Fromthepassage/thethirdparagraph/thelastsentence/theexamplethat...wecandrawtheconclusionthat.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage(thefirstparagraph,thelastparagraph)?引申推理題按照解題思路主要可以分為暗指題、推理題和結(jié)論題。暗指題的特點(diǎn)是要求讀者體味"言外之意"，信息只能從字里行間獲得。對(duì)于這類試題,考生首先要分清是明述還是暗指,即言內(nèi)還是言外;其次,要盡最大可能與命題者達(dá)成”共識(shí)”,因?yàn)槊}人事先確定的答案不允許考生的認(rèn)識(shí)有任何偏差;最后，要對(duì)文章中的有關(guān)事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析和研究，按照事實(shí)發(fā)展的邏輯次序，總結(jié)出合情合理的結(jié)論。 Example1Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccord!ngtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthescieneejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.(1999年P(guān)assage5)Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch.maynotbeasprofitableastheyareexpectedcanbemeasuredindollarsandcentsrelyonconformitytoastandardpatternaremostlyunderestimatedbymanagement原句是個(gè)假設(shè)條件句,指出”假如科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)像科學(xué)雜志登載的科學(xué)報(bào)告顯示的那樣完全按事先的計(jì)劃去規(guī)劃和實(shí)施,那么，對(duì)管理層來說,期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的"。此處正話反說，作者的言外之意是,科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)總有不可預(yù)測(cè)的現(xiàn)象,產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果也難以預(yù)測(cè),因此不能肯定有效益。[A]選項(xiàng)”可能不像預(yù)料的那樣有利可圖”才是作者真正想要表達(dá)的含義。Example2Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,"Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldisciplin巳theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman."(1996年P(guān)assage4)ItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmericanmechanics.benefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalknowledgeshedlightondisciplinedschoolmanagementwasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhometrainingowedalottothetechnologicaldevelopment這里第二段的首句指出：敏銳的外國觀察家將美國人的適應(yīng)能力和創(chuàng)新能力與這個(gè)教育優(yōu)勢(shì)聯(lián)系在一起。this往回復(fù)指前述的最后內(nèi)容，也就是前一段末句談到的”技工們有文化并且熟知算術(shù)、幾何學(xué)、三角學(xué)",從而可知這種教育優(yōu)勢(shì)就是熟練掌握數(shù)學(xué)。因而作者暗指的意思是[A]選項(xiàng)"它們很大程度上得益于數(shù)學(xué)"。推理題與暗指題雖然有許多相似之處，但是其思路與方法更側(cè)重于推理,主要測(cè)試考生的思維判斷能力，即由已知的事實(shí)為依據(jù)去獲得未知的信息。考生解題時(shí)首先要把握推理范圍——大至段落或全文,小至詞語或句子;其次要嚴(yán)格遵循邏輯規(guī)律,保持正確的思維過程和嚴(yán)密的邏輯;再次可以利用相關(guān)部分提供的事實(shí)、背景知識(shí)和常識(shí)去推理。干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：根據(jù)文章中某些事實(shí)亦可以推導(dǎo),然而又答非所問。⑴推斷文章內(nèi)容的含義和引申意思ExampleExamplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.zwhentheStandardOilTrustwasbrokenup.Themergersoftelecomcompanies，suchasWorldCom,hardlyseemtobringhigherpricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary,thepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incars,too,concentrationisincreasing?witnessDaimlerandChrysler,RenaultandNissan—butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt.(2001年P(guān)assage4)FromParagraph4wecaninferthat.theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtconsumersWorldComservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandcoststhecostsoftheglobalizationprocessareenormoustheStandardOilTrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition命題者設(shè)置的難點(diǎn)是第二句中定語從句的理解。原文談到"目前難以預(yù)料,數(shù)家石油公司的合并是否會(huì)再次對(duì)競(jìng)爭造成威脅。100年前美國的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油聯(lián)合公司(StandardOilTrust)被解散，就是因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)人們擔(dān)心它會(huì)對(duì)競(jìng)爭構(gòu)成威脅"，由此引申推理可知[D]項(xiàng)”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油聯(lián)合公司可能曾對(duì)競(jìng)爭形成過威脅”。此外，考生還需要注意,mighthavethreatened是虛擬語氣;表示對(duì)過去的推測(cè)。(2)運(yùn)用數(shù)字進(jìn)行推理ExampleEmergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.Thisdevelopment—anditsstrongimplicationforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead一hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica'smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenationfsheadcounting.Altogether,theUspopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeople—numericallythethird-largestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evenso,thatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percent,lowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears.AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumberssinceWorldWarn,andthepatternstillprevails.(1998年P(guān)assage4)Discernedfromtheperplexingpictureofpopulationgrowththe1980censusprovided,Americain1970s.enjoyedthelowestnetgrowthofpopulationinhistorywitnessedasouthwesternshiftofpopulationunderwentanunparalleledperiodofpopulationgrowthbroughttoastandstillitspatternofmigrationsinceWorldWarII這是一道涉及數(shù)字的題目，從標(biāo)志詞1970s可以定位為文章第三段，本段指出："20世紀(jì)70年代,美國人口總共增長了2320萬一一從數(shù)字上看，這是有紀(jì)錄以來10年期人口增長的第三高峰。即使如此，人口總數(shù)也只增加了11.4%;除了大蕭條時(shí)期,這是美國年度記錄最低的增長率。"因此，［A］選項(xiàng)和［C］選項(xiàng)與文意不符。接看文章第四段談到人口普查顯示出"第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來，美國人不斷移居西部W南部,現(xiàn)在這種趨勢(shì)依然存在”。因此可以得出［B］選項(xiàng)是正確答案,而［D］選項(xiàng)與該段內(nèi)容正好相反。(3)用類比的例子，要求考生進(jìn)行推理演繹ExamplelTherearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewIanguage-alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine^sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorIandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperieneetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.(1995年P(guān)assage2)Apersonisgenerallybelievedtoachievepersonalgrowthwhen?［A］ hehasgivenuphissmokinghabit［B］ hehasmadegreateffortsinhiswork［C］ heiskeenonlearninganythingnew［D］ hehastriedtodeterminewhereheisonhisjourney本文指出看待人的成長有兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)：一是視為結(jié)果,_是視為過程。第一段具體講到第一種觀點(diǎn)的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容。它是大部分人都持有的觀點(diǎn),看重外在結(jié)果因?yàn)槠淇梢粤炕梢酝ㄟ^具體事例反映出來，如：工人得到升遷、學(xué)生成績提高和外國人學(xué)會(huì)了一門新的語言。第二段講第二種觀點(diǎn)的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容：成長是人在遇到新的經(jīng)歷和意夕卜險(xiǎn)阻時(shí)表現(xiàn)出來的態(tài)度和情感,而不是實(shí)在的結(jié)果。問的是根據(jù)第一種觀點(diǎn)，以下哪—種是成長表現(xiàn)。通過文中類比的例子可知只有［A］選項(xiàng)是實(shí)在的結(jié)果。結(jié)論題與推理題在解題思路和方法上有許多相似之處，但是推理題偏重于推理過程,而結(jié)論題偏重于歸納過程。解答結(jié)論題時(shí)一定要根據(jù)題目要求,就短文有關(guān)內(nèi)容做出合乎邏輯的、可靠的結(jié)論。有時(shí)為了克服片面性,可以擴(kuò)大閱讀范圍，否則獲得信息的范圍太窄，結(jié)論便欠妥。因此,解答此類試題既要以事實(shí)為依據(jù),也要依據(jù)自己的常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn);既要重視文章主題，也要重視發(fā)展或印證主題的細(xì)節(jié);而尤為重要的是把握作者的寫作意圖。注意過于概括、過于全面或過于細(xì)節(jié)化的選項(xiàng),往往屬于干擾項(xiàng)。⑴先了解全文,把握主題考生可以通過首尾段、文章結(jié)構(gòu)、或歸納整理各段信息迅速了解主題。然后再通過主題與細(xì)節(jié)的關(guān)系進(jìn)行合乎理性的歸納。ExampleTheattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenoIongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,noIongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenundergrounctormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.(2000年P(guān)assage5)Fromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatambitionshouldbemaintained.secretlyandvigorouslyopenlyandenthusiasticallyeasilyandmomentarilyverballyandspiritually該段談到人們對(duì)雄心的攻擊遠(yuǎn)多于對(duì)它的維護(hù),因此本應(yīng)是一種健康公開的品質(zhì)得不到很多支持。第四句和第五句指出了不公開表達(dá)雄心帶來的不良后果,由此可以推出人們不應(yīng)該隱瞞自己的雄心。此夕卜,縱觀全文，作者提倡的是正確對(duì)待雄心,坦言自己的抱負(fù)。因此[B]選項(xiàng)"公開而熱肯地"是作者提倡的對(duì)待雄心的正確態(tài)度。(2)把握作者的寫作意圖ExampleNoclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscienee:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword"amateur"doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofaIonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurpartlcipationinscienee.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofscieneebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining』andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.(2001年P(guān)assage1)Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate.theprocessofspecialisationandprofessionalisationthehardshipofamateursinscientificstudythechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublicationsthediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs前一段談到,業(yè)余研究者進(jìn)入專業(yè)領(lǐng)域很難的趨勢(shì)在某些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域尤為突出,英國地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展就說明了這一問題。后一段通過對(duì)19世紀(jì)英國地質(zhì)學(xué)及其出版物的變化、研究方式的變化、非專業(yè)人員研究過程的困難等的陳述，說明專業(yè)人員和業(yè)余人員之間的分化越來越明顯。因此可引申推理出作者的寫作目的正是描述[A]選項(xiàng)"職業(yè)化和專業(yè)化形成的過程”。2推理引申題的解答技巧(1)推理引申題的劃分推理引申題按照難易可以分為：簡單推理題和復(fù)雜推理題。第一,簡單的推理題。雖然在原文中不能直接找到答案，但是有間接的暗示和線索。它們與答案之間的關(guān)系比較清楚,聯(lián)系起來后便可以得出答案。而且答案與其他選項(xiàng)差別也較大。第二,復(fù)雜的推理題。在原文中找不到明確的解題線索,考生只能根據(jù)隱藏在詞句后面的含義,根據(jù)作者說話的語氣,反復(fù)分析,才能找到答案，而且干擾項(xiàng)的干擾較強(qiáng)。考生在幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)中猶豫不定,不知選哪個(gè)好。后一種推理題是近幾年命題的趨勢(shì)。ExampleHereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses#convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudieneeallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgarden》sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself?"Whoisthat?"thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter."Oh,that'sGod,"camethereply,"butsometimeshethinkshe'sadoctor."(2002年Text1)Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare?impolitetonewarrivalsveryconsciousoftheirgodlikeroleentitledtosomeprivilegesverybusyevenduringlunchhours考生要根據(jù)全文的主旨以及作者的語氣,從那個(gè)關(guān)于醫(yī)生的笑話里推理醫(yī)生和上帝有相似的特點(diǎn)：醫(yī)生無禮、傲慢,自以為像上帝一樣。接看再推測(cè)護(hù)士對(duì)醫(yī)生的看法是：非常在乎自己上帝般的角色。這種推理是一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的過程。[B]選項(xiàng)為正確答案。(2)推理引申題選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)及其解答技巧正確項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：①不是文中明確說明的內(nèi)容，因?yàn)榧词狗显?沒有引申推理就不是正確選項(xiàng);②如果四個(gè)選項(xiàng)全能憑常識(shí)判斷，其中含義深刻的是正確選項(xiàng),有時(shí)惟一不是常識(shí)項(xiàng)的是正確選項(xiàng)。干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：①只是原文的簡單復(fù)述,而非推斷出來的結(jié)論,把直接表達(dá)當(dāng)成間接推理;②看似從原文推斷出來的結(jié)論,然而實(shí)際上與原文不符,例如把原文的原因變成了選項(xiàng)中的結(jié)果,把原文的手段變成了選項(xiàng)中的目的;③根據(jù)常識(shí)判斷是正確的,然而不是在文章事實(shí)或上下文邏輯基礎(chǔ)上推理而得出的觀點(diǎn),因此,考生要注意不能根據(jù)自己的主觀想法或生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)去推理,因?yàn)槊}者考查的是考生揣摩作者意圖的能力;④雖然以文章提供的事實(shí)或內(nèi)在邏輯為推理依據(jù)，但推理過頭，概括過度;⑤有部分選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容純屬編造。根據(jù)推理引申試題的特點(diǎn)，考生在解答時(shí)要注意以下兩點(diǎn)：首先，考生在瀏覽全文時(shí)，一要留意那些1以乎話中有話的間接表達(dá)句。它們往往采用說半句、打比喻、反過來講的方式，留有讓考生自己作結(jié)論或推理的余地。二要留意含義深刻或結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子。考生對(duì)作者表達(dá)的意思不能一下子看誘,它們往往是命題點(diǎn)所在。ExampleIfyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouanditIIbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairmarfsnotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn'tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.(2002年P(guān)assage1)Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicserviceshavebenefitedmanypeoplearethefocusofpublicattentionareaninappropriatesubjectforhumorhaveoftenbeenthelaughingstock該段末句”如果拿公共服務(wù)行業(yè)作為替罪羊(scapegoats)去進(jìn)行評(píng)論;你就會(huì)處于安全境地”讓人讀了不是很明白,禁不住要去推想到