ConsumersmaycreatAccordingtoParagraph2,

TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleWhichofthefollowingisthetextmainly題干中反復提及即為中心思想，針對重要信息出題"media-such evisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements-stillplayarole,||（重點）companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsof"media-such evisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements-stillplayarole,||（重點）companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofConsumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate"owned"（alertsaboutproducts||andsalestocustomersregisteredwithitssite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachtheboardrangeoffactorsconventionalpaidmedia.Consumersmaycreat"earned"mediawhentheyobsessedwithonline atcertainWebinspiredbyproduct- ssenttothem（and前后eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityD.enthusiasticmendingtheirfavoriteproducts（同義替換一一對（細節題定位即解題，同義改寫考詞匯Usedto，no WhichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyAlternativestoconventionalpaidmedia（第一段就可看出時間對比betweenhijackedandearnedmediaDominanceofhijackedPopularityofowned（2008text2）Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet–andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit–ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality...Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness(example)Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?(時間對比TheInternetisposingathreattoAnewmodeofpublicationisAuthors e（拔刀相助）thenewchannelforpublication.（命題人從Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonline（2005text3）Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mental--therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Now thatdreamsarepartofthemind’semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line.”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,“It’syourdream,”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago’sMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon’tlikeit,changeit.”Researchershavecometo（NOW）believethat canbemodifiedintheiraresusceptibletoemotionalreflectourinnermostdesiresandfearsarea eofneuralrepairs（2006text3）Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnertsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggest largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingsmallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimals 慎選largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreatslow-growingfishoutlivefast-growing（2005text3）ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’sevents--until,itappears,webegintodream.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytend aggravateinourunconsciousdevelopintohappypersisttillthetimewefallshowupindreamsearlyat（2007text3）Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcounton（dependon）hardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehadbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.WhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthisTheMiddleClassontheTheMiddleClassontheCliff（有風險不安全TheMiddleClassinTheMiddleClassin（2009text2）Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe'sthekid'sdad.Allheneedstossout$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshows easyflexibilityinsuccessfulpopularitywith（2-2011text2）Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?Ayearagotheendseemednear.||Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldthey echaritablecorporations?Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.（表否定）Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe [A]AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvival[B]AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind（反）[C]AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness[D]AmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStory（反）（2-2013text1）Inanessayentitled“MakingItinAmerica”,theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottonaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillonlytwoemployeestoday,”amanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines.”Davidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepoint（直擊要害）thatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-class estodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropinthedemandbecauseoftheGreatRecession,butitisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworker.Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,ngaagejob，couldearnanaveragelifestyle,But,today,averageisofficiallyover.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitlefortheNewLawTakesTechnologyGoesAverageIsRecessionIs（2-2011text4）WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.||Noweventheproject’sgreatestcheerleader’stalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle”ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowerItistoosoontowriteoff（下結論，off表結束）theEUItremainstheworld’slargesttradingblock.Atitsbest（感彩），theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismRegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemsto 時間對比的本質是轉折，要靈活處理。（2011text3）Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorsforusers'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedmedia eanothermarketer'spaidmedia-forinstance,whenan merceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmedownedmediawhosetraffic（流量）issostrongthatotherorganizationplacetheircontentor merceengineswithinthatenvironment.32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature(asafebusinessrandomStronguserflexibilityin（2010text1）WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusedreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedfreecasualelaboraradical（2011text3）Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorsforusers'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedmedia eanothermarketer'spaidmedia-forinstance,whenan merceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthanotherorganizationplacetheircontentor merceengineswithinthatenvironment.文中不同單詞（概念）表達同一含義判斷依據：代詞 such＋名（2013text1）Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffecther.Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswithfeverishworlddescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentof“fastfashion”.Priestlycriticizesherassistantforpoorbargainingobsessionwithhighlackof（2005text3）Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadspeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjustregulatingnoise”--therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearchersthat arepartofthemind’semotionalthermostat,regulatingwhilethebrainis“off-line.”Andoneleadingauthoritysays powerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,“It’syourdream,”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago’sMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon’tlikeit,changeit.”Evidencefrombrainimaging（成像）supportsthisview.||ThebrainisasactiveduringREM紙1(rapideyemovement)sleep--whenmostvividdreamsoccur--asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem紙2(the“emotionalbrain)isespeciallyactivewhiletheprefrontalcortex紙3(thecenterofinlectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday.”saysStanfordsleepDr.WilliamByreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendsto .（例證題itsfunctioninourdreamsthemechanismofREMsleep例子本therelationofdreamstoemotions（代詞指代，直指中心itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortexAccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwith Bottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soastoWhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople’sFromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumer’shabitsaredevelopeddueperfectedartofautomaticbehavior commercialscientificTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople’shabits（2-2010text3）Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors—habits—amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.（文章中單詞放在文章中做理解）“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likedirtyhandsinsteadofasoaphabit,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan’tfigureouthowtochangepeople’shabits,”Dr.Curtissaid.“Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever—hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.Routine：Aroutineistheusualseriesofthingsthatyoudoataparticulartime.Aroutineisalsothepracticeofregularlyngthingsinafixedorder.||Aroutinesituation,action,oreventisonewhichseemscompleyordinary,ratherthaninteresting,exciting,ordifferent.Habit：Ahabitissomethingthatyoudooftenor“Ourproductssucceedwhenthey epartofdailyorweeklypatterns,”saidCarolBerning,英語一英語二話題驚人相似！！（見總結media, arketersmedia, arketers theinitiatorsforusers'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.ForownedPaid eanothermarketer'spaidmedia-forinstance,when merceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebWeWedefinesuchsold ownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthanotherorganizationplacetheircontentormerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhosandwillnodoubtgofurtherJohnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgenerating e,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies'marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional“paid”media—suchasevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements–stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“earnedmediabywillinglypromotingittofriends,andacompanymayleverage“owned”mediabysendingalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachtheprocessofmakingpurchasedecisionsmeansthatmarketingsimpactstemsfromabroadrangeof conventionalpaidmedia.（三個下定義）Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers’responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer’sownedmedia eanothermarketer’spaidmedia–forinstance,whenan merceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.||Wedefinesuchsoldmedownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentor merceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhosandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgenerating e,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies’marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchanges{thathaveprovidedmarketersmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoices}havealsoincreasedtherisk{thatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.}||Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetor eshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.第一段總述，后兩段延伸出兩個TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedinvite swithpassionatecanbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.（1.2句反復強調mayberesponsibleforfiercerdeserveallthenegativecommentsaboutIfthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeothersto（negativeallegations）productsputtingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompanysresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsen,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchas andthesocial-newssiteDigg.（maynotbetoo...，再...也不為過）ToyotaMotor’sexperienceiscitedasanexamplerespondingeffectivelytohijackedpersuadingcustomersintoboycottingcooperatingwithsupportivetakingadvantageofhijacked第三中心思想題（難 運用于文章本身閱串線：各段首末句串聯，注意轉折處 中心詞：文中反復高頻出現的詞 同義改寫（2010text2）Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.|| receivedoneforits"one-click"onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.（強對比）Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappears（似乎）compleyreadyto（做）scalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasinlectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is"averybigdeal",saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents."Curbs（）onbusiness-methodclaimswouldbe（）adramaticabout-face,||becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfiarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.（舉例--細節）TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould"reconsider"itsstatestreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuit's（court）actioncomesinthewakeof（緊隨其后）aseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCourtthathasnarrowed（scaleback）thescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare"reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt",saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectoftheAlooming（若隱若現）threattobusiness-methodAprevailing（開始流行）trendagainstbusiness-method2.2.一定要看完所有選項1.（2014text2）Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession---withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.But（表遞進）therearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmerica.（否定詞＋＝）（解釋說明第一段--無轉折優先考慮因果）Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostly（進一步解釋）TherearemanyreasonsforthisOneis（1）theexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubject,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthebarexam.Thisleavestodaysaveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard.（2）Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalongtime,butthestaevelbodiesthaterntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforawould-belawyerthosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird.）（Theother whycostsaresohighistherestrictive）（ownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofession,butopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeeoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically.（2）Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirmsefficiency.Afterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,havestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow.Inthistext,theauthormainly flawedownershipofAmerica’slawfirmsanditscauses（缺解決方法thefactorsthathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerinAmerica（非中心aprobleminAmerica’slegalprofessionandsolutionstotheroleofundergraduatestudiesinAmerica’slegaleducation（第一個原因）副詞：微調（方向的程度（2011text2）WhenLiamMcGeedepartedas ofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.”Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision,”McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutaposition（辭）linedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisntalone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon’tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveonAturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringThedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:“Ican’tthinkofasinglesearchI’vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven’talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeago,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.“Thetraditionalrulewasit’ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat’sbeenfundamentallyinverted,”saysoneheadhunter.“Thepeoplewho’vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho’vestayedtoolong.”見多識廣就見怪不怪CEOs:WheretoCEOs:AlltheWayUp?（一路TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet（文藝范TheOnlyWayOutforTop （多則惑，少則得（2013text3）Upuntilafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargely—thoughbynomeansuniformly—glowinglypositive.Scienceandtechnologywouldcurealltheillsofhumanity,leadingtolivesoffulfillmentandopportunityforall.Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable（表否定）,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketoepidemicflutoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears—sowhyshouldn’twe?Takeabroaderlookatourspecies’placeintheuniverse,andit esclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.LookupHomosapiensinthe“RedList”ofthreatenedspeciesoftheinternationalUnionfortheConcentrationofNature(),andyouwillread:“ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,currentlyincreasing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline.”Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberofresearchersandorganizationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.Forexample,theLongNowFoundationhasasitsflagshipprojectamechanicalclockthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence.Perhapswillfully,itmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday’stechnology,anditssocialconsequences,isdazzlinglycomplicated,andit’sperhapsbestlefttoscience-fictionwritersandfuturologiststoex