文獻(xiàn)出處：作者：MarianMoffett,MichaelW.Fazio期刊或書(shū)名:Aworldhistoryofarchitecture出版社：NewYork:Harper&Row,Publishers.Inc.出版時(shí)間：2009頁(yè)碼：17-24庭院設(shè)計(jì)CourtyardDesignLayoutofCourtyardDesignThecreationofcourtyardatmosphereisuptothelayoutplanofcourtyarddesign.Areasonablelayoutcanmakeasmallgradenrichandfulloffun.whileabiggardenfilledwithagoodgratation.Whendesigningacourtyard,weshouldobeythefollowingprinciples?UnifiedDiversityManyaespectsincourtyarddesignshouldfollowtheprincipleofunity,suchasformandstyle,gardeningmaterials,colorandlinesetc.Wepreferredthegardentoberegardedasawholefrommainthemetodetails,butwedonotlikerigidatmospherebecauseofoverunification.Thatiswhyweoftendescribeitasunifieddiversity,whichmeanstoseekunityinchanges?Nowadays,therearethreepopularcourtyardstylesintheworld:Natural-styleGardendesignswereinfluencedbythepursuitofnaturalbasicdailynecessitiesafterthe20*centurywiththesloganof"backtonature*'?Chinese-stylegardenshouldberegardedastheoriginatorofnatural-stylegarden?foritpursueselegantandsecludednaturewithvibrantandvigorousplants?Western-styleKnownasregularcourtyard,western-stylegardenisasymmetricalandgracefullandscapelayoutwithanaxisandgrandscale,whoseplantsareprunedtobegeometric-shaped?1(ismoreandmorepopularatcurrenttimeswithsignificantdevelopment,resultinginalargeareaofunnaturalman-madeartificiallandscapes?MixedStyleOriginally,naturalandregularstylesaremutuallycontradictory,butithasbeenverycommontoseeboththesestylesinonegarden,astheimprovedladyCheongsaminthefashionindustry.ItisanewtrendtocombineChineseandwesternstyleinonedesign,sowestillneedalongtimetoproveitsadvantagesanddisadvantages,similartotheotherstyles?BalanceThesenseofbalanceisanoverallsenseofobjects1weightonbothsidesfromaperson'svisualcenter.Ifthereareacoupleofobjectsofthesameweightandsizeinthefront-Iefsimaginethey'reacoupleofstonelions,peoplewillhaveasenseofbalance?However,thelackofanyonewouldcausevisualimbalance?Thedesignershouldpayattentiontothisprincipleinthecourtyarddesign.ProportionItisnecessarytoconsidertheproportionofeverypartinthecourtyard,suchastheproportionbetweenapartandthewholecourtyard,orevenproportionbetweenasmallpieceofwoodorstoneandtheenvironment.Aspeople'sfacialorbodyfeatures,itiseasytobenoticed,ifnon-conformingproportionappearsincourtyards,whichwon'tbetreatedas”beauty”?RhythmRhythmreferstotherepetitionofsimilarrhymesinaccordancewithacertainruleinmusicorpoetry.Courtyarddesignshouldalsotakethisintoconsideration,forvisitorscangetasenseofrhythmonlyafteracleveruseofavarietyofsynchronizedrhythm.ContrastIncourtyarddesign,onelocallandscapedesplayedtogetherwithanotheronewhoseshape,color,textureetc.areincontrastwiththoseoftheformeronewillcreatasharpvisualcontrastandatthesametimegivetouristsaclearaesthetictaste?HarmonyHarmonyreferstoasenseofdynamicunitywiththecolor,shape,lineofasceneintimeandspace.Wintersceneshouldbepaidmoreattentiontoavoidvisualemptiness,becausemostornamentalplantsarewitheredinwinter.Asaresult,evergreenplantswillbeabetterchoiceinwinter.TextureTexturereferstothicknessandsenseofbiologicalandnon-biologicalorganismsinthecourtyard.Forexample,softlawn,anddeepgreenmosscanmakepeoplefeelreluctanttosteponoreventotouchthem.Ifweputasmoothrockintheriversand,aharmonyscenewillbegeneratedbytheselandscapeelementsofthesametextureandfeatures?SimplicitySimplicityusedincourtyarddesignmeansasimpleelegantarrangementofscenery.Courtyarddesignpursuesandimitatesnaturalbeauty,whichneedstoberefinedtoartisticbeauty.Justaswhatwesterngardenerssaid”Simplicityisbeauty*1,choicesshouldbemadeunderthesimpleandelegantprinciple.”HumanViewingHuman11MHumanviewinghuman**isanewtopicdevelopedwithethologicaltheoryinrecent20years,whichisdirectlyappliedtocourtyarddesign?Thatistosay,themosteye-catchingdesignprincipleincourtyarddesignshouldconsiderthe”human”behaviorfirst.Agooddesignshouldbeabletosensitivelyrespondtotheneedsofpeople,amusethemasmuchaspossible,raisetheirspirits,andkeepinterestinotherpeople'sactivitiesinornearthecourtyardmeetingtheirbehaviouralneeds?PursuitofArtisticConceptionSuchworksofartascourtyardwillbearecreationplaceforvisitors,onceitbecomesahabitat.Acharmingcourtyardcanattractvisitorstocomeforseveralhundredsofyears?Thisshowsthattheimageofcreativityandfunhastriggeredthevisitors*thinkingandimagination,inotherwords,Theyhavesensedan"artisticmode'：whichismainlyreflectedasfollows:Poeticcharm—PeopleoftensayMOne*semotionisrousedbythescene.0Itmeanspeople'semotionarerousedby,alsoincludingimaginationandfantasywhattheysee.Picturesquescene——Courtyardisthebodyofthepicture,whichshouldbepleasantenoughtosatisfyvisitorsstrollinginit.CourtyardStyleDesignandOrientationTlieNeedsofFamilyMembersThefirststeptocreateabeautifulcourtyardistomakeagoodplan.Firstofall,thedesignershouldsetthecourtyardstyleaccordingtoenvironmentalconditions,familycompositionandmaintenanceability?Thegardenstylecanreflectthewayoflifeofafamily?Ifthefamilyconsistsofacoupleofofficeworkers,itisbettertoplantsomeflowertreesorperennialflowersinthecourtyard.becausetheyaretoobusytotakecareofthem.Forthefamilywithchildren,itisbettertolayalawntoplacetoysandplantsomecolorfulannualorbiennialherbaceousflowersandflowerbulbs;ifsomeoneinthefamilyisinterestedinplantmaintenanceandmanagement,theycanplantsomeseasonalherbaceousflowers,thusbuildaperfectornamentalgarden.Inshort,courtyardstyleandcultivationofplantspeciesshouldbebasedoncompositionandagestructureofthefamily.Therearevariousgardenstyles,whosebasicformsaregenerallybasedontheowners1preferences?AsreferredbeforeGardenstylescanbesimplydividedintothreecategories4regular,naturalandmixedstyle?Atpresent,privatecourtyardstylescanbedividedintofourbasicschools:ChineseandJapanesestylesinAsia,FrenchandBritishstylesinEurope?Buildingshavevariousstylesandtypes,suchasthegapbetweenclassicalandmodem,thecontrastbetweenavant-gardeandtraditional,thedifferencesbetweenEasternandWestern.Choiceofgardentypeisoftenmadeaccordingtothebuildingstyle?Inthepast,typicalJapanese-stylecourtyards,suchasgarden-stylecourtyardandteacourtyard,oftenintegratenaturalscenerywiththegarden,givingpeopleasenseofquietnessandelegance?However.Japanese-stylecourtyardandwestern-stylebuildingscannotbeharmonized?whileJapanese-stylearchitectureisalsoincompatiblewiththeregularcourtyardstyle,thereforedesignersshouldtakeintoconsiderationtheharmonybetweengardenstyleandbuilding?Forthosewholovesimplicity,theycanplantsomegrassesandflowersintheyardormakeagreenplantnursery.Ifyouwanttoachieveamoredesirablelandscapeeffect,youmayaskprofessionaldesignerstodesignanddecorateyourcourtyard?Forexample,windingroadswithtalltreesonbothsideswillmakepeoplefeelthat'Thecourtyardisdeep.*'andcurve-shapedarches,carvedrailings,andbanisterwithcarefullyprunedbusheswillbeshowingaEuropeanstyle?CourtyardColorColorisoneofthefactorsinfluencingthecourtyardstyle?Onetechniqueofcolordesignistodecidethemainhuesofthegardenbasedonthecolorsofbuildingsnearly.Foliageplantsareveryimportantingardendesign,anditisnaturalintheUnitedKingdomandtheotherEuropeancountriestoplantsomefoliageplantsinflowerbeds.Variegated-leaf-plant,suchasspecieswithwhitespots,imbeddedingreenleaf-plant,arebrighterthanpuregreenspecies,forexamplescneciocinerariaandAsagiriHaocaowithsilverleavescansettheflowerbedevenbrightc匚Othercolor-leafedplantswithorange,redorpurpleleavescanformasharpcontrastincreasingthebrightnessofthehue?Inaddition,differencesofleafshapesandtexturecanalsobetakenintoconsideration.Summerisaseasonwhenmanyvarietiesofplantsareflourishing;therefore,wecanapplydiversecolorcombinationandusewildperennialflowerstoembellishthegarden.Insummer,itwillnotgivepeopleasenseofclutter,eventhoughweuseacombinationofseveraldifferentbright-coloredflowers?Forexample,wecanusesomebright-coloredsnapdragonsofdifferentcolortonestomakeseverallivelycolorblocks,andwecanaddsomesilver-leafplantsorwhite-flowersweetalyssumtoneutralizetheeffect.ImpactofGardenDrainageandLightDrainage,light,ventilation,soil.andsoonwillaffectplants*growth,especiallywhetherlightissufficientornotisanimportantconditiontodeterminethechoiceofflowers.Generallyspeaking,theidealplacetobuildagardenistheplaceheadingsouthwithenoughsunshine.Therefore,thedesignershouldfirstmakeitclearthegeographicalconditionsofthevillagarden,forexamplethesunshinetimeinoneday,thelocationofsunnyandshadysidesetc.Onthisbasis,wecanchoosesuitablespeciesinsuchenvironment.However,wecanalsobuildagardenonshadyside?CourtyardAreaAlargerhousehasmorechoicesofgardenstyles,becausethelargertheareais,themoreplantspeciescanbechosen,thenthemorecomplexthecollocationwillbe.However,wemustconsiderconsistencyofthewholewhenplantingtreesandflowersandavoidconflictbetweenthem?Asmallhouseonlyhaslimitedapplicablearea,soweshouldmakeacarefulplanandplantlessspecies.CourtyardPlantDesignandClassification3.1ChinesegardensTheoveralllayoutofChinesegardensrequiresdeepnessandadjacentemptiness,stresses”isolatedscene11and”hiddenscene1*inspace,anddemandscirculationandendlessnesstocreateinfinitecharminalimitedspace.Inthecreationofplantlandscape,Chinesegardensstriveforpersonificationofplants,tryingtointegratepoeticandsceniccharm.1(oftenusesplanttonamebuildingsandgardenscenicspots.Finally,inrespectofplantconfiguration,Chinesegardensneedmorewoodyplantsandlessherbaceousplantstoreproducethestateofplantshapescreatinglandscapes?3.2Japanese-StyleCourtyardTheJapanese-stylecourtyardiscomposedoftheZengarden.Circuitoustourgardenandteataogarden.TheZengardenbasicallyusesnoflowerplants,becauseitmainlypursuesspirituallytheextremestateof"cleanness,emptinessandnothingness”.Circuitoustourgardenisabundantinvarietiesofplants,forexample,smallstemmaplewhichgrowsslowly,fiveneedlespinewithgoodshapes,smallarborofvariousappearances,shnibsandshortplantscoveringontherocksaswellaspodocarpusmarcophyllu.Japanesehemlockandevergreenrhododendron.Evergreenplantsnotonlycanpreservethelandscapeappearanceofthegarden,butalsocanprovideagreenbackgroundforbright-coloredflowerplantsandleafplants,whichmakesthegardenmorecolorful.Circuitoustourgarden?absorbingthegardeningcharacteristicsoftheZengardenandtheteataogarden,combinesthegardenlandscapeoffourseasonsandthequietandnaturalsceneryofruralatmosphere?Ilamazespeoplebytheeleganceandquietnessofplantshapesandthecharmandgracefulnessofplantcolors,reflectingthenatureandwildnesswhichChinesegardensislackof.Italian-StyleCourtyardAstheItalianpeninsulabordersonseasfromthreesidesandisabundantinmountainsandhills,gardensarcoftenbuiltonslopes?Frombuildingstotheoutside,thecontroloforderlyshapesislessened.whichisspecialforitsplantsdistribution,merginggardensintonaturalscenery,hiearlytimes,thereweremanyplantspeciesinthegarden,whilelaterpeopleattachmoreimportancetothebeautyoftheplantitself.Erectandemeraldgreenpodocarpusesareoftenusedaswaysidetreesorplantedinrows;umbrellapineswithconicalcrownsareusedasbackgroundtreesandarethemostspecialplantsinthegarden?Inplainareas,wecanusecarefullytrimmedChineseboxestoformageometricpatternasgreenfences,andformaflowerbeddividingflowerplantsandleafplants?FrenchRegularStyleFrenchgardenshaveterracegardenlayout,duetotheinfluenceoftheItalianregulargarden-buildingarts.However,astheterraininFranceisflat,theFrenchgardenlayoutscaleappearsgranderandmoremagnificent.Peopletrimtrees,buildflowerbedsandplantplentyofflowers.Onthevergeofgood-shapedtrees,seasonalbloomingflowersareplantedasarim,whichbecomeanembroidered-styleflowerbed.Onthelawnofabigarea,peopleplantshrubflowersandgrassestoformvarioustexturesandpatterns?BritishNaturalStyleTheGreatBritainisacountryofhills,whoseclimateiswarmandhumid.NaturalstyleisthemainstyleofBritishgarden?Redgeranium,blueChineselobeliaandyellowcalceolariaarecommonlyusedingardensofthisstyle?ProblemsinCourtyardDesignNoclearmainpoint.Overemphasizepavementonthegroundandthepavementisnotharmoniouswithbuildings?Ilappearsmoredisorderedwhenmanyhardmaterialsareused.Eachcornerofthegardenhasbecomeacenterandeverywhereisstuffedwithtop-notchgardeningworks?Thisproblemisacommonfatalhabit,becausewebuymaterialsonimpulsewithoutconsideringtheirsizeandapplicability?Allthesestuffsareplacedinthegarden,whichtogetherwithplantswillmakethegardenindisorderandwithoutanycharacteristicatall.Mostpeoplewillbuytheirfavoriteplantsfromthegardeningcenteronimpulseoracceptthewholepottedplantoracuppinggivenbyfriendsorrelativesasagift?Therefore?peoplewillplacethemfreelywithoutconsideringtheirneedsandsizebecauseoftoomanyplants?Badmatching?Plantsarebadmatched?asaresultthecourtyardappearstobedisorderedandtoosimilarwithoutindividualityortoocomplex?Peoplemechanicallycopyforeigncourtyardstyleswithoutconsideringthecourtyard'spracticalscaleandshapesaswellasthelocalclimateandgeographicallocation?MatchingofCourtyardPlantsItiscalled*plantstorage1bylandscapeexpertsduetoimpropermatchofcourtyardandplants,ormessgrowthofplants.Inordertoavoiddisorderofplantsandformingplantsstorage,wecanarrangeplantslayoutbyfollowingmethodsindetails?Acourtyardhasvariousoriginalshapessuchassquare,rectangular,wide-flat,longornarrow.Yoifdbettermakeaplanofcourtyardusage6havingarestforawhileorjustwalkingthrough.Thenyoucandecidethecombinationwaysoflayingbricksandvirescence?Forvirescence,oneshouldpayattentiontoarrangementoftallandshortplantsandcolormatch?Besides,acourtyardisanextensionoftheindoorenvironment,andbothsidesshouldbeinharmonywitheachotherinaspectsofvisualeffectsandfunctions?4」GateandTreesThegateislikeaperson'sfaceandissignificantforcourtyarddesign.Concerningofthis,Japan'sgreengardendesignershavecreatedalotofbeautifulworks:thecombinationofacertainnumberoftreestocreateacertainfeature,orplantingmoretreestomakeagreenfence.andmanydesignsmakinguseofahiddengatewaytogivethecourtyardgateasenseofdepth.4.2GateandMossSoftmossoftenremindsusofcarpetunderourfeet.Asaresult,iftheapproachestocourtyardarecoveredwithgreenmoss,itwillgiveguestsawarmfeelingofpleasure.Generally,inadditiontothetrails,thecarth*ssurfaceshouldbecoveredwithmoss,andsometimessomehighgroundisalsocoveredbymossachievingtheeffectofasmallhill.However,itisnotappropriatetogrowmossindryareas,sothedesignislimitedtohumidenvironment.4.3TrailsandTreesAstrailsinagardenisforwalking,theroleoftreesistogivepeopleapeacefulandcozyfeeling?Sometrailsaredesignedplainandsimple,buttheothersaredesignedwithcarefulthoughts:theycanbeeitherclusteredbyroadsidebushesoraccompaniedbyflowerbeds?Gardenpathandplantsdesignclearlyreflecttheowner'suniquetasteoflife?MainCourtyardandTreesMostofthetreesinagardenareplantedwithcareandgoodmaintenance,whoseprettyformisagoodreproductionoftheJapanesegardenmodeloftheoldera.Insomecases,carefullytrimmedbushesplayaroleofsettingoffothertreesinthegarden.Inrecentyears,theuseofartificialmodificationoftreesinthegardendesignparticularlytheuseofordinaryhardwood,suchasZaniu,hasbeencommonpractice.However,Zamumaintenanceisnotaneasytask.Whengardenisdividedintoseveralparts,orhavegeometricshapesontheground,talltreesandshnibswillbecomeveryimportantdesignfactors.Tosomeextent,treesareoftenthemainmaterialstosplitgarden.SmallCourtyardandTreesBamboosaremorecommonusedinasmallgarden,becauseoftheirbeautiful,tallandstraighttrunks?Landscapeofsmallspaceismostvividlydesignedbyusingverticallines?Gardenexpertssaythatwecanusescientificity,culture,practicabilityandartistrytoevaluetheperformanceofthecourtyarddesign,butthisistooprofessionalfortheownerofthecourtyard.Whetheragardencanachieveagoodeffectdependsonthemaster'sinterest.FunctionsofCourtyardPlantsSecurityInpersonalenvironment,peopleneedtooccupyandcontrolcertainspace?Psychologistsbelievethatspacenotonlyprovidesarelativesenseofsecurityandeaseofcommunication,butalsoisasymboloftheowner'sidentityandpower.Asaresult,thesenseofspacecontrolhasalreadyexistedfromancienttimeandiseverywhere?Gardenplantarrangementdesignshouldrespectthispersonalspace,sothatpeoplecangetasenseofstabilityandsecurity.Forexample,ancientsoftenplantedBashoagainsttheinsideofwalls,whichhavenotnmk.butstretchsoftly.Itismoredifficultforthievestoclimb,anditarousethesenseofthickerwallatthesametime?Anotherexample,greenbarriersareverycommonintheprivategardenasadivisiontoolinthecourtyardandsafetysuggestionforthefamilymembers?Thegreenbarriershaveachievedthefamily'srespectivespatialconstraintsthusmakespeoplegetasenseofareacontrol.PracticalityOriginally,theancientcourtyardwasaneconomicalandpracticalorchard,medicinalherbsgardenorvegetablegarden.Actuallynowadaysinmanyprivatecourtyardsorvillagardens,wecanstillseebeautifulsceneryoffruittreesorapastoralvegetablebed.Wecanevenseesomepeoplewhoenjoyamorerefinedlifedoingsomegardeningworkthemselves,suchasplantingsomefragrantsanitariangrasses,treesorflowersintheircourtyard?Infact,whetherinahomegardenoragreenspaceoutside,functionsofeachgreenlandshouldbediversified?Ilshouldnotonlyhaveplantsforentertainmentandsightseeing,butforuse,participationandprotectionofvisitors.becauseparticipationprovidespeoplewithasenseofsatisfactionandenrichment.Addingstoolstothetreeshadewillprovidearestplaceforpeople;openingofthelawncanallowpeopletoenter;buildinggardensandhorticulturalfacilitiescanprovidevisitorsthechanceofparticipatingingardeningactivities?Usingshrubsasfenceshasseveralfunctions,whichcannotonlydividethebiglandintosmallfunctionalareas,butkeepoutwind,reducenoiseandhideindecentscenerytoformavisualcontrol.Atthesametimefortheshrubsarelowplants,peoplecanviewtheirshapes,flowers,leavesandfniitsclosely.AgreeablenessInmodernsociety,itisnotenoughtoconfineplantlandscapetoeconomicutility,whichmustalsobebeautifulattractingandagreeabletosatisfypeopledaestheticandpsychologicalneedsofloveforbeautifulthings?Anindividualplanthasitsownbeautyofshape.color,texture.seasonalchangesandsoon.Throughcombinationsofsuchelementsasshape,line,color,textureaswellasareasonablescale,coupledwithbackgroundelementsofgreenland(paving,terrain,buildings,urbanelementetc.),plantsgrowinginclustersorgroupscannotonlybeautifytheenvironmentandenrichthelandscapedesign,butalsocanhelppeopleregulateemotionsandcultivatesentimentsunconsciouslyintheiraestheticenjoyment.PrivacyPrivacycanbeunderstoodastheselectivecontroloftheapproachingdegreeofpersonalspace.People'schoiceofprivatespacecanbeexpressedashopeofbeingalone,havingpersonalspace,orfreespaceofafewpeoplefromtheothers*interference,orintentionofnameconcealingfromthepublic?Inthehighlycompetitiveandrushedsocialenvironment,especiallyinaprosperouscity,peoplehaveagreatdesiretoownaquietplacefarfromclamorofthecity.Suchrequirementscaneasilybemetinfamilyyardsandgardens,ornaturalgreenspacedecoratedwithdesignedplants?Plantdesignisthebestnaturalelementtocreateaprivatespace?Designersconsiderpeople'sneedsofprivacy,whichdoesnotmeantheywilldesignacompletelyclosedspace,butmakeacompleteandclearlimitonspacebasedontheattributesofspace?Somegreenfenceswitharationallay-outorsomescatteredtreescanprovideprivacyandpeoplecanread,sitquietly,chatandtalkprivatelyinthequietenvironmentcreatedbyplants?PublicityAshumanneedprivatespace,sometimestheyalsoneedpublicopenspace?Environmentalpsychologistsonceputforwardthesocialcentripetalandcentrifugalspaceconcepts,sointhesamewaygreenlandofagardencanalsobedividedintocentripetalandcentrifugalgreenspace.Theformerincludesthecitysquare,park,greenspaceinthecenterofaresidentialareaetc.Squaretreesoflargecrownsshouldbeplantedtoprovideshadeforpeople,lawnsshouldnotbeasopenaspossibleandsheltersshouldalsobeset.Plantvarietiesinresidentialareasshouldbeofhighornamentalvaluessuchasfoliageplants,flowerplants,fruitplants,andsoon.Thesedesignideasareinclinedtohelppeoplegettogethertopromotetheirinteractionandtoseekmoreinformation.GardenPlantDesignTrendsAnAmericandesignersaid:HThegardendesignisaplantmaterialdesigninthefinalanalysis,whosepurposeistoimprovehuman'slivingenvironment,andothercontentscanonlyfunctioninanenvironmentwithplants.11Plantsaretheonlyelementofvitalityinthegardenandarecloselyrelatedtopeople?Afewyearsago,nturfhotMand"colorplantcover1*wasverypopular.Becausetheyhavesuchdefectsaslowecologicalbenefits,landscapepatterningandhighermaintenancecosts,theyarelimitedtobeusedinlocalareasnow.Thetrendofmoderngardenplantdesignwillbemoreparticularabouteco-efficiency?Tlicdesignwillfocusonthediversityofplantspecies,foreachplanthasitsspecificbiologicalfeatures,ecologicalhabitsandornamentalcharacteristics?Wecancreateacomfortableandbeautifullivingenvironmentfullofvigorbymakinguseofseasonalaspects?physicalchanges,colorchangesregionalcharacteristics,andhumanization,variabilityofcombinations,anddiversityofthelandscape?Secondly,wecancreateunexpectedresultswiththecombinationofChineseplantculture,modernaestheticpointofviewandhigh-technology.MainPointsofSmallCourtyardDesignAthemeisnecessary,whichshouldbefullyexpressed?(Suchaswalls,pavement,plantsetc.)Pavementstylecanneitherbesinglenorbetoomany.Generally,itisbettertohavetwoorthreetypesinaprivatecourtyard.ThereshouldbeaclearspacedivisionandmakefulluseoftheChinesegardenartisticconception?Plantcultivationshouldbenaturalwhichisbettertobeexquisiteinsteadofbeinggreaterinquantitywithdensityandareasonablecombination?Commonlandscapeelementssuchaswater,pavilion,woodenplatforms,flowerracks,openspaceandhaugh.etc?Theparkroadshouldbesmoothwithadequatetwistsandturns,andterrainchangescanbeproperlyusedtodividespace.Thelandscapestructureshouldbefocusedon:shapeofwallsandapplicationofmaterials,landscapewalls,anddecoration.庭院設(shè)計(jì)1庭院設(shè)計(jì)平面布局庭院的平面布局設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)系著整個(gè)庭院氛禺的營(yíng)造，合理的布局可以使小面積的庭院變得豐富而有趣味，使大面積的庭院層次豐富不空洞。在做庭院平面設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循以下原則：1」多樣統(tǒng)一原則“統(tǒng)一”的原則，用在庭院設(shè)汁中所指的方面很多，例如形式與風(fēng)格、造園材料?色彩、線條等，從整體到局部都要講求統(tǒng)一，但過(guò)分統(tǒng)一則顯呆板，疏于統(tǒng)一則顯雜亂。所以常在統(tǒng)一之上加一個(gè)多樣，意思是需要在變化之中尋求統(tǒng)一，免于成為不倫不類(lèi)的風(fēng)格。LI前世界上主要流行以下三類(lèi)風(fēng)格庭院：(1)自然式庭院20世紀(jì)人們提出了“回歸自然”的口號(hào)，衣食住行都狂熱地追求自然，這股風(fēng)潮自然傳播到了庭院設(shè)訃中來(lái)。其實(shí)中國(guó)式園林自古以來(lái)就以幽雅自然、僻靜清幽為勝，植物多為自然生長(zhǎng)形態(tài)，一石一木都追求其自然風(fēng)貌，可稱(chēng)之為自然式庭院的鼻祖。(2)西式庭院乂稱(chēng)規(guī)整式庭院，多為對(duì)稱(chēng)式景觀布局，有中軸線，植物多被人工修葺成兒何形，容易形成規(guī)模龐大、宏偉雍容的風(fēng)貌。在現(xiàn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的社會(huì)中，這種庭院設(shè)訃風(fēng)格逐漸興盛起來(lái)，而且愈演愈烈，以致形成大面積人為造作的非自然景觀。(3)混合式庭院本來(lái)自然式與規(guī)整式是相互矛盾的，但LI前自然式與規(guī)整式在同一庭院內(nèi)混合應(yīng)用己經(jīng)相當(dāng)流行，就像時(shí)裝界的改良旗袍，中西結(jié)合的設(shè)計(jì)正在蔓延。一種設(shè)訃風(fēng)格的形成需要很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，同樣，我們?nèi)孕枰荛L(zhǎng)時(shí)間來(lái)辯證這種風(fēng)格的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。1.2均衡原則均衡感是人對(duì)其視覺(jué)中心兩側(cè)景物的整體分量感。如果前方是一對(duì)體量與質(zhì)量相同的景物，假設(shè)是一對(duì)石獅，即會(huì)產(chǎn)生均衡感，缺失一個(gè)便是視覺(jué)失衡。庭院設(shè)計(jì)中也要注意這一原則。1.3比例原則庭院中到處需要考慮比例的關(guān)系，大到局部與全局的比例，小到一木一石與環(huán)境的小局部。一旦失去比例，觀賞者很容易發(fā)覺(jué)。正如人面部的五官或軀體，比例適當(dāng)就可尊稱(chēng)為“美人”，反之類(lèi)推。1.4韻律的原則在音樂(lè)或詩(shī)詞中按一定的規(guī)律重復(fù)出現(xiàn)相近似的音韻即稱(chēng)為韻律。設(shè)計(jì)庭院也是如此，只有巧妙地運(yùn)用多種韻律的同步，才能使游人獲得韻律感。1.5對(duì)比原則在庭院設(shè)計(jì)中，為了突出園內(nèi)的某局部景觀，利用體形、色彩、質(zhì)地等與之相對(duì)立的景物與其放在一起表現(xiàn)，以造成一種強(qiáng)烈的視覺(jué)對(duì)比效果，同時(shí)也給游人一種鮮明的審美情趣。1.6和諧原則和諧是指庭院內(nèi)的景物在變化統(tǒng)一的原則下，色彩、體形、線條等在時(shí)間和空間上都給人一種和諧感。尤其值得注意的是冬季景色的布置，因?yàn)槎鄶?shù)觀賞性植物都在冬季凋零，造成視覺(jué)空洞，因此，庭院植物在種植時(shí)應(yīng)種些常青植物。1.7質(zhì)地原則質(zhì)地是指庭院中生物與非生物體表面結(jié)構(gòu)的粗細(xì)程度，以及山此引起的感覺(jué)。如細(xì)軟的草坪、深綠色的青苔均勻而細(xì)膩，讓人舍不得去踩碰，如果在旁邊一片河沙中放一塊光潤(rùn)的頑石，這一組質(zhì)地相近的景物顯然會(huì)呈現(xiàn)協(xié)調(diào)之美。1.8簡(jiǎn)單原則“簡(jiǎn)單”一詞用在庭院設(shè)計(jì)中是指景物的安排以樸素淡雅為主。自然美是庭院設(shè)訃中刻意追求和模仿的要點(diǎn)，自然美被升華為藝術(shù)美要經(jīng)過(guò)一番提煉。正如西方造園家提出“簡(jiǎn)單也是美”的道理一樣，應(yīng)當(dāng)在樸素淡雅的原則之下取舍。1.9滿(mǎn)足“人看人”原則“人看人”成為行為學(xué)的理論是近20年來(lái)才提出的新課題，而且直截了當(dāng)?shù)匾甑酵ピ涸O(shè)計(jì)中來(lái)。也就是說(shuō)，庭院設(shè)計(jì)中最引人注U的設(shè)計(jì)原則應(yīng)當(dāng)首先考慮“人”的行為問(wèn)題。一個(gè)好的設(shè)汁應(yīng)當(dāng)能對(duì)人的需要最敏感地做出反應(yīng)，使人盡情地游玩，使他們精神煥發(fā)，并對(duì)庭園內(nèi)部或周邊的其他人的活動(dòng)保持興趣盎然，滿(mǎn)足他們行為的需要。1.10尋求意境原則庭院這類(lèi)藝術(shù)品在成“境”之后就成為欣賞者游樂(lè)之所。一座耐人尋味的庭院可連續(xù)兒白年成為游人的樂(lè)往之地，可見(jiàn)創(chuàng)作的形象和情趣已經(jīng)觸發(fā)游人的聯(lián)想和幻想，即體會(huì)到了“意境氣突出表現(xiàn)為：詩(shī)悄一常說(shuō)“見(jiàn)景生情"，意思是有了實(shí)景才觸發(fā)情感，也包括聯(lián)想和幻想而來(lái)的情感。畫(huà)意一庭院是主體的畫(huà)卷，對(duì)于庭院中自山漫步的游人來(lái)講，只有“八面玲瓏”才能使人滿(mǎn)意。2風(fēng)格的選擇與定位2」家庭成員的需要營(yíng)造一個(gè)美麗庭院的第一步就是要做好規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)。首先應(yīng)決定庭院的風(fēng)格，要根據(jù)環(huán)境條件、家庭人員組成及養(yǎng)護(hù)能力等情況制定計(jì)劃。庭園樣式也可反映出居住在這里的家庭的生活方式。如果是上班族夫婦的兩口之家III于無(wú)暇養(yǎng)護(hù)花草，庭院中常常只種些花木或宿根花卉；有幼兒家庭的庭院則應(yīng)鋪設(shè)可放玩具的草坪，并種植一些色彩艷麗的一、二年生草花和球根花卉；如果家中有人對(duì)植物養(yǎng)護(hù)管理感興趣，就可種些四季時(shí)令草花，營(yíng)建一個(gè)完美的觀賞花園。總之，庭院樣式及所栽培植物種類(lèi)應(yīng)根據(jù)家庭人員組成與年齡結(jié)構(gòu)有所選擇。庭院有多種不同的風(fēng)格，一般是根據(jù)業(yè)主的喜好確定其基本的樣式。前面將庭園的風(fēng)格樣式可簡(jiǎn)單地分為規(guī)則式和自然式及混合式三大類(lèi)，U前從風(fēng)格上私家庭院可分為四大流派：亞洲的中國(guó)式、日本式，歐洲的法國(guó)式和英國(guó)式。而建筑卻有多種多樣的不同風(fēng)