839Fx1xdK()QvvFFdt2211y11yFz1z1。fh。jwfjjajbjcwfjwwffpghjj)ldv2pffv2v2v2gjvvvccvvvvvvcccRce2300RAR數vRR575dRecRd4llhhgRJ0ffl0hJflrr0r0000h1lv2v2Jfdl028（v*vv*80u224024QQ0Qr4ru80Auvmax2u3u221.33AA3A64lv264??Relv2h??fAB1212222ulyu'u'l22xyu10vv**為'v*(Re)(Re)(Re)fk(Re,)sdksduvuyks*uynnmax0umax1ks18g8g8gR1/6CCvnC2hhvflfv2h\R2gfev2hjppv2v22g)(z)122gg2212gh，022jvv)Av2v22Av2v22h)222212111g22g2g22jg1gAA)12A1221.0A210120.5)1DDDA2fpDRe1H10dH10d2vgH0QA2gH0A0Hv000孔口的流速系數數000v0Ht22gA1Vt21Q0.5vnn01Qn0nnnUn=1.32U,1p1v09.0mHoH023v0d1240dl11hhCv21dl211d21vv12dlv2HalQ2agd5）2fad25d5.331C21/6RnHhhhhfif1f2f3（h）f111f222f33322H22iii1iiiii并f2f3f4并234Hhh或h，或hhf1f2f3f4f51并5344.Tlvcv0pz00ccEccEc1.dzisinix3hαbA16Cn。nQ2）QACRiK2）當Q=A→01m2mA給b和h–Amh2h1m2h1531216n3Abdhhh2b21mm2hh4-n求Qn求；5、hJ≠J≠iphccciccF<；h；i<i；v<v；v<c；rcccF