國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)PracticeofInternationalTradeBySuperChapterSixTermsofCommodityRuleoncontractsInternationalRulesoncontractsCISG1980–UnitedNationsConventiononContractsforInternationalSaleofGoodsMainContentGeneralrulesgoverning“theformationofthecontractofsale,andrightsandobligationsofthesellerandthebuyerarisingfromsuchasale.Contains101itemsunder4partsBasicPrinciplesPromotionofuniformityinapplicationofrulesgoverninginternationalsaleofgoodsinordertoensurefairnessininternationalbusinessEmphasisonobservanceofgoodfaithininternationaltradesoastodevelopinternationalcommercialrelations.4.1NameofCommodity

NamenormallymergedwithqualityTypeSpecificationsRequirementsinadoptingnameofcommodityClearandspecificAgreedbybothpartiesSelectappropriateoneifmorethanoneisavailable(eg.H.S.)PracticeTrytospecifythequalityofthefollowingproducts.4.2SpecifyingQualityQualityInternalpropertiesoringredientsStructure,chemicalcomposition,biologicalfeaturesExternalappearanceShape,form,color,physicalpropertyImportanceofqualitytermGroundfortransactionDeterminationofpricevalueImageofgoods4.2SpecifyingQuality4.2.1SalebydescriptionSalebygrade等級GradesystemGradeA,B,CGrade1,2,3Toavoiddisputes,normallygrade+specificationsExample

鎢砂 三氧化鎢 錫 砷 硫 最低 最高 最高 最高Grade1 70％ 0.2% 0.2% 0.8%Grade2 65% 0.2% 0.2% 0.8%Grade3 65% 1.5% 0.2% 0.8%4.2.1Salebydescription

Otherwidelyadoptedstandards

F.A.Q.(FairAverageQuality)良好平均品質(zhì)/大路貨

basedontheaveragequalityoftheproductsinayeargenerallysuitableforagriculturalproductsshouldhaveF.A.Q.wordingincontract

Eg.Chinapeanut2008NewCropF.A.Q. Moisture notexceeding 13% Brokenrate max. 5% Oilcontent min. 44%G.M.Q.(GoodMerchantableQuality)上好可銷品質(zhì)QualityofgoodssufficientlygoodtosatisfythepurposeofuseorconsumptionUsedsometimesasbottom-lineofqualityrequirement4.2.1SalebydescriptionSalebynameoforigin憑產(chǎn)地買賣NameoforiginasindicationofqualityMoresuitableforagriculturalproductsorby-products

eg.四川榨菜,青島啤酒Normallyusedtogetherwithotherqualityindicessuchasspecifications,gradeorbrands

eg.West-lakeLongjingTea,Grade1,ZhejiangOrigin4.2.1SalebydescriptionSalebydescriptionsandillustrations憑說明書或圖樣買賣SuitableforfullsetsofequipmentorinstrumentsClausessuchas“qualityandtechnicaldatatobeinconformitywiththedescriptionsubmittedbytheseller”tobestipulatedinthecontractTechnicalmanuals,bookletsofdirections,drawingsordiagramstobeattached eg.HaierRefrigerator,Modelxxx,qualityandtechnicaldatatobeinstrictlyinconformitywiththedescriptionssubmittedbytheseller.4.2.2SalebySampleSalebysample憑樣買賣SampleasareferenceofqualityorconditionofthegoodstobedeliveredUsedwhenqualitydescriptionofthegoodsisbeyondwordsBearthewording“qualityasper…”Canbeprovidedbyeitherseller,buyerorbycountersample4.2.2SalebySampleSalebyactualcommodity/actualqualitySellingthegoodsinspectedbythebuyerSuitableforauction,consignment,displaysaleForsuchgoodsasjewelry,paintings,artsandcraftsandmostofthegoodsinstockNote:Approachesspecifyingqualitynotindependentofeachother“doublestandard”Whenonespecifyingmethodissufficient,nottoemploytwoormoreWhensalebydescriptionisavailable,nottousesalebysampleCISG:ifbothmethodsareused,thequalityshouldconformtoboth.4.2.3QualityClausesQualityLatitude/Clauses品質(zhì)機(jī)動幅度PermissiblerangeforthesellertocontrolqualityThreewaysofstipulationFlexiblerangeorscope eg.thewidthofthecottonclothis47/48inchesLimit:max.min. eg.Moisture:8%maxMoreorlessallowance eg.duck'sdowncontent18%±1%Forgoodssoldbysample,aboutclauseusedtoallowqualityflexibility eg.Qualityshallbeaboutequalto/sametothesampleUnitsofMeasurementWeightgram(g),kilogram(kg),ounce(oz),pound(Ib),metricton(M/T),longton,shortton,etc.Numberpiece(pc),package(pkg),pair,set,dozen(doz),gross(gr)(羅)ream（令）(rm),etc.Lengthmeter(m),centimeter(cm),foot(ft),yard(yd)(碼),etc.Areasquaremeter(sqm),squarefoot(sqft),squareyard(sqyd),etc.Volumecubic-meter(cum)cubiccentimeter(cucm),cubicfoot(ctft),cubicyard(cuyd),etc.Capacityliter(1),gallon(gal),pint(pt),bushel(bu)（蒲式爾）,etc.CalculatingUnitsofQuantityoftheGoods長度換算MetricSystem公

制ChineseSystem中國市制Britain/AmericanSystem

英美制Meter米Centimeter厘米Chi尺Yard碼Foot英尺Inch英寸110031.0943.280839.37010.0110.030.010940.032810.39370.333333.3310.36461.09413.1230.914491.442.74313360.304830.480.91440.33341120.02542.540.07620.02780.08331容積換算MetricSystem公制ChineseSystem中國市制BritainSystem英制AmericanSystem美制Liter升ChineseLiter升BritainGallonAmericanGallon110.220.2644.5464.54611.2013.7853.7850.8331體積換算MetricSystem公

制Britain/AmericanSystem英

美

制ChineseSystem中國市制Cubic-meter立方米Cubiccentimeter立方厘米Cubicyard立方碼CubicFeet立方英尺Cubicfoo立方英寸CubicChineseMeter立方尺110000001.30335.314761024270.00000110.00000130.000040.061020.0000270.76367645551274665620.6430.02832283170.037117280.76460.00001616.3870.000020.0005810.000440.037370370.04841.308226014.3.1UseofunitMeasurementsystems

Metricsystem公制

Britishsystem英制

U.S.system美制

SI:InternationalSystemofUnits國際單位制

Examplesofconversion1metricton=1tonne=1000kg1shortton=1netton=907.18kg=1USton1longton=1grosston=1016.05kg =1imperialton =1weightton =1UKton4.3.2InterpretingWeightGrossWeight毛重=netweight+tareweightSuitableforgoodsnotmuchvaluableNetWeight凈重AccordingtoCISG,weightofgoodsisregardedasnetweightunlessotherwisestatedinthecontract=grossweight–tareweightForgoodsnotvaluemuch(mostlyagriculturalproducts)andthosewherepackingbecomesanindivisible（不可分割的）part(eg.tobacco),grossfornet4.3.2InterpretingWeightConditionedWeight公量Forvaluableandmoistureunstablegoods(eg.cotton)=DriedNetWeightx(1＋StandardRegain)Note:Driednetweight:

theweightofthegoodswhenallthewatercontentisabstractedbyascientificmethodfromthegoods.

Regainrate（回潮率）:

theratiobetweenthewatercontentandthedryweightofthegoods.Standardregainrate:

theratiobetweenthewatercontentandthedryweightofthegoodswhichisacceptedintheworldmarketoragreeduponbythesellerandthebuyer.Actualregainrate:

theratiobetweentheactualregainingwatercontentinthegoodsandtheactualdryweight.

4.3.3MoreorLessClause溢短裝條款Howmuch?Expressedinpercentage:normally±3—±10%ofcontractedquantityExpressedinabsolutenumberWordingofquantitySpecificandclear(eg.percentage)Avoidingbeingambiguous（eg.about,approximately)AccordingtoUCP600(UniformCustomsandPracticeforDocumentaryCredits),

“about,approximately”interpretedas≤±10%

Ifabsenceofanymoreorlessspecifyingthequantity,±5%withtotalamountingnotexceedingL/Camountisallowedforgoodsnotcountedbynumber4.3.3MoreorLessClause溢短裝條款Whocontrols?StipulateinthecontracttoavoidfuturedisputesInpractice,usuallytheshipper Pricingofmore/lesspartshouldbestipulatedinthecontractNormallythecontractprice(accordingtoCISG)MarketpriceatthetimeofshipmentMarketpriceatthetimeofarrivalExamples:800metrictons,5%moreorlessatseller’soption20,000metricpairs,thesellersareallowedtoload5%moreorless,thepriceshallbecalculatedaccordingtotheunitpriceinthecontract1,000metrictons5%moreorless,atBuyer’soptionwithmoreorlessportionpricedatthemarketpriceatthetimeofshipment.4.4PackingandMarkingThreekindsofcargoBulkcargo散裝貨:inliquid-likeexistence&oflowvalue eg.ore,coal,grainetc.Nudecargo裸裝貨:normallyinasolidstate eg.rolledsteel,leadingots,rubber,timberetc.Packedcargo包裝貨TwotypesofpackagingShippingpackaging運(yùn)輸包裝Salespackaging/innerpackaging/smallpackaging/immediatepackaging銷售包裝/內(nèi)包裝/小包裝/直接包裝4.4.1ShippingpackingPalletsFlexibleContainerContainer4.4.2MarkingDefinition:Differentdiagrams,wordsandfigureswritten,printedorbrushedontheoutsideoftheshippingpackageFourkindsofpackingmarksShippingmarks嘜頭Indicativemarks指示性標(biāo)志W(wǎng)arningmarks警示性標(biāo)志SupplementarymarksShippingMarksRoleofshippingmarksConvenientforidentifyingandtransportingEasytocountandcheckAvoidshippingerrorsFourmaincomponentsofshippingmarksConsignee’scode:abbreviationorinitialsReferencenumber:shippingadvice,order,invoice,contract,L/CDestination:nameorcodeofdestinationPackagenumberandtotalpackagenumberShippingmarksShippingmarksshouldbesimple,clearandeasytoidentifyPositionshouldbeproperColorshouldbedurable運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志的構(gòu)成*目的地的名稱或代號；*收貨人和發(fā)貨人的代號；*件號、批號、合同號或許可證號。收貨人目的港整批貨物600件中的第一件合同號三角形的運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志整批貨物總共600件IndicativeMarksDiagramsandsimplewordsusedtodrawtherelevantpeople’sattentionincargohandlingNormallypaintedorstenciledontheouterpackage常用指示性標(biāo)志

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