北京外國(guó)語大學(xué)1998年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英漢同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷I.將下列短文譯成英語（35％）有一次，有擁護(hù)的車廂門口，我聽見一位男乘客客客氣氣地問他前面的一個(gè)女乘客:“您下車嗎？”女乘客沒理他。“你下車嗎？”他又問了一遍，女乘客還是沒理他。“下車嗎？”他耐不住了，放大聲問，那女乘客依然沒有反映。“你是聾子，還是啞巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引得車廂里的人都往這里看。女乘客這時(shí)也急了，瞪起一雙眼睛回手給男乘客一拳。見此情景，我猛然想起在60路沿線上有家福利工廠，女乘客可能就是個(gè)聾啞人聽不見聲音。我趕忙向男乘客解釋，又用紙條寫了一句話，舉到女乘客眼前:“對(duì)不起！他要下車，他問了您好幾聲，您是不是沒聽見？”女乘客點(diǎn)了點(diǎn)頭，把道讓開了。從此以后，我就特別注意聾啞人的特征，還從他那里學(xué)會(huì)了一些常用的手語。比如，我可以用啞語問他們:“朋友，您好！”“您到哪里下車？”“您請(qǐng)往里走！”“謝謝”等等。這樣，不僅我能更好地為他們服務(wù)，與他們進(jìn)行感情交流，也減少了一些他們與其他乘客的誤會(huì)和糾紛。II.將下列單句譯成英語（15％）1.目前我們國(guó)內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行改革。我是主張改革的，不改革就沒有出路，舊的那一套經(jīng)過幾十年的時(shí)間證明是不成功的。2.中國(guó)反對(duì)霸權(quán)主義，自己也永遠(yuǎn)不稱霸。3.我們搞社會(huì)主義才幾十年，還處在初級(jí)階段。鞏固和發(fā)展社會(huì)主義制度，還需要一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的歷史階段，需要我們幾代人、十幾代人，甚至幾十代人堅(jiān)持不懈地努力奮斗。III.將下列短文譯成漢語（35％）Indiahasalwayshadride:Nowithasambition.IntheearlyyearsofindependenceNehru’sgovernmentrejoicedinstandingapart,theepitomeofthe“nonaligned”nation.Asaconglomerationofpeopleswithsevenmajorreligionsand18officiallanguages,Indiahaditsownrules——ademocracyinacontinentruledbydespots,aplannedeconomywhosebureaucraticstewardsweresatisfiedtocreepalongata3or4percent“Hindurateofgrowth.”O(jiān)nlywhentheNewDelhielitesquarelyacknowledgedthatitshubrishadputthenationonthesidelinesoftheglobaleconomy——whileIndia’sgreatrivalChinawasgettingrich——didrealreformsbegin.SixyearsintoIndia’sopeningtotheworld,theeconomyisgrowingbynearly7percentayear——aratethatbytheyear2020willtransformIndiaintotheworld’sfourthlargesteconomy(afterChina,theUnitedStatesandJapan).“Thereisalotofpoliticalcacophony,”saysFinanceMinisterP.Chidambaram,whohasservedundertwocoalitiongovernmentsinthelast14months.“Butweareoncourse.”……TheIndianmind-setiswithoutquestionchanginginrevolutionaryways.Notsolongago,thenationof950millionpeople,growingby18millionayear,worriedmainlyaboutfeedingitself.Butintoday’snewlycompetitiveIndia,bureaucratsandindustrialistspondertheadvantagesofalowcostlaborpoolthatisgrowingyoungerwhiletheworkforceofthedevelopedworldisagain.PerhapsIndia’sgreateststrengthofthe21stcenturywilllieinitsabilitytoemployhundredsofmillionsofpeopleinlabor-intensiveindustriesrangingfromfoodprocessingtotextiles.IV.將下列單句譯成漢語（15%）1.TwothirdsofPakistan’s130millionpeopleareilliterate,asarehalfofIndia’s929million.Whilethisisabigimprovementcomparedwiththelessthan15%literacyratewhenIndiabecameindependent,itiswellbehindmostofAsia.2.BothIndiaandPakistanspendlessasapercentageofGDPonhealththandomostotherdevelopingcountries.3.RarelyhastheUnitedStatesbeenatlossforwordsoractionswhenaninternationalsituationaffectsitsinterests.ButWashington’smutedresponsetothecurrencycrisissweepingSoutheastAsiaissowingsuspicionamongitsalliesintheregionandfuellinganti-Americansentiment北京外國(guó)語大學(xué)1999年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英漢同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷1.將下列短文譯成英語（35％）今年6月克林頓訪華帶了一支龐大的新聞隊(duì)伍，使美國(guó)的民眾第一次有了一個(gè)比較客觀地了解中國(guó)發(fā)展變化情況的機(jī)會(huì)，用新華社的話來說，克林頓訪華的報(bào)道，才“使‘新中國(guó)’的形象首次深入到美國(guó)的千家萬戶”。至于美國(guó)的政治家和新聞媒體則對(duì)所接觸到的中國(guó)情況大感“意外”。以上的例子說明，西方世界對(duì)中國(guó)的認(rèn)識(shí)與中國(guó)的實(shí)際情況相差有多遠(yuǎn)。究其原因，主要是西方有些人習(xí)慣于用政治化，意識(shí)形態(tài)化的眼光看待人權(quán)問題，習(xí)慣把一種社會(huì)制度看成是人權(quán)的化身，而把其他社會(huì)制度和發(fā)展模式看成是侵犯人權(quán)的不表現(xiàn)，因此，總是把共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的中國(guó)想象成一個(gè)反人權(quán)的國(guó)家。這種思維方式，使他們無法正確認(rèn)識(shí)中國(guó)人權(quán)的真是情況，看不到中國(guó)的積極變化和發(fā)展，甚至把中國(guó)促進(jìn)人權(quán)的努力都誤認(rèn)為是侵犯人權(quán)的表現(xiàn)。和平，發(fā)展與人權(quán)是世界各國(guó)的共同要求，更是一個(gè)多世紀(jì)以來中國(guó)人民矢志不渝的奮斗目標(biāo)。中國(guó)當(dāng)前正致力于建設(shè)富強(qiáng)民主文明的國(guó)家，這是一項(xiàng)使五分之一人類徹底擺脫貧困，充分實(shí)現(xiàn)人權(quán)的跨世紀(jì)的偉大事業(yè)，也是世界和平發(fā)展和人權(quán)事業(yè)的重要組成部分。開放的中國(guó)需要吸收人類一切優(yōu)秀文化成果和有益經(jīng)驗(yàn)，也需要得到各國(guó)的最大理解和支持。II.將下列單句譯成英語（15％）1.國(guó)家對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的管理，已經(jīng)由指令性計(jì)劃為主的直接控制，轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹饕\(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)和法律手段的間接調(diào)控。2.1995年的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革，使重點(diǎn)推進(jìn)國(guó)有企業(yè)改革，并配套進(jìn)行社會(huì)保障制度改革，進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能，培育市場(chǎng)體系。3.不顧本國(guó)的實(shí)際照搬其它國(guó)家的具體模式，或以自己的模式為尺度衡量和評(píng)判其它國(guó)家，都不是一種求實(shí)和相互尊重的態(tài)度，不利于國(guó)家之間的相互借鑒和共同發(fā)展。III.將系列短文譯成漢語（35%）IliketothinkthatmyownrelationshipwithPresidentReaganandtheeffortsImadetotrytoestablishcommongroundbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanshelpedtopreventdisagreementsoverthepipelineandothertradingissuesfrompoisoningwesternco-operationatthiscriticaljuncture.Certainly,thesummerof1982sawsomeusefulinternationaldiplomacy.Between4and6JunetheheadsofgovernmentoftheG7countriesmetamidthesplendidopulenceofVersailles.…PresidentMitterrand,whochairedthesummit,hadpreparedapaperontheimpactofnewtechnologyonemployment.Itquiteoftenhappenedthatthecountryinthechairatsummitmeetingsfeltthattheymustintroducesomenewinitiativesevenatthecostofextragovernmentinterventionandincreasedbureaucracy.Thiswasnoexception.Formypart,Ihadnodoubtabouttheattitudetotaketotechnologicalinnovation:itmustbewelcomednotresisted.Theremightbe“new”technologybuttechnologicalprogressitselfwasnothingnew,andovertheyearsithadnotdestroyedjobsbutcreatedthem.Ourtaskwasnottomakegrandplansfortechnologicalinnovationbutrathertoseehowpublicopinioncouldbeinfluencedinordertoembracenotrecoilfromit.Fortunately,therefore,PresidentMitterrand’spaperwaskickedintotouchintheformofaworkinggroup.……ButmymostvividrecollectionoftheproceedingsatVersaillesisoftheimpressionmadebyPresidentReagan.Atonepointhespokefortwentyminutesorsowithoutnotes,outlininghiseconomicvision.Hisquitebutpowerfulwordsprovidedthosewhodidnotyetknowhimwithsomeinsightintothequalitieswhichmadehimsucharemarkablepoliticalleader.Afterhehadfinished,PresidentMitterrandacknowledgedthatnoonewouldcriticizePresidentReaganforbeingtruetohisbeliefs.GivenPresidentMitterrand’ssocialistpolicies,thatwasalmostacompliment.IV.將下列單句譯成英語（15％）1.NoseriousstudentofhistorycandoubtthattheemergenceofChinaasaworldpowerpresentsaseriouschallengetoAmericanforeignpolicy.2.Officialsinmanysignatorystateshaddisputedthecomplicatedprovisionsofthetreaty;somenationallegislatures——notablytheUSSenate——refusedtoratifythetreatyonthegroundthatitwastookindtodevelopingcountriesbynotrequiringtheircompliance.Moreover,criticssaidthatbynotsufficientlyemphasizingdeadlinesforimplementation,theKyototreatyleteventherichnationsoffthehook.3.Successagainstinflationwasthesingleachievementtowhichwedrewmostattentionasweapproachedtheelection,notleastbecauseLaborlookedsettopromisehugeincreasesinspendingandborrowingwhichcouldneverbehonestlyfinancedandwhichwouldhavesentpricessoaringagain.北京外國(guó)語大學(xué)2000年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英漢同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷I.將下列短文譯成英語（35％）失敗產(chǎn)品提到產(chǎn)品，人們往往對(duì)名牌、精品津津樂道，而對(duì)一般產(chǎn)品卻不屑一顧，對(duì)失敗產(chǎn)品更是諱莫如深。其實(shí)，如同干任何事情都難有百分之百的把握一樣，研制開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品也難免會(huì)遭遇失敗。據(jù)悉，美國(guó)紐約有一個(gè)失敗產(chǎn)品博物館，該館展出了美國(guó)大量不受歡迎的產(chǎn)品，目前總數(shù)已達(dá)8萬多件。該館還向人民提供這樣一個(gè)數(shù)字:美國(guó)每年推向市場(chǎng)的產(chǎn)品達(dá)5400多種，而真正收到青睞的只有20％。應(yīng)該說，我們的許多生產(chǎn)廠家都能正視失敗產(chǎn)品，并從失敗產(chǎn)品中汲取教訓(xùn)，比如有的企業(yè)專門設(shè)立失敗產(chǎn)品陳列室、劣質(zhì)產(chǎn)品樣品倉庫等等，但也有一些企業(yè)不能正確對(duì)待失敗產(chǎn)品。更有甚者，在研制開發(fā)產(chǎn)品時(shí)動(dòng)輒提出“只許成功，不許失敗”的口號(hào)，這不僅有違客觀規(guī)律，也是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。失敗產(chǎn)品的原因市多種多樣的，有的不符合市場(chǎng)要求，有的上市時(shí)間太遲，還有的品名、商標(biāo)有問題等等，都有待研究。失敗產(chǎn)品其實(shí)是一面鏡子，經(jīng)營(yíng)者在研制開發(fā)產(chǎn)品時(shí)都不妨對(duì)著這面鏡子照一照、瞧一瞧，以免重蹈覆轍。II.將下列單句譯成英語（15％）1.在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)日趨一體化的當(dāng)今世界里，任何國(guó)家和地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展變化都與國(guó)際大環(huán)境的發(fā)展變化休戚相關(guān)，在瞬息萬變、高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的證券市場(chǎng)中，這一點(diǎn)體現(xiàn)得尤為突出。2.近年來，盡管我國(guó)政府堅(jiān)持把控制人口，節(jié)約資源，保護(hù)環(huán)境放在重要位置，一步步提升環(huán)境保護(hù)力度，但是環(huán)境惡化的趨勢(shì)還沒有得到有效控制。3.建立現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度，增強(qiáng)成本意識(shí)與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)觀念，促進(jìn)企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理水平的提高，從而提高國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力，這是企業(yè)發(fā)展的根本途徑。III.將下列短文譯成漢語（35％）Noissueismoreinneedofrethinkingthantheconceptofhumanitarianinterventionputforwardastheadministration’scontributiontoanewapproachtoforeignpolicy.TheairwarinKosovoisSjustifiedasestablishingtheprinciplethattheinternationalcommunity——atleastNATO——willhenceforthpunishthetransgressionsofgovernmentsagainsttheirownpeople.ButwedidnotdosoinAlgeria,Sudan,SierraLeone,Croatia,Rwanda,theCaucasus,theKurdishareaandmanyotherregions.Butwhatarethecriteriaforthisdistinction?AndwhatwillbeourattitudetoemergingethnicconflictsinAsia,forexampleinIndonesiaandthePhilippines?Theansweroftengivenisthatweactwhereweareabletowithoutunduerisk.Andwhatkindofhumanismexpressesitsreluctancetosuffermilitarycasualtiesbydevastatingthecivilianeconomyofitsadversaryfordecadestocome?Moralprinciplesareexpressedinabsolutes.Butforeignpolicymustforeverbeconcernedwithreconcilingendsandmeans.Thefactthatethniccleansingisrepugnantdoesnotobviatetheneedtodevisethemostappropriateresponse.AteverystageoftheKosovotragedy,othermixesofdiplomacyandforcewereavailable,thoughitisnotcleartheywereeverseriouslyconsidered.Atragedythatvindicatesitsmoralconvictionsonlyfromaltitudesabove15,000feet——andintheprocessdevastatesSerbiaandmakesKosovounlivable——hasalreadyproducedmorerefugeesandcasualtiesthananyconceivablealternativemixofforceanddiplomacywouldhave.Itdeservestobequestionedonbothpoliticalandmoralgrounds.IV.將下列單句譯成漢語（15％）1.ModernAsianbuildingsairilydefygravityinawayonlypossibleifoneweretodesignandbuildwithfullconvictioninhowNewton’smechanicsworks.2.Asia’sindustrializationandeconomicexpansionarepredicatedonpeopleinourregioninternalizingthemathematicalandscientificnormsthatfirstemergedintheWest.ThatAsiaitselfnowhascontributedtoadvancesintheregionshowshowwehavebecomeapartofthisscientificculture.3.Theideathattechnologyraisesquestionsabouttheirfutureisnotnewtothoseinthenewspaperindustrythesedays.…Intheirworstnightmares,theyfearthatnewspapersmaybetocommunicationsbusinesswhatthehorseandcartweretotransport. 2001年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英漢同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷I.將下列短文譯成英語(35%)不久前美國(guó)宇航局宣布，他們測(cè)得的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，在最近兩個(gè)月，南極上空的臭氧空洞已擴(kuò)大到智利南部城市篷塔阿雷納斯（PuntaArenas）上空。這是迄今人類所觀測(cè)到的最大一個(gè)空洞。更為嚴(yán)重的是，這也是臭氧空洞第一次覆蓋一個(gè)人口稠密的城市。許多人對(duì)臭氧的作用并不陌生，臭氧距地面約25-30公里，能吸收99%的太陽紫外線，可以說，它是地球生態(tài)環(huán)境的天然屏障，也是人類繁衍生存的保護(hù)傘。據(jù)科學(xué)家測(cè)算，大氣中臭氧含量每減少1%，太陽紫外線的輻射量就會(huì)增加2%，而人類皮膚癌患者就會(huì)增加5%至7%。但現(xiàn)在，可以說一個(gè)城市的所有居民就處在集體患皮膚癌的危險(xiǎn)中。為了居民的身體健康，篷塔阿雷納斯及其臨近地區(qū)被迫宣布進(jìn)入緊急狀態(tài)。這很可能也是人類第一次因臭氧空洞問題而進(jìn)入緊急狀態(tài)。篷塔阿雷納斯衛(wèi)生部門再三告誡市民，最好不要在中午11點(diǎn)到下午3點(diǎn)之間外出，因?yàn)樵陉柟庀缕貢?分鐘左右，皮膚就會(huì)受到損傷。據(jù)科學(xué)家們觀測(cè)，臭氧空洞目前已達(dá)到2800多萬平方公里，而造成臭氧空洞的，正是人類在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中不斷釋放出氟利昂等化學(xué)物質(zhì)，才使臭氧越來越稀薄，最后形成了現(xiàn)在這個(gè)巨大無比的空洞。雖然這次臭氧空洞擴(kuò)大，還因?yàn)槟蠘O大陸的氣溫不斷升高所致，但氣溫的升高，又與人類大量釋放二氧化碳有直接的關(guān)系。但愿篷塔阿雷納斯的警報(bào)是第一次，也是最后一次！II.將下列單句譯成英語(15%)1。我們誠(chéng)心誠(chéng)意地希望不發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),爭(zhēng)取長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的和平,集中精力搞好國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)。2。冷戰(zhàn)后，世界形勢(shì)出現(xiàn)了重大的變化，兩極格局宣告終結(jié)，多極化成為國(guó)際格局演變的主導(dǎo)方向。3。近些年來，在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的沖擊下，原有的分工格局和資源配置方式正在發(fā)生歷史性的重要轉(zhuǎn)變。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家在調(diào)整，新興工業(yè)化國(guó)家、發(fā)展中國(guó)家和經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)軌國(guó)家也在調(diào)整，盡管調(diào)整內(nèi)容、難點(diǎn)各不相同。III.將下列短文譯成漢語(35%)Sanctionsareabluntinstrumentthatcansometimesbeuseful.UsedagainstIraq,theyforceditshorribledictatortodisgorgenearlyallhismostlethalweapons.Tenyearson,theperspectivehaschanged.SaddamHusseinremainsimplantedinpowerwithout,forthepast15months,anyUNinspectorsonthespottodiscouragehimfromreinventinghisnastiesttoys.Atthesametime,sanctionshaveallbutdestroyedhiscountry:itshealthandeducationalsystemshavecollapsed;itsinfrastructurehasrustedaway;itsmiddleclasseshavedisappearedintopoverty;itschildrenaredying.Alotofpeoplenowconcludethatachangeofpolicyisneeded.Theoil-for-foodprogramme,passedbytheUNSecurityCouncilin1996,wassupposedtorescueordinaryIraqisfromthedeprivationsofsanctions.Iraqisallowedtosellacertainamountofoilinexchangefor"humanitarian"goods.DenisHalliday,anexperiencedUNhand,ranthisprogrammefortwoyears,butthenresignedindisgust(asdidhissuccessor,afewweeksago).MrHallidaynowwritesforthrightlyof"genocide".HeandothersdescribehowAmericanandBritishrepresentativesontheSanctionsCommitteeholdupeverythingtheysuspect,howeverremotely,tobeofdualuse.Thelistofsuspectgoodsrunsfromheartandlungmachinestowheelbarrows,fromfire-fightingequipmenttodetergent,fromwaterpumpstopencils.SomeofthesepointswereconfirmedthismonthbyKofiAnnan,theUN'Ssecretary-general,inhisreportonIraqisanctionstotheSecurityCouncil.Herevealedhowfartheoil-for-foodprogrammestillisfromalleviatingtheIraqitragedy.MrAnnanhasspreadhiscriticismaroundbutisparticularlyupset,first,bythedangerouslydilapidatedstateofIraq'soilindustryand,second,bytheSanctionsCommittee'serraticdelaysingivingthego-aheadforthedeliveryofgoodsforhospitals:some$150mworthofmedicineandmedicalequipmentiscurrentlyheldup.Atonetime,outsidersweresetintheirviewsonIraqisanctions,seeingthesituationinblackorwhite.Nowthereisalargegreyarea,andaninsistentquestion:aresanctionsstilltherightpolicy?TheauthorsdocumenttheimpactofsanctionsonthelivesofordinaryIraqis,andtheargumentsforchangeareprettyconvincing.Theundecidedshouldpayheed.IV.將下列單句譯成漢語(15%)1.WeneedtobreakthatviciouscircleofAIDS,poverty,conflict,AIDS.ForthetruthisthatnotonlydoesAIDSthreatenstability,butwhenpeacebreaksdownitfuelsAIDS.2.Theobjectiveofnuclearnon-proliferationisnothelpedbythefactthatthenuclearweaponstatescontinuetoinsistthatthoseweaponsintheirhandsenhancesecurity,whileinthehandsofotherstheyareathreattoworldpeace.Inthedevelopingcountries,thelabourforceengagedinglobalproductiontypicallyincludesalargeproportionofwomen—whetherintextiles,electronics,dataprocessingorchipmanufacturing.Inmanycases,thesewomenworkinconditionsandforwagesthatareappalling,andwhichwemuststrivetoimprove.2002年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英漢同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷I.將下列短文譯成英語(35%)人有男女性別之分，而法律講性別嗎？我國(guó)憲法明文規(guī)定，婦女在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、社會(huì)和家庭各個(gè)方面享有與男子同等的權(quán)利。既然男女同權(quán)、男女平權(quán)，法律應(yīng)該是不講性別的，這樣才能達(dá)到男女平等，才算是真正公平。但事實(shí)上，在法律保護(hù)婦女、社會(huì)尊重婦女、男女平等的今天，男女不平等的現(xiàn)象依然或多或少地存在著。這是“男尊女卑”、女性依附男性的歷史留下的“后遺癥”。所以，大家不得不面對(duì)這樣一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)：在當(dāng)代，盡管女性的地位已有了很大提高，但和男性相比，還是屬于需要關(guān)照的弱勢(shì)群體。針對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象，我國(guó)現(xiàn)行法律對(duì)女性給予了特殊關(guān)照，有專門的《婦女權(quán)益保障法》，而在《婚姻法》、《繼承法》等法律規(guī)定中也有專門的保護(hù)條款。對(duì)于男性，則沒有這樣的專門保護(hù)。從這個(gè)角度講，法律也是講“性別”的。在立法中多一點(diǎn)女性視角，對(duì)于當(dāng)代立法者更具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。單不說現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中存在的男女不平等現(xiàn)象，就是立法者大多數(shù)是男性這個(gè)事實(shí)，便有可能使我們的法律在不知不覺中就已帶上男性的印記。所以，立法者必須超出社會(huì)現(xiàn)有的習(xí)慣來，將更多的視角投到婦女這個(gè)弱勢(shì)群體上。在立法中，應(yīng)多一點(diǎn)女性視角，對(duì)女性多一些關(guān)懷、多一些保護(hù)。女性，是母親，是女兒，是姐妹……在立法時(shí)多一點(diǎn)女性視角，并不意味著忽視男性的權(quán)益，而在于最大程度地實(shí)現(xiàn)男女在法律上的平等，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)男女在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的平等。如果有一天，法律不再需要對(duì)女性特殊關(guān)照的性別視角，那么，男女之間，就真正地平等了。II.將下列單句譯成英語(15%)1.革命是解放生產(chǎn)力，改革也是解放生產(chǎn)力。2.計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)不等于社會(huì)主義，資本主義也有計(jì)劃；市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)不等于資本主義，社會(huì)主義也有市場(chǎng)。3.總之，幾年的實(shí)踐證明，我們搞改革、開放的路子是走對(duì)了。III.將下列短文譯成漢語(35%)InEnglandintheearly17thcentury,theStuartmonarchy,tofinanceitsexpenditures,increasinglyresortedto“forcedloans”–wherethelenderhadnorecourseifloanswerenotrepaid.Thispracticewasoneofmanyhighlyvisiblesignsthattheregimehadnocommitmenttoprotectingpropertyrights.Otherindicationsincludeoutrightconfiscationoflandandfunds,forcedpublicprocurementatbelow-marketprices,awillingnesstoremovejudgeswhoruledagainsttheCrown,andthesaleofmonopolyrightsovervariouslucrativeeconomicactivities.Thisarbitraryexerciseofsovereignpowerwasinterruptedduringthecivilwarinthemiddleofthecentury,buttherestorationofthemonarchywasaccompaniedbythereturnofthesameexcesses.TheGloriousRevolutionof1688usheredinaseriesoffundamentalchangesinpoliticalinstitutionsthatlimitedthearbitraryexerciseofpowerbythesovereign.TherevolutionestablishedthesupremacyofparliamentoverthetaxesandaudittheexpendituresoftheCrown.ThesestepswerefollowedbytheestablishmentoftheBankofEngland,whichexercisedimportantcontroloverpublicfinances.Theresultofthesechangeswasamoreequitabledivisionofpowerbetweentheexecutive,legislative,andjudicialbranchesofgovernment.Theserestraintsonthearbitraryexerciseofpowergreatlyenhancedthestate’sabilitytofinancepublicexpendituresbyissuingdebt.Theimpactofthesechangesinpoliticalinstitutionsandintheprotectionofpropertyrightscanbeseeninthedevelopmentofdebtmarkets.In1688theCrownwasabletoplacepublicdebtequivalenttoonly2to3percentofGDP–andonlyofveryshortmaturityandatveryhighinterestrates.By1697theCrownwasabletoplaceandservicedebtequivalentto40percentofGDP,atlowerinterestratesandwithlongermaturities.TheemergenceofafunctioningpublicdebtmarketinturnbenefitedthedevelopmentoftheprivatecapitalmarketsthathelpedfinancetheIndustrialRevolutionthatfollowed.I.將下列單句譯成漢語(15%)1TheverylowamountsofelementsofheavierthanhydrogenandheliuminthesestarsindicatethattheymusthaveformedearlyinthehistoryoftheGalaxy,beforelargeamountsofheavyelementswerecreatedinsidetheinitialgenerationsofstars.2TherecentspeculationincludesthepossibilitythatthefirstlivingcellsmighthavearisenonMars,seedingEarthviathemanymeteoritesthatareknowntotravelfromMarstoourplanet.3Governmentsandtheirinternationalagenciesarethesedaysmindfulthatpublicopinionisanythingbutsquarelybehindthem.2003年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英漢同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷I.將下列單句譯成漢語(25分)1.Poetsareborn,butoratorsaremade.2.ThereexiststodaynewopportunitiesforpromotionofDNP(裁軍和不擴(kuò)散)educationandtrainingatalllevels,primarily,thankstotherevolutionintechnologyandcommunication.3.SuchishumannatureintheWestthatagreatmanypeopleareoftenwillingtosacrificehigherpayfortheprivilegeofbecomingwhitecollarworkers.4.ChinalookstoHollywoodmuchliketheArcticNationalWildlifeRefugemustlooktotheoilindustry:vast,untappedandpotentiallyfat.5.BeyondtorturingGermany’srelationshipwiththeUnitedStates,thego-it-alonestance,comingfromagovernmentthathaspresenteditselfasaswornadherentofmultilateralism,tendstodiminishBerlin’sinfluenceamongitsEUneighbours.I.將下列短文譯成漢語(50分)Globalizationistransformingtheworld.Whileitbringsgreatbenefitstosomecountriesandindividuals—abacklashhasarisenbecausethesebenefitsaredistributedsounequallyandbecausetheglobalmarketisnotyetunderpinnedbyvaluesandrulesthataddresskeysocialconcernssuchastheprotectionofhumanrights,laborstandardsandtheenvironment.Globalizationhasalso,unwittingly,madeiteasierforwhatIhavecalled“uncivilsociety”—crime,terrorism,drug-andarms-trafficking—tomoveacrossborders.Ourchallengetodayistomakeglobalizationanenginethatliftspeopleoutofhardshipandmisery,notaforcethatholdsthemdown.Thepasthalfcenturyhadbroughtunprecedentedeconomicgains.Mostpeopletodaycanexpecttolivelongerthantheirparents.Theyarebetternourished,enjoybetterhealth,arebettereducated,andonthewholefacemorefavorableeconomicprospects.Butthereisalsowidespreaddeprivationanddespair.Morethan1billionpeoplemustsurviveonlessthan$1aday.Strikinginequalitypersistswithinandamongcountries.DiseasessuchasAIDSandmalariathreatentoundoyearsofprogress.Worseningthepovertygapisthe“digitaldivide”betweenthetechnology-richandthetechnology-poor.Atatimewheninformationandknowledgehavebecomethemainsourceofwealthandpower,halfthedevelopingworld’speoplehavenevermadeorreceivedatelephonecall,muchlessusedacomputer.Bringingthesepeopleintothemainstreamisoneofourbiggestprojects.Povertyandinequalityarefertilegroundforconflict.Warsbetweenstateshavebecomelessfrequent,butinthelastdecadebrutalinternalwarshaveclaimedmorethan5millionlives,anddrivenmanytimesthatnumberofpeoplefromtheirhomes.Weaponsofmassdestructioncontinuetocasttheirshadowoffear.Wemustthinkofsecuritylessasdefendingterritory,andmoreintermsofprotectingpeople.Andwhetherwearetalkingofconflictprevention,peace-keeping,post-conflictpeace-buildingorotherpeacemakingtoolsatthedisposaloftheinternationalcommunity,wemustbesurethatwhentheUnitedNationsiscalledupontoact,itisgiventhemandateandresourcestodothejob.II.將下列單句譯成英語(25分)11998年以來，為了遏止通貨緊縮，政府通過積極的財(cái)政政策，以擴(kuò)大財(cái)政支出拉動(dòng)GDP增長(zhǎng)，取得了一定成效。2社會(huì)保障體系在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中的作用毋庸多言，問題是如何加快、加強(qiáng)這一體系的建設(shè)。3水資源緊缺不僅使中國(guó)西部許多地區(qū)脆弱的生態(tài)平衡遭到嚴(yán)重的破壞，而且危及到了正常的工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和群眾生活49.11事件后，反對(duì)國(guó)際恐怖主義的斗爭(zhēng)對(duì)國(guó)際政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和安全形勢(shì)產(chǎn)生了巨大的沖擊。5反對(duì)強(qiáng)權(quán)政治和維護(hù)廣大發(fā)展中國(guó)家的利益，是中國(guó)在多邊外交活動(dòng)中遵循的一個(gè)重要原則。I.將下列短文譯成英語(50分)改革開放以來農(nóng)村人口向城鎮(zhèn)轉(zhuǎn)移勢(shì)如潮涌，到城市尋求就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)的中青年農(nóng)民與日俱增。由于他們大多不是只生一個(gè)，其攜帶的多子女就學(xué)問題的凸顯，給當(dāng)?shù)氐牧x務(wù)教育帶來了新問題。據(jù)教育部介紹，目前相當(dāng)一部分城市尚未將這些流動(dòng)少兒的就學(xué)納入本區(qū)域教育事業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃中，對(duì)流動(dòng)少兒的底數(shù)不清，尤其在流動(dòng)少兒大量聚集的城鄉(xiāng)結(jié)合部，經(jīng)費(fèi)壓力不斷增大導(dǎo)致政府管理不到位。“兒童公園是什么，我從來沒聽說過。”7歲的小姑娘晶晶怯生生地問老師。她是父母到杭州打工后出生的，父母一天到晚忙著賣大餅、油條的生意。節(jié)假日城里的孩子能與大人外出旅游，她想都不敢想，因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)候父母總是最忙碌。她有幸就讀的專門招收流動(dòng)人口子女的杭州明珠實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校，是三年前由下城區(qū)政府、企業(yè)、社會(huì)共同創(chuàng)建的。如今，這所學(xué)校已有來自20個(gè)省市的在校生2100多名，師資和教學(xué)設(shè)備被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織的教育專家認(rèn)為是發(fā)展中國(guó)家基礎(chǔ)教育行列中的一流。明珠實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校的老師們說，我們不僅要讓民工子女得到正規(guī)教育，更要營(yíng)造一種“文化親和力”的環(huán)境，讓孩子們感受到“城市溫情”，盡快融入我們的城市文化。2004年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英漢同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷2004年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英漢同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷將下列單句譯成漢語(25分)1)Inthefirsthalfofthisyear,China’sGDPgrewby8.2%--despitetheSARSvirus.Electricitydemandroseby15%inthesameperiod,ledbypower-hungryindustriessuchassteelandaluminium.2)China,anxiousaboutcapitalflightandproudofitseconomicsovereignty,willnotbebrow-beatenintofloatingtheyuanbyhectoringAmericans.3)Powerstationstendtobebuiltfarfromcities,andtobesurroundedbyidle“buffer”land.Itissuggestedthatgreenhousescouldbebuiltonthislandwiththeexhaustfromthepowerstationpumpedintosupplytheheattheyneed.Suchgreenhousescouldbeusedtogrowfruit,vegetablesandflowerscheaply.4)Outofalltheunbecomingpartsofdrugaddiction,thesearchforcleanneedlesisparticularlyghastly.DirtyneedlesaccountforathirdofallreportedAIDScases:theyalsoexplainwhyhalfofalllong-termaddictsgethepatitisC.5)ThefightoverfarmtradeattheWTOministerialmeetingintheMexicancityofCancúnboilsdowntohowfartherichworldcutstariffsonagriculturalgoodsanddismantlesitsvastfarm-subsidies,andbyhowmuchdevelopingcountriesreducetheirownconsiderabletariffsinreturn.II.將下列短文譯成漢語(50分)UnemploymentinAmericaishigh,andelectionsareonthehorizon.Itmustbetimetolookeastagainforscapegoats.Japanisonlystartingtorecoverfromitsprotractedrecession,soChinawillbehandedtheroleofeconomicvillaininthecomingU.S.electioncycle.ExpecttohearachorusofpresidentialcandidatesblameunfairChinesecompetitionforAmerica'smanufacturingwoes.China'stradingpartnersdohavelegitimategrievances,butitwouldbeirresponsibleandinaccurateforAmericanpoliticianstopintheUnitedStates'economicsluggishnessonschemingculpritsinBeijing.TravelinginAsiainOctober,TreasurySecretaryJohnSnowheededpoliticalpressuresbackhomeinexhortingChineseleaderstoletthemarketpricetheircurrency.Thisisadesirableoutcomeinthelongrun,butaraftofimmediatecaveatscometomind.China'sfinancialsystemremainsfragile,andsuddencurrencyvolatilitycouldleadtoabankingcrisisthatcouldspelldisasterfortheworldeconomy.WashingtonwoulddobettertourgeChina'sleaderstofocusontheirlackofpreparationtoassumetheirproperroleintheworld'sfinancialorder,ratherthantodemandanysupposedlyquickfix.Moreover,China'srefusaltodevalueitscurrencyintheaftermathofthelate1990'scrisesinEastAsia--muchappreciatedbyitsneighborsandWashingtonatatimewhentheyuanseemedovervalued--addscredencetoBeijing'sinsistencethatitprizesstabilitywhenitcomestoexchangerates,notshort-termadvantage.WithmosteconomistsconcernedthatChina'srobustgrowthcouldfuelinflationandaspeculativebubble,therearevalidreasonsforBeijingtofearasurgingcurrency.III.將下列單句譯成英語(25分)1)盡管20世紀(jì)90年代全國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇，美國(guó)家庭最富有者和最貧窮者收入之間的差距繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大。2)中華民族大家庭，靠文化價(jià)值觀―風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、語言、文字―凝聚成一體。但家庭內(nèi)部也有紛爭(zhēng)，家庭延續(xù)也有興衰。3)如果沒有移民，美國(guó)不可能在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間制造出原子彈;沒有移民，美國(guó)也不會(huì)成為當(dāng)今世界上的唯一超級(jí)大國(guó)。4)已經(jīng)有一整年沒活動(dòng)筋骨了，整天坐在研究室里，翻閱資料，逐漸感覺到身體的機(jī)能在退化，筋骨像是長(zhǎng)了銹，甚至出現(xiàn)腰酸背痛的跡象。5)澳門是中國(guó)南海邊的一個(gè)小城，面積現(xiàn)有約24平方公里，人口也不過約43萬人。但是，在中國(guó)的高等教育發(fā)展史上，書寫了光輝的開創(chuàng)篇，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)第一所西式大學(xué)就是在這里于1594年創(chuàng)辦的。IV.將下列短文譯成英語(50分)在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的條件下，資源肯定要向成本低、效益高、利潤(rùn)大的地方流動(dòng)。所以，生產(chǎn)要素往城市和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)集中，是完全自發(fā)和自動(dòng)的必然流向。在“全球化”的過程中，會(huì)伴生一個(gè)副作用，就是富者越富，窮者越窮。不要說“全球化”，就是“全國(guó)化”也一樣，有錢的地區(qū)，就能提供各種優(yōu)惠來吸引投資，沒錢的地區(qū)，由于各種困難而屢屢失去機(jī)會(huì)，東西部差距、城鄉(xiāng)差距就會(huì)越來越大。在這種情況下，農(nóng)村、農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)民肯定處于弱勢(shì)地位，而保障農(nóng)民各項(xiàng)權(quán)益，都是要花錢的，如果單靠其自身的努力，情況肯定難以改變，必須由相對(duì)富裕的地區(qū)給予大力幫助，也包括各級(jí)政府的財(cái)政轉(zhuǎn)移支付、政策優(yōu)惠，以及各種社會(huì)公共資源的傾斜。因此，保障農(nóng)民權(quán)益的根本出路就在于發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)，首先得讓農(nóng)民逐步富裕起來。如果仍舊保持在傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的框架之下，只靠那“一畝三分地”，不管種什么也只能勉強(qiáng)糊口，發(fā)不了財(cái)。要解決當(dāng)前的“三農(nóng)”問題，必須從結(jié)構(gòu)上進(jìn)行大調(diào)整，盡可能去賺城里人的錢。而政府則要改善大環(huán)境，幫助農(nóng)民從小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的桎梏中走出去，打開新天地，農(nóng)民才能富裕起來。2005年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英漢同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷2005年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英漢同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷I.將下列短文譯成漢語(25分)Whileassemblinganewnationalsecurityteam,PresidentGeorgeW.Bushisconfrontingwhatcouldbecomethebiggestchallengeofhissecondterm:howtocontainIran’snuclearprogramandwhatAmericansbelieveisitssupportofviolenceinIsraelandinsurgentsinIraq.InaneerierepetitionofthepreludetotheIraq,hawksintheadministrationandcongressaretrumpetingominousdisclosuresaboutIran’snuclearcapacitiestomakethecasethatIranisathreatthatmustbeconfronted,eitherbyeconomicsanctions,militaryaction,orregimechange.ButBritain,FranceandGermanyareurgingdiplomacy,placingtheirhopesinadealbrokeredbytheEuropeansinthepastweekinwhichIranagreedtosuspenditsuraniumenrichmentprograminreturnfordiscussionsaboutfutureeconomicbenefits.SecretaryofStateColinPowellthrusthimselfintothedebateonWednesdaybycommentingtoreporterswhileonthewaytoChilethatfreshintelligenceshowedthatIranwas“activelyworking”onaprogramtoenableitsmissilestocarrynuclearbombs,adevelopmenthesaid“shouldbeofconcerntoallparties.”ThedisclosuresalludedtobyPowellwereseenbyhard-linersintheadministrationasanothersignofIranianperfidy,andbyEuropeansasnothingnew.AlthoughPowellhaspraisedthenegotiationsbetweentheEuropeansandIran,anadministrationofficialsaidtherewas“asteadytighteningofoutlookbetweenhawksanddoves”thatIranwillusethenegotiationsasapretexttocontinueitsnuclearprograminsecret.II.將下列文章譯成漢語(50分)ThePatentClerk'sLegacyAlbertEinsteinloomsover20th-centuryphysicsasitsdefining,emblematicfigure.Hisworkalteredforeverthewayweviewthenaturalworld."Newton,pleaseforgiveme,"Einsteinbeggedasrelativitytheorywhollyobliteratedtheabsolutesoftimeandspacethatthereigningarbiterofallthingsphysicalhadembracedmorethantwocenturiesearlier.Withlittlemoretoshowthanarejecteddoctoralthesisfromafewyearsbefore,this26-year-oldpatentclerk,whopracticedphysicsinhissparetimeandontheslyatwork,declaredbrashlythatthephysicistsofhisdaywere"outof[their]depth"andwentontoproveit.Besidesspecialandgeneralrelativity,hisworkhelpedtolaunchquantummechanicsandmod