1-1Chapter1

Introductionto

OrganizationalBehavior

EssentialsofOrganizationalBehavior,10/eStephenP.Robbins&TimothyA.Judge1-2Afterreadingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:Defineorganizationalbehavior(OB).ExplainthevalueofthesystematicstudyofOB.IdentifythecontributionsmadetoOBbymajorbehavioralsciencedisciplines.DescribehowOBconceptscanhelpmakeorganizationsmoreproductive.ListthemajorchallengesandopportunitiesformanagerstouseOBconcepts.IdentifythethreelevelsofanalysisinOB.1-3TheFieldofOrganizationalBehaviorOrganizationalBehaviorstudiestheinfluencethatindividuals,groupsandstructurehaveonbehaviorwithinorganizations.Itschiefgoalistoapplythatknowledgetowardimprovinganorganization’seffectiveness.1-4組織行為學——是綜合運用與人有關的各種知識，采用系統分析的方法，研究一定組織中人的心理和行為規律，從而提高各級主管人員對人的行為的預測和引導能力，以便更有效地實現組織目標的一門科學。1-5這一概念包括以下含義：

1.組織行為學的研究對象是人的心理和行為的規律性。

2.組織行為學的研究范圍是一定組織中的人的心理與行為的規律。

3.組織行為學不是孤立地而是系統地研究一定組織中人的行為規律的。

4.組織行為學研究的目的是在掌握一定組織中人的心理和行為規律性的基礎上，提高預測、引導、控制人的行為的能力，以達到組織既定的目標。1-6FocalPointsofOBJobsWorkAbsenteeismEmploymentturnoverProductivityHumanperformanceManagement1-7ComplementingIntuitionwithSystematicStudyIntuition:the“gutfeeling”explanationofbehavior.Systematicstudyimprovesabilitytoaccuratelypredictbehavior.Assumesbehaviorisnotrandom.Fundamentalconsistenciesunderliebehavior.Thesecanbeidentifiedandmodifiedtoreflectindividualdifferences.1-8SystematicStudyExaminesrelationships.Attemptstoattributecausesandeffects.Basesconclusionsonscientificevidence:Ondatagatheredundercontrolledconditions.Dataismeasuredandinterpretedinareasonablyrigorousmanner.1-9Evidence-BasedManagementComplementssystematicstudy.Basesdecisionsonthebestavailablescientificevidence.Forcesmanagerstobecomemorescientificintheirthinking.1-10ContributingDisciplines

totheOBFieldMicro:TheIndividualMacro:Groups&Organizations1-11組織行為學的性質與特點

（一）邊緣性、綜合性(marginalityandcomprehensiveness)

1.多學科交叉性(Intersectionality)

2.多層次性(multilaterallayer)第一層是個體。

第二層是群體。第三層是組織。第四層是組織的外部環境。1-12（二）兩重性(duality)

這種兩重性來自于以下三個方面：一是來自多學科性。(multidisciplinary)二是來自組織行為學的研究對象“人”本身的兩重性。三是來自管理的兩重性1-13（三）實用性(practicability)組織行為學相對于心理學、社會學、人類學等學科來說，它屬于應用性科學(Appliedscience),。而心理學、社會學、人類學是屬于理論性科學(Theoreticalscience)。這些學科是組織行為學的理論基礎。1-14FewAbsolutesinOBImpossibletomakesimpleandaccurategeneralizationsHumanbeingsarecomplexanddiverseOBconceptsmustreflectsituationalconditions:contingencyvariables1-15ChallengesandOpportunitiesforOBTheworkplaceiscontainsawidemixofcultures,races,ethnicgroups,gendersandagesEmployeeshavetolearntocopewithrapidchangeduetoglobalcompetitionCorporateloyaltyhasdecreasedduetocorporatedownsizinganduseoftempworkersManagerscanbenefitfromOBtheoryandconcepts1-16RespondingtoGlobalizationIncreasedforeignassignmentsDifferingneedsandaspirationsinworkforceWorkingwithpeoplefromdifferentculturesDomesticmotivationaltechniquesandmanagerialstylesmaynotworkOverseeingmovementofjobstocountrieswithlow-costlabor1-17ManagingWorkforceDiversityWorkforcediversity:

organizationsarebecomingamoreheterogeneousmixofpeopleintermsofgender,age,race,ethnicity,andsexualorientation1-18DiversityImplications“Managershavetoshifttheirphilosophyfromtreatingeveryonealiketorecognizingdifferencesandrespondingtothosedifferencesinwaysthatensureemployeeretentionandgreaterproductivitywhile,atthesametime,notdiscriminating.”1-19OBOffersInsightsInto:ImprovingqualityandproductivityCustomerserviceandbuildingacustomer-responsivecultureDevelopingpeopleskills1-20OBAidsinDealingWith:StimulatingInnovationandChangeIncreasing“temporariness”intheworkplaceHelpingemployeesbalancework-lifeconflictsImprovingethicalbehavior1-21ThinkingPositiveCreatingapositiveworkenvironmentcanbeacompetitiveadvantagePositiveOrganizationalScholarship(PositiveOB):Examineshoworganizationsdevelophumanstrengths,fostervitalityandresilience,andunlockpotential.Focusisonemployeestrengths,nottheirweaknesses.1-22ThreeLevelsofOBAnalysisChapters2-7Chapters8-13Chapters14-16PlanoftheBook1-23ImplicationsforManagersOBhelpswith:InsightstoimprovepeopleskillsValuingofworkforcediversityEmpoweringpeopleandcreatingapositiveworkenvironmentDealingwithlaborshortagesCopinginaworldoftemporarinessCreatinganethicallyhealthyworkenvironment1-24研究和應用組織行為學的意義及作用（一）有助于加強以人為中心的管理，充分調動人的積極性、主動性和創造性。（二）有助于知人善用，合理地使用人才。（三）有助于改善人際關系，增強群體的合理凝聚力和向心力。（四）有助于提高領導水平，改善領導者和被領導者的關系。（五）有助于組織變革和組織發展。1-25ThemeaningandsignificanceoflearningandapplyingOB(A)tohelpstrengthenpeople-centeredmanagement.(B)tohelpappreciatingpersonreasonably(C)tohelpimprovingrelationships.(D)tohelpimprovingthelevelofleadership.(E)tocontributingtoorganizationalchangeandorganizationaldevelopment.1-26KeepinMind…OB’sgoalistounderstandandpredicthumanbehaviorinorganizations.Fundamentalconsistenciesunderliebehavior.ItismoreimportantthanevertolearnOBconcepts.Bothmanagersandemployeesmustlearntocopewithtemporariness.1-27SummaryDefinedOrganizationalBehavior(OB).