優質海洋治理

GoodOceanGovernance主講人:張晏瑲博士Speaker:Dr.Yen-ChiangChang(Gavin)山東大學法學院教授Professor,SchoolofLawShandongUniversity,China

2023/2/41OutlineoftheSpeechPrefaceMarineUsageStatusWhatisGoodGovernance?TheElementsofGoodOceanGovernance2023/2/42Preface：The21thCenturyistheCenturyofOceanOurMindHasChanged2023/2/43OurWayIsChanging!2023/2/44InternationalLegalFrameworkforOceanGovernance2023/2/45Preface：The21thCenturyistheCenturyofOceanButAreWeMovingTowardSustainableDevelopment2023/2/46MarineUsageStatus2023/2/472023/2/482023/2/49Conclusion：OurusageoftheoceanisnotsustainableThreemajorthreats:PollutionfromlandOver-exploitationofmarinebio-recoursesPhysicalchangesofoceanenvironmentanddecreasingsealifehabitatCallingoutforaGoodOceanGovernance2023/2/410WhatisGoodGovernance?

"governance"means:theprocessofdecision-makingandtheprocessbywhichdecisionsareimplemented.Goodgovernance:originWorldBank1989WorldDevelopmentReport:“privatesectorinitiativeandmarketmechanismsareimportant,buttheymustgohand-in-handwithGoodGovernance.”UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram(UNDP)declaredthat“itisonlywithgoodgovernancethatwecanfindsolutionstopoverty,inequityandinsecurity.”2023/2/411Definitionofgoodgovernance?

“thetransparencyofgovernmentaccounts,theeffectivenessofpublicresourcemanagement,andthestabilityandtransparencyoftheeconomicandregulatoryenvironmentforprivatesectoractivity.”

--IMFGoodgovernanceishallowandneedscontent!!2023/2/412TheElementsofGoodOceanGovernance2023/2/413Whythese8elements?Transparency

(11)Accountable(11)TheRuleofLaw

(8)Participatory(7)Responsive(4)EquitableandInclusive(3)Coherent

(3)CconsensusBasedDecisionMaking(2)2023/2/414TheRuleofLawDecisionmakersandadministratorsareboundtofollowtheruleoflaw,whenmakingdecisionsClear,stable,publishedlegislationFlexibility:subsidiaryrulesunderageneralprincipleExamples:OceansAct1996,CanadaOceansAct2000,USNationalOceansProtectionAct2005,US2023/2/415ParticipatoryIndividualscanhavesomesayingondecision-makingOpenmeetings,opendecision-makingprocess(US)Consultation(Canada)2023/2/416Transparencyeachindividualshallhaveappropriateaccesstoinformationconcerningtheenvironmentthatisheldbypublicauthorities,includinginformationonhazardousmaterialsandactivitiesintheircommunities,andtheopportunitytoparticipateindecision-makingprocesses.Statesshallfacilitateandencouragepublicawarenessandparticipationbymakinginformationwidelyavailable.

2023/2/417Consensus-baseddecisionmakingnoindividual,officialorgroupshouldbeabletoforcetheirindividualdecisionsorviewsonothers,whetherthroughmajorityvotingorotherwiseWorldTradeOrganization:“ifnoMember,presentatthemeetingwhenthedecisionistaken,formallyobjectstotheproposeddecision”Basedonpublicopinion2023/2/418AccountableAdministrativeshouldanswertothepublicObligationstoreportEvaluationandsupervisionsystem2023/2/419Equitableandinclusive1982UNCLOS:totherealizationofajustandequitableinternationaleconomicorderwhichtakesintoaccounttheinterestsandneedsofmankindasawholeand,inparticular,thespecialinterestsandneedsofdevelopingcountries,whethercoastalorland-locked1992ConventiononBiologicalDiversityNationalLevel:Minorities2023/2/420Responsiveemphasisestheneedforthepublicauthoritiestomakedecisionswithinaspecifictimescaleprovidealegalsystem/mechanismwhichcanrespondtothecurrentneedsofthegeneralpublic/environmentConventionfortheProtectionoftheMarineEnvironmentoftheNorth-EastAtlanticillustratesnotonlyalegaldutyonpublicauthoritiestomakedecisionswithinalimitedtimeframebutalsoadutytorespondtothecurrentneedsofthegeneralpublicandenvironment2023/2/421Coherenceemphasizestherequirementthatdecisionsareconsistentandmakesenseacrosstimeandinstitutionsaninstitutiontocoordinatevariouspublicauthorities,inordertofacilitateacomprehensiveoceangovernancepolicyFromsectoralbasedgovernancetointegratedgovernanceExample:USNationalOceanCouncil!!2023/2/422SoWhatNext?AssessSt