學習文檔僅供參考2006年9月中級口譯真題+參考答案1PartA:SpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.Britishpeoplearefarmoresophisticatedaboutbeveragesthantheywere50yearsago.WitnesstheStarbucksrevolutionandyou'llknowwhere___________〔1〕goes.However,spurredonbyrecentstudiessuggestingthatitcancuttheriskof___________〔2〕andretardtheagingprocess,teaisenjoyinga___________〔3〕.Althoughteaisavailableinmoreplacesthanever,itremainstobe_____________〔4〕ofatypicalBritishfamily.IfyouareinvitedtoanEnglishhome,_____________〔5〕inthemorningyougetacupoftea.Itiseitherbroughtinbyaheartily_____________〔6〕oranalmostmalevolentlysilentmaid.Whenyouare_____________〔7〕inyoursweetestmorningsleepyoumustnotsay:'Goaway,you_____________〔8〕.'Onthecontrary,youhavetodeclarewithyourbestfiveo'clocksmile:'Thankyouverymuch.I_____________〔9〕acupoftea,especiallyinthemorning.'Iftheyleaveyoualonewiththeliquidyoumaypourit_____________〔10〕!Thenyouhave___________〔11〕;thenyouhaveteaat11o'clockinthemorning;_____________〔12〕;thenyouhaveteafortea;thenaftersupper;andagainateleveno'clock_____________〔13〕.Youmustnotrefuseanyadditionalcupsofteaunderthe_____________〔14〕:ifitishot;ifitiscold;ifyouare_____________〔15〕;ifyouarenervous;ifyouarewatchingTV;_____________〔16〕;ifyouhavejustreturnedhome;ifyoufeellikeit;ifyoudonotfeellikeit;ifyouhavehadnotea______________〔17〕;ifyouhavejusthadacup.Youdefinitelymustnot______________〔18〕.Isleepatfiveo'clockinthemorning;Ihavecoffeeforbreakfast;Idrinkinnumerable_____________〔19〕duringtheday;Ihavethe_____________〔20〕evenattea-time!PartB:ListeningComprehension1.StatementsDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshortstatements.ThesestatementswillbespokenONLYONCE,andyouwillnotfindthemwrittenonthepaper;soyoumustlistencarefully.Whenyouhearastatement,readtheanswerchoicesanddecidewhichoneisclosestinmeaningtothestatementyouhaveheard.ThenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.1.〔A〕TheprogramonChannelEightremindsmeofTVcommercials.〔B〕TheproductadvertisedintheTVcommercialcannothelpcuremyillness.〔C〕Idon'twatchTVthatmuch,becauseoftheomnipresentadvertisements.〔D〕Ihavetositonthesofa,becauseIamtoosicktostandinfrontofthetelevision.2.〔A〕Theplanearrivedat7:30.〔B〕Theplanearrivedat8:00.〔C〕Theplanearrivedat9:00.〔D〕Theplanearrivedat10:00.3.〔A〕I'llasksomeoneelsetoreadandcheckthisagreementforerrors.〔B〕I'llthinkmoreabouttheagreementbeforemakingadecision.〔C〕It'sobviousthatI'lldiscusstheagreementwithmyassistantfirst.〔D〕It'soutofquestionthatIshouldgetintoanyagreementwithyou.4.〔A〕Thebettermembersdecidedtocancelthemeeting.〔B〕Lessthanhalfofthecommitteewasawayonbusinesstrips.〔C〕It'dbebetterifnoonehadattendedthismorning'scommitteemeeting……〔D〕Themeetingwascancelledbecauseoflowattendance.5.〔A〕Supermarketsintheinnercityandthesuburbsareusuallyownedbythesamecompany.〔B〕Productsingrocerystoresaremoreexpensivethanthoseinsupermarkets.〔C〕Thereisapricedifferenceforthesameproducteveninshopsrunbythesamecompany.〔D〕Peopleprefertoshopinsupermarkets,whicharemostlylocatedinthesuburbs,withfreeparkingspace.6.〔A〕ManyAmericanscannotaffordhighereducationbecauseofthesoaringcollegetuitionfeesandexpenses.〔B〕SendingtheirchildrentocollegeisnolongerabiggerchallengeformillionsofAmericans.〔C〕TheAmericangovernmenthassetthegoalthatitwilleventuallystopfundinghighereducationinstitutions.〔D〕Nowadays,Americanparentshavetopaymoretosendtheirchildrentocollege.7.〔A〕Formanyuniversitygraduates,thejobstheytakewillnotberelatedtotheiracademicachievements.〔B〕Becauseofeconomicrecession,thenumberofuniversitystudentsmajoringinliberalartsisdeclining.〔C〕Universitystudentswhoareinterestedinliberalartswillhavemorejobopportunitiesupongraduation.〔D〕Withhighunemploymentrate,manyuniversitystudentswillhavetooptfortransferringtoothermajors.8.〔A〕Goodbusinessnegotiatorswillneverrepeatwhatotherpeoplehavealreadyrestated.〔B〕Restatingbygoodbusinessnegotiatorsisnotaneffectivewaytochecktheinformation.〔C〕Goodbusinessnegotiatorsaresometimescuriousaboutotherpeople'srestatements.〔D〕Restatingwhatothershavesaidisagoodstrategyforconfirmingunderstanding.9.〔A〕Wecannotreachanagreement,letaloneaspokenpromise.〔B〕We'dbetterdraftandthensignawrittenagreement.〔C〕Wegenerallykeepourpromisesinbusinesstransactions.〔D〕Wehopeyouunderstandwhyweareunabletokeepourpromises.10.〔A〕Idon'tthinkyouhavemoretosayonthattopic.〔B〕Ithinkwe'dbettertalkaboutthatindetailsometimelater.〔C〕Iamtrulyappreciativeifyoucanelaborateonthattopicafterlunch.〔D〕Iambusyrightnow,sowemightaswelldiscussitoverlunchtoday.2.TalksandConversationsDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshorttalksandconversationsAftereachofthese,youwillhearafewquestions.ListencarefullybecauseyouwillhearthetalkorconversationandquestionsONLYONCE.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourchoicesandchoosethebestanswertothatquestion.ThenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions11-1411.〔A〕Two〔B〕Three〔C〕Four〔D〕Five12.〔A〕Aprofit-makingprivateschool.〔B〕Anon-profit-makingindependentschool.〔C〕Astateschoolthatisfundedbynon-governmentalsources.〔D〕AsecondaryschoolthatisopentothemajorityofBritishstudents.13.〔A〕Manychildrenarenolongerplacedinschoolsaccordingtotheiracademicabilities.〔B〕Manychildrencanaffordtostudyinprivateschools,astheybecomepartofthestatesystem.〔C〕Childrenfromwealthyfamiliesnolongerchoosetogoandstudyinpublicschools.〔D〕Clevererchildrenwillbesenttothebestprivateschoolsinthecountryforabetterdevelopment.14.〔A〕Cleverandlessbrightchildrenwillmixwellwitheachother.〔B〕Schoolauthoritieswillreceivemorefundsfromthegovernment.〔C〕Moststudentswilldowellintheirentranceexaminationforthehighereducation.〔D〕Everychildwillhaveanequalopportunitytogoontohighereducation.Questions15-1815.〔A〕Onethatisunabridgedwithdetaileddefinitions.〔B〕Onethatcontainsfewerwordsandemphasizesonspecialwords.〔C〕Onethatcontainsabroadrangeofwordsincommonusage.〔D〕Onethatspansseveralvolumesandhasextensivewordhistories16.〔A〕TheNewOxfordPictureDictionary〔B〕TheAmericanHeritageDictionary〔C〕TheDictionaryofLegalTerms〔D〕TheDrinkingWaterDictionary17.〔A〕Itlistsabbreviations,propernouns,andtablesofmeasures.〔B〕Itisanunabridgededitionprovidingasmanyas500,000entries.〔C〕Itwasrandomlycompiledandcontainsasmanyforeignwordsaspossible.〔D〕Itprovidesdetailedinformationoffamouspeopleandplaces.18.〔A〕Aschooldictionary.〔B〕Acollegedictionary.〔C〕Ageneraldictionary.〔D〕Aspecializeddictionary.Questions19-2219.〔A〕He'sboughthiswifeapresent.〔B〕He'smissedanimportantphonecall.〔C〕He'sdismissedhisnewsecretary.〔D〕He'spoppedoutshopping.20.〔A〕Talkingaboutthelatestfashion.〔B〕Offeringspecialreductions.〔C〕Givingbiggerdiscountstofemalecustomers.〔D〕Pressingonthecustomertomakeadecision.21.〔A〕Upsidedownandinsideout.〔B〕Insideoutandbacktofront.〔C〕Withitssleevesastrouserlegs.〔D〕Withitspatternupsidedown.22.〔A〕AV-neckedpulloverwithshortsleeves.〔B〕Ahigh-neckedpulloverwithlongsleeves.〔C〕Awhitepulloverwithapattern.〔D〕Abluepulloverwithahighneck.Questions23-2623.〔A〕Thatofacreator.〔B〕Thatofare-creator.〔C〕Thatofareceiver.〔D〕Thatofaperformer.24.〔A〕Becauseweneedtoconcentrateforourquietthought.〔B〕Becausewewanttogivefullattentiontothedriving.〔C〕Becausewetrytoavoidbeingcaughtbythepatrollingpolice.〔D〕Becauseweintendtobeascasualaspossibleinthedriving.25.〔A〕Intheelevator.〔B〕Inthecar.〔C〕Inthebathroom.〔D〕Inthechurch.26.〔A〕Byperceptiveandanalyticallistening.〔B〕Bytakingasonicbath.〔C〕Byattendingclassicalconcerts.〔D〕Bylisteningtoanemotionalpieceofmusic.Questions27-3027.〔A〕Hisgrandfather'shouse.〔B〕Hisparents'remarks.〔C〕Amagazine.〔D〕Acoursebook.28.〔A〕Enjoyingvisitingzoos.〔B〕Drivingacar.〔C〕Makingmoney.〔D〕Takingkidstoamuseum.29.〔A〕Itdiedafewyearsago.〔B〕Itkilledseveraltourists.〔C〕Itisonlyalegend.〔D〕Itisalivingdinosaur.30.〔A〕Noonehasprovidedanaccuratedescriptionoftheanimal.〔B〕Nodeadbodiesoftheanimalhaveeverbeenfound.〔C〕Thereareonly500specieslivinginLochNess.〔D〕Thelakeisnotdeepenoughforsuchahugeanimal.PartC:ListeningandTranslation1.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear5sentencesinEnglish.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachsentence,translateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.〔1〕〔2〕〔3〕〔4〕〔5〕2.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear2passagesinEnglish.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachpassage,translateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.〔1〕〔2〕SECTION2:STUDYSKILLS〔45minutes〕Directions:Inthissection,youwillreadseveralpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsbasedonitscontent.YouaretochooseONEbestanswer,〔A〕,〔B〕,〔C〕or〔D〕,toeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-5ThepurposeoftheAmericancourtsystemistoprotecttherightsofthepeople.AccordingtoAmericanlaw,ifsomeoneisaccusedofacrime,heorsheisconsideredinnocentuntilthecourtprovesthatthepersonisguilty.Inotherwords,itistheresponsibilityofthecourttoprovethatapersonisguilty.Itisnottheresponsibilityofthepersontoprovethatheorsheisinnocent.Inordertoarrestaperson,thepolicehavetobereasonablysurethatacrimehasbeencommitted.Thepolicemustgivethesuspectthereasonswhytheyarearrestinghimandtellhimhisrightsunderthelaw.Thenthepolicetakethesuspecttothepolicestationto"book"him."Bookingmeansthatthenameofthepersonandthechargesagainsthimareformallylistedatthepolicestation.Thenextstepisforthesuspecttogobeforeajudge.Thejudgedecideswhetherthesuspectshouldbekeptinjailorreleased.Ifthesuspecthasnopreviouscriminalrecordandthejudgefeelsthathewillreturntocourtratherthanrunaway-forexample,becauseheownsahouseandhasafamily-hecangofree.Otherwise,thesuspectmustputupbail.Atthistime,too,thejudgewillappointacourtlayertodefendthesuspectifhecan'taffordone.Thesuspectreturnstocourtaweekortwolater.Alawyerfromthedistrictattorney'sofficepresentsacaseagainstthesuspect.Thisiscalledahearing.Theattorneymaypresentevidenceaswellaswitnesses.Thejudgeatthehearingthendecideswhetherthereisenoughreasontoholdatrial.Ifthejudgedecidesthatthereissufficientevidencetocallforatrial,heorshesetsadateforthesuspecttoappearincourttoformallypleadguiltyornotguilty.Atthetrial,ajuryof12peoplelistenstotheevidencefrombothattorneysandhearsthetestimonyofthewitnesses.Thenthejurygoesintoaprivateroomtoconsidertheevidenceanddecidewhetherthedefendantisguiltyofthecrime.Ifthejurydecidesthatthedefendantisinnocent,hegoesfree.However,ifheisconvicted,thejudgesetsadateforthedefendanttoappearincourtagainforsentencing.Atthistime,thejudgetellstheconvictedpersonwhathispunishmentwillbe.Thejudgemaysentencehimtoprison,orderhimtopayafine,orplacehimonprobation.TheAmericanjusticesystemisverycomplexandsometimesoperatesslowly.However,everystepisdesignedtoprotecttherightsofthepeople.Theseindividualrightsarethebasis,orfoundation,oftheAmericangovernment.1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?〔A〕TheAmericancourtsystemrequiresthatasuspectprovethatheorsheisinnocent.〔B〕TheUScourtsystemisdesignedtoprotecttherightsofthepeople.〔C〕UndertheAmericancourtsystem,judgedecidesifasuspectisinnocentorguilty.〔D〕TheUScourtsystemisdesignedtohelpthepolicepresentacaseagainstthesuspect.2.Whatfollows'inotherwords'〔para.1〕?〔A〕Anexampleoftheprevioussentence.〔B〕Anewideaaboutthecourtsystem.〔C〕Anitemofevidencetocallforatrial.〔D〕Arestatementoftheprevioussentence.3.Accordingtothepassage,'hecangofree'〔para.3〕means_________.〔A〕thesuspectisfreetochoosealawyertodefendhim〔B〕thesuspectdoesnothavetogototrialbecausethejudgehasdecidedheisinnocent〔C〕thesuspectwillbeinformedbymailwhetherheisinnocentornot〔D〕thesuspectdoesnothavetowaitinjailorpaymoneyuntilhegoestotrial4.Whatisthepurposeofhavingthesuspectpaybail?〔A〕Topayforthejudgeandthetrial.〔B〕Topayforacourtlawyertodefendthesuspect.〔C〕Toensurethatthesuspectwillreturntocourt.〔D〕Toensurethatthesuspectwillappearinprison.5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?〔A〕TheAmericanjusticesystemsometimesoperatesslowly.〔B〕Thepolicecanarrestasuspectwithoutgivinganyreasons.〔C〕Itistheresponsibilityofthesuspecttoproveheisinnocent.〔D〕Thejuryconsiderstheevidenceinthecourtroom.Questions6-10Soyou'vegotaninvention-youandaround39,000otherseachyear,accordingto2002statistics!The64,000-dollarquestion,ifyouhavecomeupwithadevicewhichyoubelievetobetheanswertotheenergycrisisoryou'veinventedalawnmowerwhichcutsgrasswithajetofwater〔notsodaft,someonehasinventedone〕,ishowtoensureyou'retheonetoreaptherewardsofyouringenuity.Howwillallyougardenshedboffinsouttherekeepothersfromcapitalizingonyourideasandliningtheirpocketsatyourexpense?Oneofthefirststepstoprotectyourinterestistopatentyourinvention.Thatcankeepitoutofthegraspofthepiratesforatleastthenext20years.Andforthisreasoninventorsintheirdrovesbeataconstanttrailfromalloverthecountrytothedoorsofananonymousgrey-frontedbuildingjustbehindLondon'sHolborntotryandpatenttheirdevices.ThebuildinghousesthePatentOffice.It'sanantheapofcorridors,officesandfilingrooms-asortinghouseandstoragedepotforoneoftheworld'sbiggestandmostvariedcollectionsoftechnicaldata.Sometenmillionpatents-Englishandforeign-arelistedthere.Fileafterfile,catalogueaftercataloguedetailthebrain-childrenofinventorsdownthecenturies,froma1600'smachinegundesignedtofiresquarebulletsatinfidelsandroundonesatChristians,topresent-daylaser,nuclearandcomputertechnology.Thefirst'letterspatent'weregrantedaslongagoas1449toaFlemishcraftsmanbythenameofJohnUtynam.Theletters,writteninLatin,arestillonfileattheoffice.TheyweregrantedbyKingHenryVIandentitledUtynamto'importintothiscountry'hisknowledgeofmakingstainedglasswindowsinordertoinstallsuchwindowsatEtonCollege.Present-daypatentsprocedureisamoresophisticatedaffairthangettingago-aheadnotefromthemonarch.Thesedaysthestrictproceduresgoverningwhetheryougetapatentforyourrevolutionarymouse-traporsolar-poweredback-scratcherhavebeenreducedtoaprettyexactscience.Fromstarttofinishitwilltakearoundtwoandahalfyearsandcost￡165fortheinventortogainpatentprotectionforhisbrainchild.That'sifhe'slucky.BynomeansallwhoapplytothePatentOffice,whichisabranchoftheDepartmentofTrade,getapatent.AkeymanatthePatentOfficeisBernardPartridge,PrincipalExaminer〔Administration〕,whoboilsdowntoonewordthevitalingredientanyinventorneedsbeforehecanhopetoovercomethemanyhurdlesinthecomplexprocedureofobtainingapatent-'ingenuity'.6.Peopletakeoutapatentbecausetheywantto__________.〔A〕keeptheirideasfrombeingstolen〔B〕reaptherewardsofsomebodyelse'singenuity〔C〕visitthepatentofficebuilding〔D〕comeupwithmorenewdevices7.Thephrase'thebrain-childrenofinventors'〔para.5〕means_________.〔A〕thechildrenwithhighintelligence〔B〕theinventionsthatpeoplecomeupwith〔C〕adevicethatachildbelievestobetheanswertotheenergycrisis〔D〕alawnmowerthatanindividualhasinventedtocutgrass8.Whathavethe1600'smachinegunandthepresent-daylaserincommon?〔A〕Bothwereapprovedbythemonarch.〔B〕BothweregrantedbyKingHenryVI.〔C〕BothwererejectedbytheDepartmentofTrade.〔D〕Bothwerepatented.9.WhyisJohnUtynamstillremembered?〔A〕Heisthefirstpersontogetapatentforhisrevolutionarymouse-trap.〔B〕Heisthefirstpersontobegrantedanofficialpatent.〔C〕HeisthefirstpersontobeanofficerinthePatentOffice.〔D〕Heisthefirstpersontohaveinventedalawnmower.10.Accordingtothepassage,howwouldyoudescribethecomplexprocedureofobtainingapatentforaninvention?〔A〕Itisratherexpensive.〔B〕Itisanimpossibletask.〔C〕Itisextremelydifficult.〔D〕Itisverytricky.Questions11-15Alllivingcellsonearthrequiremoisturefortheirmetabolism.Cerealgrainswhenbroughtinfromthefield,althoughtheymayappeartobedry,maycontain20percentofmoistureormore.Iftheyarestoredinabinthus,thereissufficientmoistureinthemtosupportseveralvarietiesofinsects.Theseinsectswill,therefore,liveandbreedand,astheygrowandeatthegrain,itprovidesthemwithbiologicalenergyfortheirlifeprocesses.Thisenergywill,justasinman,becomemanifestasheat.Sincethebulkofthegrainactsasaninsulator,thetemperaturesurroundingthecolonyofinsectswillrisesothat,notonlyispartofthegrainspoiledbythedirectattackoftheinsectsbutmoremaybedamagedbytheheat.Sometimes,thetemperaturemayevenrisetothepointwherethestoredgraincatchesfire.Forsafestorage,grainmustbedrieduntilitsmoisturecontentis13percentorless.Traditionalartsoffoodpreservationtookadvantageofthisprincipleinanumberofways.Theplantseeds,wheat,rye,rice,barleymillet,maize,arethemselvesstructuresevolvedbynaturetoprovidestoredfood.Thestarchoftheirendospermisusedforthenourishmentoftheembryoduringthetimeitover-winters〔ifitisaplantoftheTemperateZone〕anduntilitsnewleaveshavegrownandtheirchlorophyllcantrapenergyfromthesunlighttonourishthenew-grownplant.Theseparationbythreshingandwinnowingis,therefore,tosomedegreepartofatechniqueoffoodpreservation.Thedirectdryingofotherfoodshasalsobeenused.FishhasbeendriedinmanypartsoftheworldbesidesAfrica.Slicesofdriedmeatarepreparedbynumerousraces.Biltong,aformofdriedmeat,wasacustomaryfoodfortravelers.Thedryingofmeatorfish,eitherinthesunoroverafire,quiteapartfromthedegreetowhichitexposesthefoodtoinfectionbybacteriaandinfestationbyinsects,tendsalsotoharmitsquality.Proteinsarecomplexmolecularstructureswhicharereadilydisrupted.Thisisthereasonwhydriedmeatbecomestoughandcan,withsomescientificjustification,bylikenedtoleather.Thetechnicalprocessofdryingfoodsindirectlybypicklingtheminthestrongsaltsolutionscommonlycalled'brine'doeslessharmtotheproteinthanstraightforwarddrying,particularlyifthisiscarriedoutathightemperatures.Itisforthisreasonthatmanyofthetypicaldryingprocessesarenottakentocompletion.Thatistosay,theouterpartsmaybedriedleavingamoistinnersection.Underthesecircumstances,preservationisonlypartial.Thedriedfoodkeepslongerthanitwouldhaveundriedbutitcannotbekeptindefinitely.Forthisreason,traditionalprocessesaretobefoundinmanypartsoftheworldinwhichacombinationofpartialdryingandpicklinginbrineisused.Quiteoftenthedryinginvolvesexposuretosmoke.Foodstreatedinthiswayare,besidesfishofvarioussorts,bacon,hamsandnumeroustypesofsausages.11.Accordingtothepassage,insectsspoilstoredcerealsby________.〔A〕consumingallthegrainthemselves〔B〕generatingheatandraisingthesurroundingtemperature〔C〕increasingthemoisturecontentinthegrain〔D〕attackingeachotherformoregrain12.Inspeakingofthetraditionalmethodsoffoodpreservation,thewriter________.〔A〕expressesdoubtsaboutdirectsmoking〔B〕describessaltingandpicklingasineffective〔C〕condemnsdirectdrying〔D〕mentionsthreshingandwinnowing13.Directdryingaffectsthequalityofmeatorfishbecause________.〔A〕itexposesthemtoinsects〔B〕itmakesthemhard〔C〕itdamagestheprotein〔D〕itdevelopsbacteria14.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatsaltingpreservesfoodby________.〔A〕destroyingtheprotein〔B〕drawingawaymoisturefromthefood〔C〕dryingthefoodinthesun〔D〕dressingthefood15.Accordingtothepassage,partialdryingisusefulbecause________.〔A〕itdamagestheproteinless〔B〕itcanbecombinedwithpickling〔C〕itleavestheinsidemoist〔D〕itmakesthefoodsoftQuestions16-20Wearemovinginexorablyintotheageofautomation.Ouraimisnottodeviseamechanismwhichcanperformathousanddifferentactionsofanyindividualmanbut,onthecontrary,onewhichcouldbyasingleactionreplaceathousandmen.Industrialautomationhasmovedalongthreelines.Firstthereistheconveyorbeltsystemofcontinuousproductionwherebyseparateoperationsarelinkedintoasinglesequence.Thegoodsproducedbythiswell-establishedmethodareuntouchedbytheworker,andthemachinereplacesbothunskilledandsemiskilled.Secondly,thereisautomationwithfeedbackcontrolofthequalityoftheproduct:heremechanismsarebuiltintothesystemwhichcancomparetheoutputwithanorm,thatis,theactualproductwithwhatitissupposedtobe,andthencorrectanyshortcomings.Theentirecycleofoperationsdispenseswithhumancontrolexceptinsofarasmonitorsareconcerned.Oneortwoexamplesofthistypeofautomationwillillustrateitsimmensepossibilities.ThereisafactoryintheU.S.A.whichmakes1,000millionelectriclightbulbsayear,andthefactoryemploysthreehundredpeople.Ifthepreautomationtechniquesweretobeemployed,thelabourforcerequiredwouldleapto25,000.Amotormanufacturingcompanywith45,000sparepartsregulatestheirentiresupplyentirelybycomputer.Computerscanbeentrustedwithmostofthesupervisionofindustrialinstallations,suchaschemicalplantsoroilrefineries.Thirdly,thereiscomputerautomation,forbanks,accountingdepartments,insurancecompaniesandthelike.Heretheessentialfeaturesaretherecording,storing,sortingandretrievalofinformation.Theprincipalmeritofmoderncomputingmachinesistheachievementoftheirvastlygreaterspeedofoperationbycomparisonwithunaidedhumaneffort;ataskwhichotherwisemighttakeyears,ifattemptedatall,nowtakesdaysorhours.Oneofthemosturgentproblemsofindustrialsocietiesrapidlyintroducingautomationishowtofillthetimethatwillbemadefreebythemachineswhichwilltakeoverthetasksoftheworkers.Thequestionisnotsimplyoffillingemptytimebutalsoofutilizingthesurplushumanenergythatwillbereleased.Wearealreadyseeingstrawsinthewind:destructiveoutburstsonthepartofyouthwhoseworknolongerdemandsmuscularstrength.Whileautomationwillundoubtedlydoawaywithalargenumberoftediousjobs,arewesurethatitwillnotputotherswhichareequallytediousintheirplace?Foranenormousamountofsheermonitoringwillberequired.Amaninanautomatedplantmayhavetositforhoursonandwatchingdialsandtakingdecisiveactionwhensomesignalinformshimthatallisnotwell.Whatmeaningwillhisoccupationbearfortheworker?Howwillhedevotehisfreetimeafterafourorfivehourstintoflabour?Moreover,what,indeed,willbethesignificanceforhimofhisleisure?Ifindustryofthefuturecouldbepurgedofitsmonotonyandmeaninglessness,manwouldthenbebetterequippedtousehisleisuretimeconstructively.16.Themainpurposeofautomationis_________.〔A〕todevisethemachinewhichcouldreplacethesemi-skilled〔B〕toprocessinformationasfastaspossible〔C〕todevelopanefficientlabor-savingmechanism〔D〕tomakeanindividualmanperformmanydifferentactions17.Thechiefbenefitofcomputingmachinesis________.〔A〕theirgreaterspeedofoperation〔B〕theircontroloftheproductquality〔C〕theirconveyorbeltsystemofcontinuousproduction〔D〕theirsupervisionofindustrialinstallations18.Oneoftheproblemsbroughtaboutbyautomationinindustrialsocietiesis_________.〔A〕plentyofinformation〔B〕surplushumanenergy〔C〕destructiveoutbursts〔D〕lessleisuretime19.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheuseof'stint'〔para.4〕?〔A〕Effort.