RoboticsUnit22

機器人技術RoboticsRoboticsTranslationReadingMoreTranslatingSkillsText

Robotsarenotonlythestuffofspacemovies.Rightnow,allovertheworld,robotsareonthemove.They’repaintingcarsatFordplants,assemblingcookiesforPepperidgeFarms,walkingintolivevolcanoes,drivingtrainsinParis,anddefusingbombsinNorthernIreland.Today’srobotsaredoingmoreandmorethingswecan’t—ordon’twantto—do,becausetheyaretougher,nimbler,andsmarternow.Whatisarobotthen?There’snoprecisedefinition,butbygeneralagreementarobotisaprogrammablemachinethatimitatestheactionsorappearanceofanintelligentcreature—usuallyahuman.Toqualifyasarobot,amachinehastobeabletodotwothings:getinformationfromitssurroundings,anddosomethingphysical—suchasmoveormanipulateobjects[1].Ascomputersmarter.Thecurrentmechanicalrobotsofpopularculturearenotmuchdifferentfromthosefictionalbiologicalcreations.Basicallyarobotconsistsof:1.Amechanicaldevice,suchasawheeledplatform,arm,orotherconstruction,capableofinteractingwithitsenvironment.2.Sensorsonoraroundthedevicethatareabletosensetheenvironmentandgiveusefulfeedbacktothedevice.3.Systemsthatprocesssensoryinputinthecontextofthedevice’scurrentsituationandinstructthedevicetoperformactionsinresponsetothesituation[2].Traditionally,robotsareappliedanywhereoneofthe3Dsexistsinanyjobwhichistoo:Dirty,Dangerous,and／orDullforahumantoperform.Theyfunctiontorelieveusfromdangerandtedium:1.Safety:Roboticshavebeendevelopedtohandlenuclearandradioactivechemicalsformanydifferentusesincludingnuclearweapons,powerplants,environmentalcleanup,andtheprocessingofcertaindrugs.2.Unpleasantness:Robotsperformmanytasksthataretediousandunpleasant,butnecessary,suchasweldingorjanitorialwork.3.Repetitionandprecision:Assemblylineworkhasbeenoneofthemainstaysoftheroboticsindustry.Robotsareusedextensivelyinmanufacturingand,moreglamorously,inspaceexploration,whereminimummaintenancerequirementsareemphasized.Nowadaysrobotsarealsousedforentertainmentofcourse.defuse[,di:'fju:z]vt.平息；去掉…的雷管；使除去危險性tough[t?f]adj.艱苦的，困難的；堅強的；強壯的n.惡棍adv.頑強地nimble['nimbl]adj.敏捷的；聰明的；敏感的precise[pri'sais]adj.精確的；明確的；嚴格的manipulate[m?'nipjuleit]vt.操縱；操作；巧妙地處理；篡改sensor['sens?;-s?:]n.感受器；傳感器；敏感元件；探測裝置device[di'vais]n.裝置；策略；圖案function['f??k??n]n.功能；函數；職責；盛大的集會vi.運行relieve[ri'li:v]vt.解除，減輕；使不單調乏味；換……的班；使放心tedium['ti:di?m]n.冗長乏味，單調，沉悶handle['h?ndl]n.[建]把手；柄；手感；口實vt.處理；運用；觸摸radioactive[,reidi?u'?ktiv]adj.放射性的；有輻射能的weld[weld]vt.焊接；使結合；使成整體vi.焊牢n.焊接；焊接點janitor['d??nit?]n.房屋管理員(負責維修供暖系統等)；[古語]看門人mainstay['meinstei]n.支柱；中流砥柱；主要的依靠；主桅支索glamorous['ɡl?m?r?s]adj.富有魅力的，迷人的，有誘惑力的；刺激性的maintenance['meint?n?ns]n.維護，維修；保持；生活費用emphasize['emf?saiz]vt.強調，著重1.Toqualifyasarobot,amachinehastobeabletodotwothings:getinformationfromitssurroundings,anddosomethingphysical--suchasmoveormanipulateobjects.

譯文：為證明一個機器人的合格性，它應當至少可以做到兩件事：1)從它周邊的環境中獲取信息；2)做一些實際工作，比如移動物體或操作物體。說明：qualifyas（使）（某人）具有資格；（使）合格又如：AnyexternalpowersupplymeetingtheperformancerequirementsforlevelVandabovewouldqualifyasENERGYSTAR(Version2.0).

符合V級或以上等級要求的外部電源可通過“能源之星（2.0版）”認證。2.Systemsthatprocesssensoryinputinthecontextofthedevice’scurrentsituationandinstructthedevicetoperformactionsinresponsetothesituation.譯文：要有一個根據設備所處情形處理傳感器輸入的系統，并能夠根據情況指揮設備去完成(相應)動作。說明：inthecontextof在……情況下；在……背景下又如：Inthecontextofthemodernaerospaceindustrytheseproblemsareseldomsimpleorroutine.在現代空間工業范疇內，這些問題很少是簡單的或常規的問題。I.Answerthefollowingquestions.

Toqualifyasarobot,whichtwothingsdoesamachinehavetobeabletodo?2.

Whyarerobotsgettingsmarterandsmarter?Toqualifyasarobot,amachinehastobeabletodotwothings:getinformationfromitssurroundings,anddosomethingphysical—suchasmoveormanipulateobjects.Ascomputerprocessorsaregettingfasterandcheaper,robotsaregettingsmarterandsmarter.KeyKeyI.Answerthefollowingquestions.3.Basicallywhatdoesarobotconsistof?

Basicallyarobotconsistsof:1.Amechanicaldevice,suchasawheeledplatform,arm,orotherconstruction,capableofinteractingwithitsenvironment.2.Sensorsonoraroundthedevicethatareabletosensetheenvironmentandgiveusefulfeedbacktothedevice.3.Systemsthatprocesssensoryinputinthecontextofthedevice’scurrentsituationandinstructthedevicetoperformactionsinresponsetothesituation.

KeyII

．TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese．1.Rightnow，allovertheworld，robotsareonthemove．2.Thecurrentmechanicalrobotsofpopularculturearenotmuchdifferentfromthosefictionalbiologicalcreations.現在，全世界范圍內，機器人都在活動著呢!當今流行文化中的機械器人與小說中塑造的那些生物已經沒有太大區別。Key

Key

II.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese．3.Theyfunctiontorelieveusfromdangerandtedium：4.Robotsperformmanytasksthataretediousandunpleasant,butnecessary,suchasweldingorjanitorialwork．而它們的職能就是將我們從危險和沉悶中解放出來機器人可以完成許多煩悶、無趣但卻是必需的工作，比如焊接或守門的工作。KeyKey

英文招聘廣告是較常見和實用的應用文之一，它具有一般廣告的共同特點，但又有別于產品廣告，非商業廣告和政治廣告，它是一種特定的以招募各種勞動力為目的的文體，因此在語言和結構上也具有自己的特點。英文招聘廣告的閱讀屬于語用性閱讀，要達到高效省事的效果，必須掌握英文招聘廣告的特點和一些實際的閱讀技巧。英文招聘廣告具有以下特點：

一、結構清晰，層次分明招聘廣告通常由“廣告標題”、“公司簡介”、“工作職責”、“資格要求”、“薪金待遇”、“聯系方式”等六部分組成，雖然某些部分也會省略，但每一部分通常都獨立成段，各部分之間的界限清晰明了。

怎樣閱讀英文招聘廣告

二、標題言簡意賅，精確具體英語招聘廣告往往以招聘單位名稱或招聘職位作標題，使求職者一目了然。如：Avon(Shanghai)CompanyLimited

上海雅芳有限公司R&DsoftwareEngineer研發軟件工程師Businessadvisor商務顧問

三、多用省略句 為了節省廣告的篇幅和廣告的費用，同時使讀者一目了然，英語招聘廣告經常省略句子的主語，動詞，定冠詞，不定冠詞和從句。由于特定的上下文，讀者也十分清楚，不會產生誤會或歧義。如：ExcellentwrittenandverbalcommunicationskillsinEnglishandmandarin

良好的口頭和書面中英文表達能力

(省略了實義動詞have)Abilitytoreactquicklyandefficiently

tocrisis能夠快速有效地應對危機（省略了冠詞the)Qualificationsneeded:

所需資格：（省略了從句whichare)

四、多用各種短語或短句英語招聘廣告在描述工作職責和應聘資格時廣泛使用名稱短語、形容詞短語和介詞短語以縮短廣告的篇幅。短語的使用既方便記憶，又能節約版面，同時突出了關鍵詞，容易引起求職者的注意。如：Goodanalyticskills,problemsolvingandconflictmanagementskills（良好的分析能力、解決問題能力和沖突管理能力）Familiarwithgeneralofficesoftware（熟悉辦公軟件）Undertheageof40（40歲以下）With2-3yearsexperienceintelecom（2~3年電信行業工作經驗）

五、常用祈使句一般用來說明應聘方法。為表示禮貌，使讀者感到親切，開頭都用個“請”字。如：PleaseapplyinyourownhandwritingwithfullEnglishresumeandresentphototo:

請親自謄寫詳細的英文簡歷并附上近照寄：Pleasecalorinterviewing.

請致定面試事宜。

六、采用縮略詞

為了節省廣告撰稿人的撰稿時間與讀者的閱讀時間，并節省費用，英語廣告中能用縮略的詞語都盡可能縮略。如：Dept:Department部門

CV:CurriculumVitae

個人簡歷JV:jointventure

合資

G.M.:GeneralManager

總經理Ad:advertisement

廣告

add:address

地址P/T:parttime兼職（的）

refs:references推薦信

exp’d:experienced有經驗的

Wpm:wordsperminute打字/每分鐘

req:required需要

CAD:computerassisteddesign計算機輔助設計因此，在閱讀英文招聘廣告時，首先要瀏覽廣告標題，確定招聘單位和招聘職位。然后瀏覽公司簡介，掌握招聘公司的一些基本情況。接下來，要細讀工作職責和資格要求，確定自己是否能夠勝任這份工作，注意辨別一些省略句和縮略詞。最后，要留意聯系方式，必要時要動手記下具體的聯系方式。

七、英文招聘廣告（范例）Sample1Machineoperator

Responsibilities:---Basicoperationofmachine,includingstart-up,shutdownandtesttomachine.---Workaccordingtoproductionplanandprogramorprocessdrawings.---Replaceandmaintainthemachineparts.

Requirements:---Collegedegreeorabove,majoredinmechanicalengineeringorrelevant---Excellentinreadingandinterpretingmachiningworkinstructions---Experienceinanindustrialproductionenvironmentisaplus.---GoodsenseofresponsibilityandworkingattitudeWeofferattractivesalarydependentonqualificationandexperience.Interestedpartiespleasesendfullresumewithexpectedsalary,photo,contactaddressandtel.no.toPersonnelDept.beforeJune18,2011.Theaddressofourcompany:106Fang-yuanRoad,Guangzhou.Ourpostcode:510370招聘機床操作員

工作職責：1.用機床進行基本的操作，包括機床的啟動、關閉及調試。2.依據生產計劃與加工程序或工藝圖紙,進行加工。3.維護及更換機床內部零件。

職位要求：1.機械相關專業大學專科及以上學歷2.能看懂機床加工工作指令3.有工廠實際操作經驗者優先4.崗位責任心強，工作態度認真我們將根據各人的學歷和經驗提供富有吸引力的薪酬。有興趣的人員請將希望待遇、照片、聯系地址、電話和簡歷2010年6月18日前寄到我公司人事部。公司地址：廣州市方圓大道106號，郵編：510370。

Sample2

MarketingAssistantResponsibilities:---Responsibleforthelocalmanagementofmarketingandsalesactivitiesaccordingtoinstructionsfromheadoffice.---Collectrelatedinformationfortheheadoffice.Requirements:---CollegedegreeorabovewithgoodEnglish(speakingandwriting).---Developrelationshipwithlocalmediaandcustomers.---Withbasicideaofsalesandmarketing,relatedexperienceispreferred.---Workingexperienceinaninternationalorganizationisamust.---Goodcommunicationandpresentationskills.

Therightcandidatewillreceiveanappropriateandattractivecompensationpackage.InterestedcandidatespleaseapplyinwritinginbothEnglishandMandarinasfollows:1.Qualifications,jobexperiencewithsalaryhistoryandexpectedcompensationpackage.2.Recentphoto.AndsendthemtotheaddressbelowbyJuly31:Room302,InternationalHotel,1S.St.Beijing100088.AllemploymentswillbedonethroughFESCO.Notelephonecallwillbeentertained.招聘銷售助理

工作職責：1.根據總公司的要求負責區域銷售管理及銷售活動2.收集相關信息資料上報總公司職位要求：1.大學及以上文憑，英語口語流利，書面表達能力強。2.開發和維護所負責區域的客戶和合作伙伴。3.了解市場，熟悉銷售相關業務工作者優先4.外資企業工作經驗是必備的條件5.具有良好的溝通及表達能力應聘者將獲得合理而富有吸引力的薪酬待遇。有意者請用中英文書寫以下應聘材料：包含學歷，工作經驗，以往工作待遇和期望的工資福利待遇，并準備近照一張。請于7月31日前，將應聘材料寄往：北京南街1號國際賓館302房間郵編：100088所有招聘都將通過外國企業服務公司進行。恕不接受電話查詢。

Robot&itscontrolRobot&itscontrolAtypicalrobot(Fig.22.1)willhaveseveral,thoughnotnecessarilyallofthefollowingproperties:(1)isnot‘natural’,i.e.itisartificiallycreated.(2)cansenseitsenvironment,andmanipulateorinteractwiththingsinit.(3)hassomeabilitytomakechoicesbasedontheenvironment,oftenusingautomaticcontrolorapreprogrammedsequence.(4)moveswithoneormoreaxesofrotationortranslation.(5)appearstohaveintentoragency.Fig.22.1robotThemechanicalstructureofarobotmustbecontrolledtoperformtasks.Thecontrolofarobotinvolvesthreedistinctphases—perception,processingandaction.Sensorsgiveinformationabouttheenvironmentortherobotitself(e.g.thepositionofitsjointsoritsendeffector).Thisinformationisthenprocessedtocalculatetheappropriatesignalstotheactuators(motors)whichmovethemechanicalstructure.Theprocessingphasecanrangeincomplexity.Itmaybethefirststeptoestimateparametersofinterest(e.g.thepositionoftherobot’sgripper)fromnoisysensordata.Animmediatetask(suchasmovingthegripperinacertaindirection)isinferredfromtheseestimates[1].Techniquesfromcontroltheoryconvertthetaskintocommandsthatdrivetheactuators.Atlongertimescalesorwithmoresophisticatedtasks,therobotmayneedtobuildandreasonwitha“cognitive”model.Cognitivemodelstrytorepresenttherobot,theworld,andhowtheyinteract.Pattenrecognitionandcomputervisioncanbeusedtotrackobjects.Mappingtechniquescanbeusedtobuildmapsoftheworld.Finally,motionplanningandotherartificialintelligencetechniquesmaybeusedtofigureouthowtoact.Controlsystemsmayalsohavevaryinglevelsofautonomy.Directinteractionisusedforhapticortele-operateddevices,andthehumanhasnearlycompletecontrolovertherobot’smotion.Operator-assistmodeshavetheoperatorcommandingmedium-to-high-leveltasks,withtherobotautomaticallyfiguringouthowtoachievethem[2].Anautonomousrobotmaygoforextendedperiodsoftimewithouthumaninteraction.Higherlevelsofautonomydonotnecessarilyrequiremorecomplexcognitivecapabilities.Forexample,robotsinassemblyplantsarecompletelyautonomous,perty['pr?p?ti]n.性質，性能；財產；所有權intent[in'tent]n.意圖；目的；含義adj.專心的；急切的；堅決的perception[p?'sep??n]n.知覺；感覺；看法；洞察力；獲取actuator['?ktjueit?]n.操作者，執行機構；驅使者，激勵者；傳動裝置

phase[feiz]n.相；階段；位相vt.使定相；逐步執行vi.逐步前進range[reind?]n.范圍；幅度v.平行；延伸；漫游；使并列；歸類于parameter[p?'r?mit?]n.參數；系數；參量gripper['ɡrip?]n.夾子，鉗子；抓器，抓爪infer[in'f?:]vt.推斷；推論vi.推斷；做出推論sophisticated[s?'fistikeitid]adj.復雜的；精致的；富有經驗的cognitive['k?ɡnitiv]adj.認識的；認識過程的；以實際經驗為依據的track[tr?k]n.軌道；蹤跡；小道vt.追蹤；通過；循路而行vi.追蹤1.Atypicalrobotmoveswithoneormoreor2.Thecontrolofarobotinvolvesthreedistinctphases—and.Fillinthefollowingblanksaccordingtothetext.

axesofrotationtranslationperceptionprocessingaction

KeyKey3.Atlongertimescalesorwithmoresophisticatedtasks,therobotmayneedtobuildandreasonwitha.4.andcanbeusedtotrackobjects..Fillinthefollowingblanksaccordingtothetext.

“cognitive”modelPattenrecognitioncomputervision

KeyKey5.isusedforhapticortele-operateddevices,andthehumanhasnearlycompletecontrolovertherobot’smotion.6.maygoforextendedperiodsoftimewithouthumaninteraction.Fillinthefollowingblanksaccordingtothetext.

DirectinteractionAnautonomousrobotKeyKey機器人及其控制典型機器人(圖22.1)有以下一些特征，盡管不一定