2020高考英語：閱讀理解課堂練（2）PassageThree(DropoutsforPh.D.s)

EducatorsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthehighrateofdropoutsamongthedoctorofphilosophycandidatesandtheconsequentlossoftalenttoanationinneedofPh.D.s.Somehaveplacedthedropoutslossashighas50percent.Theextentofthelosswas,however,largelyamatterofexpertguessing.Lastweekawell-roundedstudywaspublished.Itwaspublished.Itwasbasedon22,000questionnairessenttoformergraduatestudentswhowereenrolledin24universitiesanditseemedtoshowmanypastfearstobegroundless.

Thedropoutsratewasfoundtobe31percent,andinmostcasesthedropouts,whilenotcompletingthePh.D.requirement,wentontoproductivework.Theyarenotonlydoingwellfinancially,but,accordingtothereport,arenotfarbelowtheincomelevelsofthosewhowentontocompletetheirdoctorates.

Discussingthestudylastweek,Dr.Tuckersaidtheprojectwasinitiated‘becauseoftheconcernfrequentlyexpressedbygraduatefacultiesandadministratorsthatsomeoftheindividualswhodroppedoutofPh.D.programswerecapableofcompetingtherequirementforthedegree.AttritionatthePh.D.levelisalsothoughttobeawasteofpreciousfacultytimeandadrainonuniversityresourcesalreadybeingusedtocapacity.SomepeopleexpressedtheopinionthattheshortageofhighlytrainedspecialistsandcollegeteacherscouldbereducedbypersuadingthedropoutstoreturntograduateschoolstocompletethePh.D.’

“Theresultsofourresearch”Dr.Tuckerconcluded,“didnotsupporttheseopinions.”Lackofmotivationwastheprincipalreasonfordroppingout.Mostdropoutswentasfarintheirdoctoralprogramaswasconsistentwiththeirlevelsofabilityortheirspecialties.Mostdropoutsarenowengagedinworkconsistentwiththeireducationandmotivation.

Nearly75percentofthedropoutssaidtherewasnoacademicreasonfortheirdecision,butthosewhomentionedacademicreasoncitedfailuretopassthequalifyingexamination,uncompletedresearchandfailuretopasslanguageexams.Amongthesinglemostimportantpersonalreasonsidentifiedbydropoutsfornon-completionoftheirPh.D.program,lackoffinanceswasmarkedby19percent.

Asanindicationofhowwellthedropoutsweredoing,achartshowed2%inhumanitieswerereceiving$20,000andmoreannuallywhilenoneofthePh.D.‘swiththatbackgroundreachedthisfigure.ThePh.D.’sshoneinthe$7,500to$15,000bracketwith78%atthatlevelagainst50%forthedropouts.Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D.’stendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.

Astothepossibilityofgettingdropoutsbackoncampus,theoutlookwasglum.Themainconditionwhichwouldhavetoprevailforatleast25%ofthedropoutswhomightconsiderreturningtograduateschoolwouldbetoguaranteethattheywouldretaintheirpresentlevelofincomeandinsomecasestheirpresentjob.1.Theauthorstatesthatmanyeducatorsfeelthat_______.A.stepsshouldbetakentogetthedropoutsbacktocampus.B.thefropoutsshouldreturntoalowerqualityschooltocontinuetheirstudy.C.thePh.D.holderisgenerallyabetteradjustedpersonthanthedropout.D.Thehighdropoutsrateislargelyattributabletothelackofstimulationonthepartoffacultymembers.2.Researchhasshownthat_______.A.DropoutsaresubstantiallybelowPh.D.’sinfinancialattainment.B.theincentivefactorisaminoroneinregardtopursuingPh.D.studies.C.thePh.D.candidateislikelytochangehisfieldofspecializationifhedropsout.D.aboutone-thirdofthosewhostartPh.D.workdonotcompletetheworktoearnthedegree.3.MeetingforeignlanguagerequirementsforthePh.D._______.A.isthemostfrequentreasonfordroppingout.B.ismoredifficultforthesciencecandidatethanforthehumanitiescandidate.C.isanessentialpartofmanyPh.D.programs.D.doesnotvaryindifficultyamonguniversities.4.Afterreadingthearticle,onewouldrefrainfromconcludingthat_______.A.optimismreignsinregardtogettingPh.D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegree.B.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegree.C.collegesanduniversitiesemployasubstantialnumberofPh.D.dropouts.D.Ph.D.’sarenotearningwhattheydeserveinnonacademicpositions.canbeinferredthatthehighrateofdropoutsliesin________.A.salaryforPh.D.toolow.B.academicrequirementtoohigh.C.salaryfordropoutstoohigh.D.1000positions.Vocabularydropout

輟學者，中途退學well-rounded

全面的attrition

縮/減員，磨損drain

枯竭bracket

一類人，（尤指按收入分類的）階層laggingbehindotherfields

落后于其它領域glum

陰郁的難句譯注EducatorsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthehighrateofdropoutsamongthedoctorofphilosophycandidatesandtheconsequentlossoftalenttoanationinneedofPh.D.s.【參考譯文】教育工作者嚴重關注博士生輟學的高比率；這對迫切需要博士生的國家是一個人才方面的嚴重損失。Itwasbasedon22,000questionnairessenttoformergraduatestudentswhowereenrolledin24universitiesanditseemedtoshowmanypastfearstobegroundless.【結構分析】sent過去分詞，修飾questionnaires。Who定語從句修飾students。【參考譯文】這份全面調查報告是以22000份調查表分送給以前在24所大學就讀的博士生為基礎的。這份全面調查報告似乎說明過去許多擔心害怕是沒有根據的。AttritionatthePh.D.leverisalsothoughttobeawasteofpreciousfacultytimeandadrainonuniversityresourcesalreadybeingusedtocapacity.【結構分析】被動句。Tocapacity滿額，全力。【參考譯文】博士水平的人員的縮減被認為是寶貴的教授時間的浪費和已經被使用到極限的大學資源的枯竭。Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D.’stendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.【結構分析】thefact的同位語that從句中的where是定語從句，修飾academicfields。【參考譯文】這也可能表明這樣一個事實：在博士能掙到最高工資的學術領域中，高工資仍然落后于其它領域。寫作方法與文章大意

這是一篇論及“博士生輟學”的文章。采用對比和因果手法。文章一開始就提出教育工作者嚴重關注博士生輟學達50％的問題。而調查報告證明，只有31％。輟學造成不良后果，有人建議中途退學者回爐再念博士學位學業。研究表明不行。列出理由并加以分析。答案詳解.許多教育工作者感到應采取步驟讓輟學者回校學習，特別是有些學科。這在第三段最后一句話：“有些人建議高級專家和大學教師短缺現象可以通過勸說輟學者返回校園完成博士學位來減少。”B.輟學者應回到稍第幾的學校去完成學業。

C.有博士學位的人一般比輟學者具有較好的適應性。D.高輟學率主要原因在于教師方面缺乏刺激鼓勵。這三項文內沒有提。.約三分之一開始就讀博士學位的人沒有完成學業取得學位。第二段第一句：“輟學率為31％。大多數情況下，輟學人不能完成博士學位學業，就去從事生產性工作”。A.輟學者的經濟收入比博士生低許多。這是錯的。見倒數第二段：“作為輟學者干得真不錯的證明，統計圖表說明2％人文學科的輟學者年收入為20000多沒勁，沒有一個同樣背景的博士生達到這個數字。7000至15000美元年收入水平為博士生的78％，輟學者僅為50％。”B.在博士學習中刺激因素較小。C.博士預備生如果中途退學很可能改變其專業領域。.博士生應達到外語要求的水平是許多博士生課程的一個基本組成部分。這在第四段有所表示：“約75％的退學者說，他們決定退學并不是處于學術的原因，而處于學術原因的退學者提出：難以通過資格考試，難以完成研究，通不過外語考試”。這里看出外語是博士生課程的基本組成部分。A.它是退學最頻繁的原因。B.

它對理科博士生比文科博士應考生更難。D.它在大學中的難度并沒有不同。.讀完這篇文章，人們不會有這種結論。這在第三段末和最后一段。第三段末：“我們研究的結果并不支持這些一件（包括返回校園之意見）：⑴缺乏動力是退學的主要原因。⑵大多數退學者在博士課程上已經達到和他們的能力水平和專業水平相一致的水平。⑶大多數退學者現在從事的工作和他們所受教育和動機相一致。”最后一段：“至于返回校園的可能性，前景不樂觀。至少有25％的退學生可能考慮返回研究生院就讀，條件是保證他們保留現有的收入水平，有些還要保留他們目前的工作。”B.博士生退學者，大體而論，并不具備得到學位所需要的一切。C.學院和大學雇傭了許多退學生。D.博士生在非學術崗位上沒有掙到他們應得的錢。B.、C.兩項文內沒提。D.不對，參見難句譯注4。.博士生的工資太低。見第四題A.的譯注和難句譯注4。B.學術要求太高。這只是某些因學術原因輟學者之強調點。C.輟學者工資太高。不是太高而是有一部分高于博士生。見第二題D項注釋。D.職位低。文內沒有提。 PassageFour(StricterTrafficLawcanPreventAccidents)

Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdiseases.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnessescannowbecuredbymoderndrugsandsurgery.Itisalmostcertainthatonedayremedieswillbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdiseases.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.Butthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbefore,everydaywewitnesstheincredibleslaughterofmen,womenandchildrenontheroads.Manversusthemotor-car!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosing.Thousandsofpeopletheworldoverarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen.

Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheel,hiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotor-caroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebehindasteering-wheel.Theyswear,theyareill-manneredandaggressive,willfulastwo-years-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrations,disappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving.

Thesurprisingthingisthatsocietysmilessobenignlyonthemotoristandseemstocondonehisbehaviour.Everythingisdoneforhisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytragic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistic,tobeconvenientlyforgotten.

Itishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodriving,thelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomethethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadefarmoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstringentannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglaws(wheretheyexist)shouldbemadmuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.Governmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturers,ashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldbebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbeconsideredastosevereiftitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afterall,theworldisforhumanbeings,notmotor-cars.1.Themainideaofthispassageis_______.A.Trafficaccidentsaremainlycausedbymotorists.B.Thousandsofpeopletheworldoverarekilledeachyear.C.Thelawsofsomecountriesaboutdrivingaretoolax.D.Onlystrictertrafficlawscanpreventaccidents.2.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofsocietytowardmotorists?A.Societysmilesonthemotorists.B.Hugecarparksarebuiltinthecitiesandtowns.C.Victimsofaccidentsarenothing.D.Societycondonestheirrudedriving.3.Whydoestheauthorsay:’hiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality?’A.Drivingcanshowhisrealself.B.Drivingcanshowtheotherpartofhispersonality.C.Drivingcanbringouthischaracter.D.Hiscarembodieshistemper.4.WhichofthefollowingsisNOTmentionedasawayagainsttrafficaccidents?A.Buildmorehighways.B.Stricterdrivingtests.C.Testdriverseverythreeyears.D.raiseagelimitandlaydownsafetyspecifications.5.Theattitudeoftheauthoris________.A.ironicalB.criticalC.appealingD.militantVocabulary

使免疫，使免除

oflife=lifeexpectancy

平均壽命=against

對頂，反對

傷害

任性的，固執的

寬厚的，仁慈的

寬容

褻瀆，玷污

法規，規定，慣例

嚴格的，緊急的，迫切的

演出，成品，這里是指

難句譯注Manversusthe