TEST1Passage1TheFrenchRevolutionbrokeoutin1789.AtthetimeFrancewasinacrisis.Thegovernmentwasbadlyrunandpeople’slivesweremiserable.KingLouisXIVtriedtocontrolthenationalparliamentandraisemoretaxes.Buthiseffortfailed.HeorderedhistroopstoVersailles.ThepeoplethoughtthatLouisintendedtoputdowntheRevolutionbyforce.OnJuly14,1789,theystormedandtooktheBastille,wherepoliticalprisonerswerekept.Eversincethatday,July14hasbeentheFrenchNationalDay.Louistriedtofleethecountryin1792togetsupportfromAustriaandPrussia.However,hewascaughtandputinprison.InSeptember1792,themonarchywasabolished.Inthesameyear,Louiswasexecuted.Afewmonthslaterhiswife,Mariealsohadherheadcutoff.TheRevolutionofFrancehadfrightenedtheotherkingsofEurope.ArmiesfromAustriaandPrussiabegantomarchagainstFrance.TheFrenchraisedrepublicanarmiestodefendthenation.TheRevolutionwentthroughaperiodofterror.Thousandsofpeoplelosttheirlives.Intheend,powerpassedtoNapoleonBonaparte.(190words)法國大革命爆發于1789年，當時法國處于一片危機之中，政府腐敗，民不聊生。國王路易十四試圖控制國會從而提高苛稅，但是沒有成功，他就命令軍隊開進凡爾賽宮。人們認為路易十四準備用武力鎮壓革命，于是在1789年7月14日，憤怒的人們群起而攻占了當時關押政治犯的巴士底獄（Bastille）。從那以后，每年的7月14日就成為法國的國慶日。1792年，路易十四想逃到奧地利和普魯士尋求庇護，不過他還是被抓住送進監獄。1792年9月，法國的君主制廢除。同年，路易十四被處死。幾個月之后，他的妻子也被處死。法國的大革命使歐洲其它國家感到不安，奧地利和普魯士的軍隊開向法國。法國人民組織共和軍保衛國家，大革命經歷了最困難的時期，成千上萬人浴血奮戰失去生命。最后，政權幾經更迭到了拿破侖手里。Passage2IntheUnitedStates,itisnotcustomarytotelephonesomeoneveryearlyinthemorning.Ifyoutelephonehimearlyintheday,whileheisshavingorhavingbreakfast,thetimeofthecallshowsthatthematterisveryimportantandrequiresimmediateattention.Thesamemeaningisattachedtotelephonecallsmadeafter11:00p.m.Ifsomeonereceivesacallduringsleepinghours,heassumesit’samatteroflifeordeath.Thetimechosenforthecallcommunicatesitsimportance.Insociallife,timeplaysaveryimportantpart.IntheU.S.A.gueststendtofeeltheyarenothighlyregardediftheinvitationtoadinnerpartyisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.Butitisnottrueinallcountries.Inotherareasoftheworld,itmaybeconsideredfoolishtomakeanappointmenttoofarinadvancebecauseplanswhicharemadeforadatemorethanaweekawaytendtobeforgotten.Themeaningoftimediffersindifferentpartsoftheworld.Thus,misunderstandingsarisebetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturesthattreattimedifferently.PromptnessisvaluedhighlyinAmericanlife,forexample.Ifpeoplearenotprompt,theymayberegardedasimpoliteornotfullyresponsible.IntheU.S.noonewouldthinkofkeepingabusinessassociatewaitingforanhour,itwouldbetooimpolite.Apersonwhois5minuteslate,willsayafewwordsofexplanation,thoughperhapshewillnotcompletethesentence.(260words)Passage2在美國，人們通常不會在上午太早的時候給人打電話。如果太早打電話，碰上這個時候對方正好在刮胡子或早餐，此時的電話往往意味著事情非常緊急需要馬上處理。同樣道理，晚上11點以后也不宜給人打電話。如果有人在睡覺時間接到電話，他會認為有性命悠關的大事！打電話的時間和電話本身的重要性是緊密關聯的。在社交中，時間扮演著很重要的角色。在美國，離宴會只有3、4天才接到請柬的客人們會覺得他們不夠受重視。但這樣的習俗并非全世界都一樣。在世界上有些地方，預約時間太早被認為很愚蠢，因為如果太早，比如1周以上，這樣的約定很容易被忘掉。所以不同地方的人時間觀念不同。時間觀念的不同導致了不同文化人們之間會產生誤解。在美國，守時是一種美德。一個不遵守時間的人被認為是不禮貌、不負責的。沒有人會讓商業伙伴等上一個小時，那樣就太不禮貌了。就算遲到5分種，也要花口舌解釋一番，盡管有時對方比較大度讓他不必解釋。Passage3Aforeigner’sfirstimpressionoftheU.S.islikelytobethateveryoneisinarush-oftenunderpressure.Citypeopleappearalwaystobehurryingtogetwheretheyaregoingrestlessly,seekingattentioninastore,andelbowingothersastheytrytocompletetheirerrands（任務）.Racingthroughdaytimemealsispartofthepaceoflifeinthiscountry.Workingtimeisconsideredprecious.Othersinpubliceatingplacesarewaitingforyoutofinishsothattheytoocanbeservedandgetbacktoworkwithinthetimeallowed.Eachpersonhurriestomakeroomforthenextperson.Ifyoudon’t,waiterswillhurryyou.Youalsofinddriverswillbeabruptandthatpeoplewillpushpastyou.Youwillmisssmiles,briefconversations,andsmallcourtesieswithstrangers.Don’ttakeitpersonally.Thisisbecausepeoplevaluetimehighly,andtheyresentsomeoneelse“wasting”itbeyondacertaincourtesypoint.Theviewoftimeaffectstheimportanceweattachtopatience.IntheAmericansystemofvalues,patienceisnotahighpriority.Manyofushavewhatmightbecalled“ashortfuse.”Webegintomoverestlesslyaboutifwefeeltimeisslippingawaywithoutsomereturnbethisintermsofpleasure,workvalue,orrest.Thosecomingfromlandswheretimeislookedupondifferentlymayfindthismatterofpacetobeoneoftheirmostdifficultadjustmentsinbothbusinessanddailylife.ManynewcomerstotheStateswillmisstheopeningcourtesyofabusinesscall,forexample,theywillmisstheritualsocializingthatgoeswithawelcomingcupofteaorcoffeetheymaybetraditionalintheirowncountry.Theymaymissleisurelybusinesschatsinacaféorcoffeehouse.Normally,Americansdonotassesstheirvisitorsinsuchrelaxedsurroundingsoverprolongedsmalltalks.Weseekoutevidenceofpastperformanceratherthanevaluateabusinesscolleaguethroughsocialcourtesies.Sincewegenerallyassessandprobeprofessionallyratherthansocially,westarttalkingbusinessveryquickly.(348words)Passage3

一個外國人對美國的第一印象很可能是：美國人壓力太大、太忙了。城市里的每個人似乎總在急匆匆地趕往他們要去的地方；在商場急切地尋找目標；工作時總在催促同伴。甚至連白天吃飯也是急匆匆的。工作時間是寶貴的。你在公共場所吃飯時旁邊有很多人等著你的位子，他們要在有限的時間里吃完急著趕回去繼續工作。每個人吃飯都是急匆匆的，以便給別人讓座位。要是你慢吞吞的，服務員就會催你。你會發現美國的駕車人態度也不好，因為后面總有人催著。你甚至看不到人們臉上的有微笑（因為大家趕時間沒空微笑），也看不到人們簡短交談，看不到人們與陌生人打招呼。看到這一切時請不要太在意，這不是美國人冷漠，而是他們太珍惜時間了，他們最恨有人打著禮儀的旗號浪費時間。時間觀念影響著美國人的耐心程度。在美國人的價值觀中，耐心不是最重要的。我們很多人都容易發脾氣。看到時間白白浪費時我們會感到焦慮不安。無論在商業上還是日常生活中，從其它國家來的人往往感到要跟上美國人的這種節奏很困難。TEST2Passage1Sixteen-year-oldMariawaswaitinginlineattheairportinSantoDomingo.ShewasleavinghernativecountrytojoinhersisterintheUnitedStates.ShespokeEnglishverywell.Thoughshewasveryhappyshecouldgoabroad,shewasfeelingsadatleavingherfamilyandfiends.Asshewasthinkingallaboutthis,shesuddenlyheardtheairlineemployeeaskinghertopickupherluggageandputitonthescales（稱）.Mariapulledandpulled.Thebagwastooheavyandshejustcouldn’tliftitup.Themanbehindhergotveryimpatient.He,too,waswaitingtocheckinhisluggage.“What’swrongwiththisgirl?”Hesaid,“Whydoesn’tshehurryup?”Hemovedforwardandplacedhisbagonthecounter,hopingtocheckinfist.Hewasinahurrytogetagoodseat.Mariawasveryangry,butshewasverypolite.AndinherbestEnglishshesaid,“Whyareyousoupset?Thereareenoughseatsforeveryoneontheplane.Ifyouareinsuchahurry,whycan’tyougivemeahandwithmyluggage?”ThemanwassurprisedtohearMariaspeakEnglish.Hequicklypickedupherluggageandsteppedback.Everyonewaslookingathimwithdisapproval.(224words)Passage1

Maria在圣多明各（SantoDomingo）機場排隊準備登機，她今年16歲。這次她是要離開祖國到美國去與姐姐團聚。她能講一口流利的英語。盡管即將去國外與姐姐相見，但一想到要離開家庭和朋友，Maria還是不免憂傷。正當她思緒萬千的時候，機場工作人員叫她把行李放在磅秤上去。東西太沉了，不管她如何拖，總是無法拎到磅秤上。在她后面的一名男旅客開始不耐煩了。他也想給自己的行李稱重。“那女的怎么搞的，她就不能快點嗎？”這個男的一邊向前擠一邊嘟嘟囔囔。他一下跨到前面把自己的行李放在柜臺上，準備第一個檢票登機，以便搶個好座位。Maria很生氣，但她還是保持著禮貌。她用純正的英語說道：“你為什么這么急躁呢？飛機上有足夠的座位，你急什么呢？如果你真急，為什么不肯幫我提一下行李呢？”該男子沒想到Maria能說如此流利的英語。他迅速把Maria行李提到磅秤上，自己往后退了一步。周圍的人都用不屑的目光看著該男子。Passage2Therearethreekindsofgoals:short-term,medium-rangeandlong-termgoals.Short-termgoalsarethosethatusuallydealwithcurrentactivities,whichwecanapplyonadailybasis.Suchgoalscanbeachievedinaweekorless,ortwoweeks,orpossibly,months.Itshouldberememberedthatjustasabuildingisnostrongerthanitsfoundation,long-termgoalscannotamounttoverymuchwithouttheachievementofsolidshort-termgoals.Uponcompletingourshort-termgoals,weshoulddatetheoccasionandthenaddnewshort-termgoalsthatwillbuildonthosethathavebeencompleted.Theintermediategoalsbuildonthefoundationoftheshort-termgoals.Theymightdealwithjustonetermofschoolortheentireschoolyear,ortheycouldevenextendforseveralyears.Anytimeyoumoveastepatatime,youshouldneverallowyourselftobecomediscouragedoroverwhelmed.Asyoucompleteeachstep,youwillenforcethebeliefinyourabilitytogrowandsucceed.Andasyourlistofcompletiondatesgrow,yourmotivationanddesirewillincrease.Long-termgoalsmayberelatedtoourdreamsofthefuture.Theymightcoverfiveyearsormore.Lifeisnotastaticthing.Weshouldneverallowalong-termgoaltolimitusorourcourseofaction.(221words)Passage2

目標有3種：短期目標、中期目標和長期目標。短期目標通常關系到當前的活動，可以每天為基礎。這類目標可用數月，或1、2周甚至更少的時間來完成。就象建筑物一樣，一定要基礎牢固才能使房子牢固，如果短期目標不完成，長期目標也不可能實現。每完成一個短期目標，我們都要適時地在此基礎上再增加一個短期目標。中期目標的實現有賴于短期目標的完成。這類目標通常關注的是一學期或一學年的規劃，有時也可長達數年。你每前進一步，就會增加一份自信和成功的勇氣，而不應被困難嚇倒。你離成功越近，你的動力和渴望越強。長期目標關系到我們到我們對未來的夢想。該類目標可能需要5年甚至更長的時間去實現。生活不是一成不變的。我們要靈活變化，不要被長期目標束縛了我們的手腳（或思想）。Passage3BritainandFranceareseparatedbytheEnglishChannel,abodyofwaterthatcanbecrossedinasfewas20minutes.Buttheculturesofthetwocountriessometimesseemtobemilesapart.LastThursdayBritainandFrancecelebratedthe100thanniversary（周年紀念）ofthesigningofafriendshipagreementcalledtheEntenteCordiality.Theagreementmarkedanewbeginningforthecountriesfollowingcenturiesofwarsandlove-hatepartnership.Buttheirrelationshiphasbeenupsanddownsoverthepastcentury.Justlastyear,therewerefiercedisagreementsovertheIraqwar-whichBritishPrimeMinisterTonyBlairsupporteddespiteFrenchPresidentJacquesChiracspeakingoutagainstit.ThisdiscomfortisexpressedinBlairandChirac’sbodylanguageatinternationalmeetings.WhiletheFrenchleaderoftengreetsGermanChancellorGerhardSchroederwithahug（擁抱）,Blairjustreceivesahandshake.However,somepoliticalexpertssaythewarinIraqcouldinfacthavehelpedties.Thehistoryofdivisionsmaywellbebecauseoftheverydifferentwaysinwhichthetwosidesseetheworld.Butthisdoesn’tstop12millionBritonstakingholidaysinFranceeachyear.However,only3millionFrenchcomeintheoppositedirection.Surveys（調查）showthatmostFrenchpeoplefeelclosertotheGermansthantheydototheBritish.AndtheresearchcarriedoutinBritainhasfoundthatonlyathirdofthepopulationbelievestheFrenchcanbetrusted.PerhapsthisbadfeelingcomesbecausetheBritishdislikeFrance’scloserelationshipwithGermany,orbecausetheFrencharenothappywithBritain’scloselinkswiththeUS.Whatevertheansweris,asbothsidescelebrate100yearsof“doubtfulfriendship”,theyareatleastabletomakejokesabouteachother.Here’sone:What’sthebestthingaboutBritain’srelationshipwithFrance?TheEnglishChannel.(320words)TEST4Passage1Communityserviceisanimportantcomponentofeducationhereatouruniversity.Weencourageallstudentstovolunteerforatleastonecommunityactivitybeforetheygraduate.Anewcommunityprogramcalled“OneOnOne”helpselementarystudentswho’vefallenbehind.Youreducationmajorsmightbeespeciallyinterestedinitbecauseitofferstheopportunitytodosometeaching,thatis,tutoringinmathandEnglish.You’dhavetovolunteertwohoursaweekforonesemester.Youcanchoosetohelpachildwithmath,English,orboth.Half-hourlessonsarefine,soyoucoulddoahalfhourofeachsubjecttwodaysaweek.ProfessorDodgewillactasamentortothetutors—he’llbeavailabletohelpyouwithlessonplansortooffersuggestionsforactivities.HehasofficehourseveryTuesdayandThursdayafternoon.Youcansignupfortheprogramwithhimandbeginthetutoringnextweek.I’msureyou’llenjoythiscommunityservice…andyou’llgainvaluableexperienceatthesametime.Itlooksgoodonyourresume,too,showingthatyou’vehadexperiencewithchildrenandthatyoucareaboutyourcommunity.Ifyou’dliketosignup,orifyouhaveanyquestions,stopbyProfessorDodge’sofficethisweek.(220words)Passage1社區服務是我們這里大學教育的一個重要組成部分。我們鼓勵所有學生在畢業前至少參與一項社區的志愿者活動。最近有一個名為“1+1”的社區服務項目，該項目可以幫助到學業落后的低年級學生。你們的專業很可能與此有關，因為社區服務項目提供你參與教學的機會，比如輔導數學和英語。社區服務要求至少有一個學期你每周要奉獻出2小時。你可以選擇輔導一個小學生的數學和英語，或其中的一門。如果你每次輔導數學和英語各花半小時的話，一周兩次輔導正合適，剛好2個小時。道奇教授將給這些從事社區服務的大學生當指導者，他會給你們提供許多建議，你們有授課計劃方面的問題都可以找他幫助。道奇教授的辦公時間是每周二和周四的下午。你們可以報名參加他的講座，下周起就可開始社區的授課輔導。我相信你們會喜歡上社區服務…同時能獲得寶貴的經驗。將來你們的簡歷上也會增添不少亮色，說明你有教育小學生的經歷，關心社區。如果你們愿意報名或還有什么問題，歡迎各位本周前往道奇教授的辦公室咨詢。Passage2WhenJohnandVictoriaFallsarrivedinNewYorkCityforone-yearstay,theydidnotbringverymanythingswiththem.Theyhadplannedeithertoliveinafurnishedapartmentortobuyusedfurniture.Buttheysoonlearnedaboutanewsystemthatmoreandmorepeopleareusing.Therentingofhomefurnishings(bed,tables,dishes,andsoon)hasbecomeoneofAmerica’sfastestgrowingbusinesses.Whatkindsofpeoplerenttheirhomefurnishingsinsteadofbuyingthem?Peoplewhoareinternationalbusinessorgovernmentofficials,foreignstudents,airlineworkers,youngmarriedcouple–peoplewhosejoborbusinessmayforcethemtomovefrequentlyfromonecitytoanother.Theysavealotoftroubleandthecostofmovingtheirfurnitureeachtime.Theysimplyrentnewfurniturewhentheyreachtheirnewhomes.Youngpeoplewithlittlemoneydonotwanttobuycheapfurniturethattheymaysoondislike.Theyprefertowaituntiltheyhaveenoughmoneytobuyfurniturethattheyreallylike.Meanwhile,theyfindtheycanrentbetterqualityfurniturethantheycouldaffordtobuy.Onefamily,whonowhavealarge,beautifulhomeoftheirown,likedtheirrentedfurnituresomuchthattheydecidedtokeeprentingitinsteadofbuyingnewthings.Butusuallypeopledon’tliketotellothersaboutit.Theideaofrentinghomefurnishingsisstillquitenew,andtheyarenotsurewhattheirneighborsmightthink.(248words)Passage2John和Victoria到了紐約并準備在那呆上1年，不過他們并沒有隨身帶多少東西。他們打算要么住設施齊全的公寓，要么買一套新的家具。但是，他們很快了解到紐約越來越多的人體驗著一種全新的方式----租家具。家具租賃業是現在美國發展最快的行業。什么樣的人會租家具而不是買家具呢？跨國公司和政府的駐外人員、留學生、飛行工作人員、年輕夫婦----這些人的公司或工作常使他們在城市間遷移。租家具可以省卻很多麻煩，也能省下不少錢。他們到達一處新家時通常只租新的家具。經濟不寬裕的年輕夫婦一般不會買不喜歡的舊家具，他們寧可租新家具。他們喜歡在資金足夠時去買真正心儀的新家具。同時他們發現，錢不夠寬裕時，可以租到的家具要比買得起的家具質量上好許多。有的家庭即使擁有屬于自己的寬敞房子也愿意租用喜愛的家具，他們不急于去買。不過這一切他們是不會告訴別人的，因為租家具的思想還是比較新潮的，他們不知道鄰居們對此會是如何看法。Passage3Paperisoneofthemostimportantproductseverinventedbyman.Widespreaduseofwrittenlanguagewouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutsomecheapandpracticalmaterialtowriteon.Theinventionofpapermeantthatmorepeoplecouldbeeducatedbecausemorebookscouldbeprintedanddistributed.Togetherwiththeprintingpress,paperprovidedanextremelyimportantwaytocommunicateknowledge.Howmuchpaperdoyouuseeveryyear?Probablyyoucannotanswerthatquestionquickly.In1990theworld’suseofpaperwasaboutonekilogramforeachpersonayear.Nowsomecountriesuseasmuchas50kilogramsofpaperforeachpersonayear.CountriesliketheUnitedStates,EnglandandSwedenusemorepaperthanothercountries.Paper,likemanyotherthingsthatweusetoday,wasfirstmadeinChina.InEgyptandtheWest,paperwasnotverycommonlyusedbeforetheyear1400.TheEgyptianswroteonakindofmaterialmadeofawaterplant.Europeansusedparchmentformanyhundredsofyear.Parchmentwasverystrong;itwasmadefromtheskinofcertainyounganimals.WehavelearntofthemostimportantfactsofEuropeanhistoryfromrecordsthatwerekeptonparchment.(208words)Passage3

紙是人類至今最重要的發明之一。要是沒有廉價實用的材料可以書寫，書面語言的廣泛傳播便不可能實現。紙的發明使大量書籍可以印刷發行，更多的人有機會接受教育。紙和印刷術成為了傳播知識的特別重要的途徑。一個人每年要用掉多少紙張？你可能無法很快回答這個問題。1900年，世界的年人均用紙量是1公斤。現在有些國家這個數字已達50公斤。美國、英國和瑞典的用量還要多。紙和其它許多東西一樣，都是首先在中國發明的。在埃及和歐洲，直到1400年以后紙張才開始大量使用。之前埃及人是書寫在一種由水生植物制造的材料上的。歐洲人則使用了幾百年的養皮紙。羊皮紙非常堅韌，它是由年幼動物的皮做成的。我們所了解的歐洲歷史很多是從羊皮紙上得來的。TEST4Passage1LawshavebeenwrittentogoverntheuseofAmericanNationalFlag,andtoensureproperrespectfortheflag.Customhasalsogovernedthecommonpracticeinregardtoitsuse.Allthearmedserviceshavepreciseregulationsonhowtodisplaythenationalflag.Thismayvarysomewhatfromthegeneralrules.Thenationalflagshouldberaisedandloweredbyhand.Donotraisetheflagwhileitisfolded.Unfoldedtheflagfirst,andthenhoistitquicklytothetopoftheflagpole.Loweritslowlyandwithdignity.Placenoobjectsonorovertheflag.Donotusetheflagaspartofacostumeorathleticuniform.Donotprintituponcushions,handkerchief,papernapkinsorboxes.Afederallawprovidesthatthetrademarkcannotberegisteredifitcomprisestheflag,orbadgersoftheUS.Whentheflagisusedtounveilastatueormonument,itshouldn’tserveasacoveringoftheobjecttobeunveiled.Ifitisdisplayedonsuchoccasions,donotallowtheflagtotheground,butletitbecarriedhighupintheairtoformafeatureoftheceremony.Takeeveryprecautiontopreventtheflagfromsoiled.Itshouldnotbeallowedtotouchthegroundorfloor,nortobrushagainstobjects.Passage1美國有專門的法律規定如何使用國旗來確保國人對國旗的尊重。社會習俗中也有不少尊重國旗做法。軍人使用國旗更有嚴格的規定，和一般的做法有些不同。國旗的升降只能用人工進行。不能升掛折疊未打開的國旗。第一步先要打開國旗，然后迅速升至桿頂。降旗要慢，莊嚴。不要有東西壓在國旗上。不能用國旗做戲服和運動服。不能把國旗印在座墊上，手絹上，餐巾紙上或盒子上。聯邦法律規定商標中不能含有國旗和國徽圖案。在紀念碑或雕塑的揭幕儀式上使用國旗時，不能把國旗當作覆蓋物，也不能讓國旗掉到地上，應當使國旗處在儀式現場的顯目高處。注意不要弄臟國旗，不要掉到地上或地板上，不要和別的東西刮蹭。Passage2IthasbeenreportedthatincollegesacrosstheUnitedStates,thedaytimeserialdramaknownasthesoapoperahassuddenlybecome“in”.Betweenthehoursof11a.m.and4:30p.m.,collegetelevisionloungesarefilledwithsoapoperafanswhocan’twaittoseethenextepisodeinthelivesoftheirfavoritecharacters.Actually,soapsaremorethanacollegefavorite;they’reayouthfavorite.Whenschoolisout,high-schoolstudentsareinfrontoftheirTVsets.Oneyoungworkingwomanadmittedthatsheturneddownahigherpayingjobratherthangiveupwatchingherfavoriteserials.Duringthe1960’s,itwasuncommonforyoungpeopletowatchsoapoperas.Themoodofthesixtieswasverydifferentfromnow.Itwasatimeofseriousness,andtalkwasaboutsocialissuesofgreatimportance.Now,seriousnesshasbeenreplacedbyfun.Youngpeoplewanttobehappy.Itmayseemstrangethattheyshouldturntosoapopera,whichisknownforshowingtroubleinpeople’slives.Butsoapoperaisenjoyment.Youngpeoplecanidentifywiththesoapoperacharacter,who,likethecollege-ageviewer,islookingforhappylove,andprobablynotfindingit.Andsoapoperagivesyoungpeopleachancetofeelclosetopeoplewithouthavingtobearanyresponsibilityfortheirproblems.Passage2

據報道，被人們稱作“肥皂劇”的連續劇在全美國的很多大學中突然變得流行起來。從每天上午11點到下午4點半，各大學的電視室里擠滿了前來看電視的學生，這些肥皂劇迷們迫不急待地要看下一集當中他們喜愛的主人公的命運發展。事實上，肥皂劇不僅是大學生的最愛，確切地說，它們是年輕人的最愛。一放學，中學生們就馬上坐到了電視機前。一個青年女工說她寧愿放棄高薪也不愿放棄看喜愛的電視節目。60年代看肥皂劇的年輕人很少。當時年輕人的心態和現在完全不同，那時候主題嚴肅，談論的話題都涉及重要的社會問題。現在，嚴肅已被娛樂取代。年輕人只想要快樂。而肥皂劇都是反映人們生活中煩惱的，年輕人喜歡肥皂劇倒讓人有一點奇怪。不過肥皂劇終究是娛樂的：年輕人和肥皂劇中的主人公一樣，也和那些大學生一樣，他們一直在尋找快樂之愛，往往還沒找到。肥皂劇讓年輕人和那些劇中人物很相近：都不必為他們的問題承擔責任。Passage3Howmenfirstlearnttoinventwordsisunknown;inotherwords,theoriginoflanguageisamystery.Allwereallyknowisthatmen,unlikeanimals,somehowinventedcertainsoundstoexpressthoughtandfeelings,actionsandthings,sothattheycouldcommunicatewitheachother;andthatlatertheyagreeduponcertainsigns,calledletters,whichcouldbecombinedtopresentthosesounds,andwhichcouldbewrittendown.Thosesounds,whetherspokenorwritteninletters,wecallwords.Thepowerofwords,then,liesintheirassociations-thethingtheybringupbeforeourminds.Wordsbecomefilledwithmeaningforusbyexperience;andthelongerwelive,themorecertainwordsrecalltousthegladandsadeventsofourpast;andthemorewereadandlearn,themorethenumberofwordsthatmeansomethingincreases.Greatwritersarethosewhonotonlyhavegreatthoughtsbutalsoexpressthesethoughtsinwordswhichappealpowerfullytoourmindsandemotions.Thischarmingandtellinguseofwordsiswhatwecallliterarystyle.Aboveall,therealpoetisamasterofwords.Hecanconveyhismeaninginwordswhichsinglikemusicandwhichbytheirpositionandassociationcanmovementotears.Weshouldthereforelearntochooseourwordscarefullyandusethemaccurately,ortheywillmakeourspeechsillyandvulgar.Passage3

我們不知道文字是如何產生的；換句話說，語言的起源還是個謎。人和動物不一樣，他會發出某種特定的聲音來表示相應的思想感情、行為動作和其它事情。因此人們之間可以交流。慢慢地，人們之間有了共同認可的固定符號，我們稱之為字母。字母組合起來可以代表原先的那些聲音。字母的好處是可以寫下來。這些聲音無論是口頭表達還是寫下來，我們都稱之為文字（單詞）。文字的力量在于它的聯系功能，它能使我們頭腦中顯現某樣東西。文字包含意思，年紀越大，我們積累的反映過去歡樂或悲傷的文字也越多。偉大作家之所以偉大，是因為他們不僅有偉大的思想，而且他們能用文字把思想表達出來，強烈震撼讀者。能夠用某種方法駕馭文字且充滿魅力就是我們所說的文學風格。首先，真正的詩人就是駕馭文字的大師。他們的作品不僅表達思想，而且能象歌曲一樣有韻律可以詠唱，他們所表達的意境和聯想讓人們感動落淚。我們平時在選擇用詞時也應謹慎精確，不然就會顯得愚蠢粗俗。TEST5Passage1ManypeoplewhoworkinLondonprefertoliveoutsideit,andtogointotheirofficesorschoolseverydaybytrain,carorbus,eventhoughthismeanstheyhavetogetupearlyinthemorningandreachhomelateintheevening.OneadvantageoflivingoutsideLondonisthathousesarecheaper.EvenasmallflatinLondonwithoutagardencostsquitealottorent.Withthesamemoney,onecangetalittlehouseinthecountrywithagardenofone’sown.Then,inthecountryonecanreallygetawayfromthenoiseandhurryofbusyworkinglives.Eventhoughonehastogetupearlierandspendmoretimeintrainsorbuses,onecansleepbetteratnightandduringweekendsandonsummerevenings,onecanenjoythefresh,cleanairofthecountry.Ifonelikesgardens,onecanspendone’sfreetimedigging,planting,wateringanddoingthehundredandoneotherjobswhichareneededinagarden.Then,whentheflowersandvegetablescomeup,onehasgottherewardtogetherwiththosewhohavesharedthesecretofNature.Somepeople,however,takenointerestincountrythings:forthem,happinessliesinthetown,withitscinemasandtheatres,beautifulshopsandbusystreets,dance-hallsandrestaurants.SuchpeoplewouldfeelthattheirlifewasnotworthlivingiftheyhadtoliveitoutsideLondon.Anoccasionalwalkinoneoftheparksandafortnight’s(twoweeks)visittotheseaeverysummerisallthecountrytheywant:theresttheyarequitepreparedtoleavetothosewhoaregladtogetawayfromLondoneverynight.Passage1

許多在倫敦工作的人選擇居住在城外，每天或坐火車或坐汽車從城市四周趕到位于城里的公司或學校，這意味著他們每天必須很早起床，晚上很晚才能到家。住在倫敦城外的好處之一是房子便宜。在倫敦，就算租一套不帶花園的小套間也要花不少錢，而用同樣的錢可以在鄉下住一幢房子，還帶花園。住在鄉下可以真正遠離喧囂。雖然需要早起，花在交通上的時間也多，不過晚上可以睡得更香，遇上周末或是夏日的晚上，人可以呼吸清鮮的空氣。如果你喜歡花園，可以在閑暇時間挖土，種植，澆水，以及園內的所有其它事務。當花果蔬菜成熟的時候，你和那些樂享大自然秘密的人們一樣得到了回報。然而也有人對鄉下的一切不感興趣。在他們看來，幸福在城里：電影院、戲院、亮麗的商店、繁忙的街道、舞廳、飯店，所有這些都在城里。有人甚至覺得要是離開倫敦的話他活著也沒意義了。他們和鄉村的聯系也就是偶爾去鄉間公園散散步，盛夏季節去海邊小住1、2禮拜就可以。其余時間他們更愿呆在城里，就讓那些晚上樂意遠離倫敦的人呆在鄉下吧！Passage2Bydefinition,heroesandheroinesaremenandwomendistinguishedbyuncommoncourage,achievements,andself-sacrificemademostforthebenefitsofothers-theyarepeopleagainstwhomwemeasureothers.Theyaremenandwomenrecognizedforshapingournation’sconsciousnessanddevelopmentaswellasthelivesofthosewhoadmirethem.Yet,somepeoplesaythatoursisanagewheretrueheroesandheroinesarehardtocomeby,wheretheveryideaofheroismissomethingbeyondus–anartifactofthepast.Somemaintain,thatbecausetheColdWarisoverandbecauseAmericaisatpeace,ourageisessentiallyanunheroicone.Furthermore,theoverallcrimerateisdown,povertyhasbeeneasedbyastrongandgrowingeconomy,andadvancescontinuetobemadeinmedicalscience.Culturaliconsarehardtodefine,butweknowthemwhenweseethem.Theyarepeoplewhomanagetogobeyondcelebrity（明星）,whoarelegendary,whosomehowmanagetobecomemythic.Butwhatmakessomefiguresiconsandothersmerecelebrities?That’shardtoanswer.Inpart,theirliveshavethequalityofastorytotell.Forinstance,thebeautifulyoungDianaSpencerwhoat19marriedaprince,renouncedmarriageandthethrone,anddiedatthemomentshefoundtruelove.Goodlookscertainlyhelp.Sodoesaspecialindefinablecharm,withthehelpofthemedia.Butnothingconfirmsaniconmorethanatragicdeath–suchasMartinLutherKing,Jr.,JohnF.Kennedy,andPrincessDiana.Passage2從定義上來說，英雄人物就是具有非凡勇氣和成就的人（無論男女），他們全都具有犧牲精神，愿意為大眾利益而奉獻自己，他們是我們普通人的參照對象。英雄人物不僅對景仰他們的普通人產生影響，更對一個民族的意識和發展有積極意義。然而，有人說現在不是適合產生英雄的時代，我們頭腦中基本沒有英雄主義這樣的概念—它屬于過去年代的產物啦。有人認為由于冷戰結束，美國處于和平發展當中，我們處于一個平庸的年代。而且，總體犯罪率大大降低，貧困也隨著經濟的發展而逐步消失，醫學上不斷有新的突破。文化偶像的定義很難下，不過我們真切地知道他們的存在。他們超越一般意義上的明星，帶有一些傳奇經歷，有時甚至具有神話色彩。哪些人屬于偶像，哪些人只是一般意義上的明星呢？這個問題很難回答。部分來說，偶像的生活要有故事的特質。例如，年輕美貌的黛安娜19歲嫁給王子，后來離婚，告別王室，最終找到真愛時卻死于車禍。外貌無疑很重要。與眾不同又有不可捉摸的魅力再加上媒體的渲染起了同樣重要的作用。但是悲劇式的死亡往往更能襯托偶像的形象----馬丁.路得.金，肯尼迪，黛安娜王妃，他們的故事說明了這一點。Passage3Shynessisthecauseofmuchunhappinessforagreatmanypeople.Shypeopleareanxiousandself-conscious;thatis,theyareexcessivelyconcernedwiththeirownappearanceandactions.Worrisomethoughtsareconstantlyoccurringintheirminds:whatkindofimpressionamImaking?Dotheylikeme?DoIsoundstupid?AmIwearingunattractiveclothes?Itisobviousthatsuchuncomfortablefeelingsmustnegativelyaffectpeople.Aperson’sconceptionofhimselforherselfisreflectedinthewayheorshebehaves,andtheywayapersonbehavesaffectsotherpeople’sreactions.Ingeneral,thewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselveshasaprofoundeffectonallareasoftheirlives.Shypeople,havinglowself-esteem,arelikelytobepassiveandeasilyinfluencedbyothers.Theyneedreassurancethattheyaredoing“therightthing.”Shypeopleareverysensitivetocriticism;theyfeelitconfirmstheirfeelingsofinferiority.Theyalsofinditdifficulttobepleasedbycomplimentwithastatementlikethisone,“You’rejustsayingthattomakemefeelgood.Iknowit’snottrue.”Itisclearthatwhileself-awarenessisahealthyquality,overdoingitisharmful.Canshynessbecompletelyeliminated,oratleastreduced?Fortunately,peoplecanovercomeshynesswithdeterminedandpatienteffortsinbuildingself-confidence.Sinceshynessgoeshandinhandwithalackofself-esteems,itisimportantforpeopletoaccepttheirweaknessaswellastheirstrengths.Eachoneofusisaunique,worthwhileindividual,interestedinourownpersonalways.Thebetterweunderstandourselves,theeasieritbecomestoliveuptoourfullpotential.Let’snotallowshynesstoblockourchancesforarichandfulfillinglife.Passage3

害羞是由于在眾人面前感覺不自在而引發的。害羞的人容易焦慮，自我意識強，他們過分在意自己的外表和行為。他們頭腦里常有這樣不安的想法：我給別人留下了怎樣的印象？別人喜歡我嗎？我是否聽起來很蠢？我穿的衣服難看嗎？顯而易見，這些不適的感覺對人有負面影響。一個人的自我認識體現在他/她的言行舉止上，這些行為影響著他人對此作出反映。總體來說，人們對自身的看法深刻影響到他們生活的方方面面。害羞的人往往自信不足，常常被動，易受他人影響。他們需要有相信自己的心態，認識到自己所做的是正確的。害羞的人對批