41/41《會計英語》復(fù)習(xí)資料二、單項選擇（紅字為正確答案）：Financialreportsareusedbyd.alloftheabove1.Foraccountingpurposes,thebusinessentityshouldbeconsideredseparatefromitsownersiftheentityis（）d.alloftheabove2.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesaccounting?b.isaninformationsystemthatprovidesreportstostakeholders3.Usingaccrualaccounting,expensesarerecordedandreportedonlya.whentheyareincurred,whetherornotcashispaid4.Themeasurementbasesexclude()c.Saleprice5.Debtsowedbyabusinessarereferredtoas（）d.liabilities6.Whichofthefollowingfinancialstatementsreportsinformationasofaspecificdate?c.balancesheet7.Cashinvestmentsmadebytheownertothebusinessarereportedonthestatementofcashflowsinthea.financingactivitiessection8.Theaccountingequationmaybeexpressedasd.Assets-Liabilities=Owner'sEquity9.Whichofthefollowinggroupsofaccountshaveanormalcreditbalance?a.revenues,liabilities,capital10.Whichofthefollowinggroupsofaccountshaveanormaldebitbalance?d.assets,expenses11.Whichofthefollowingtypesofaccountshaveanormalcreditbalance?c.revenuesandliabilities12.Intheaccountingcycle,thelaststepis（）a.preparingapost-closingtrialbalance13.Whichofthefollowingshouldnotbeconsideredcashbyanaccountant?c.postagestamps14.Abankreconciliationshouldbepreparedperiodicallybecause（）c.anydifferencesbetweenthedepositor'srecordsandthebank'srecordsshouldbedetermined,andanyerrorsmadebyeitherpartyshouldbediscoveredandcorrected15.Theamountoftheoutstandingchecksisincludedonthebankreconciliationasa(n)（）c.deductionfromthebalanceperbankstatement16.Theassetcreatedbyabusinesswhenitmakesasaleonaccountistermedc.accountsreceivable17.WhatisthetypeofaccountandnormalbalanceofAllowanceforDoubtfulAccounts?a.Contraasset,credit18.Theterm"inventory"indicates（）d.bothAandB19.Merchandiseinventoryattheendoftheyearwasunderstated.Whichofthefollowingstatementscorrectlystatestheeffectoftheerror?incomeisunderstated20.Merchandiseinventoryattheendoftheyearisoverstated.Whichofthefollowingstatementscorrectlystatestheeffectoftheerror?b.owner'sequityisoverstated21.Theinventorymethodthatassignsthemostrecentcoststocostofgoodsoldisb.LIFO22.Underwhichmethodofcostflowsistheinventoryassumedtobecomposedofthemostrecentcosts?b.first-in,first-out23.Whentheperpetualinventorysystemisused,theinventorysoldisdebitedto()b.costofmerchandisesold24．Allofthefollowingbelowareneededforthecalculationofdepreciationexceptd.bookvalue25.Acharacteristicofafixedassetisthatitisb.usedintheoperationsofabusiness26.AccumulatedDepreciation()c.isacontraassetaccount27.Thetwomethodsofaccountingforinvestmentsinstockarethecostmethodandthe（）b.equitymethod28.Acapitalexpenditureresultsinadebitto（）d.anassetaccount29.Currentliabilitiesare（）d.dueandpayablewithinoneyear30.Thedebtcreatedbyabusinesswhenitmakesapurchaseonaccountisreferredtoasanb.accountpayable31.Notesmaybeissued（）d.alloftheabove32.Thecostofaproductwarrantyshouldbeincludedasanexpenseinthec.periodofthesaleoftheproduct33.Ifthemarketrateofinterestis8%,thepriceof6%bondspayinginterestsemiannuallywithafacevalueof$100,000willbec.Lessthan$100,00034.Theinterestratespecifiedinthebondindentureiscalledthe（）b.contractrate35.Whenthecorporationissuingthebondshastherighttorepurchasethebondspriortothematuritydateforaspecificprice,thebondsared.callablebonds36.Whenthemarketrateofinterestonbondsishigherthanthecontractrate,thebondswillsellatd.adiscount37.Onepotentialadvantageoffinancingcorporationsthroughtheuseofbondsratherthancommonstockisc.theinterestexpenseisdeductiblefortaxpurposesbythecorporation38.Characteristicsofacorporationinclude（）d.shareholderswhohavelimitedliability39.Stockholders'equity（）c.includesretainedearningsandpaid-incapital40.Theexcessofissuepriceoverparofcommonstockistermeda(n)（）d.premium41.Cashdividendsareusuallynotpaidonwhichofthefollowing?c.treasurystock42.Whichofthefollowingaccountsbelowisreportedinthepaid-incapital/stockholders'equitysectionofthecorporatebalancesheet?d.PreferredStock43.Ifpreferredstockhasdividendsinarrears,thepreferredstockmustbed.convertible44.Theprimarypurposeofastocksplitistob.reducethemarketpriceofthestockpershare45.Whichstatementbelowisnotareasonforacorporationtobuybackitsownstock.d.toincreasethesharesoutstanding46.Theliabilityforadividendisrecordedonwhichofthefollowingdates?d.thedateofdeclaration47.Incredittermsof2/10,n/30,the"2"representsthed.percentofthecashdiscount48.Revenueshouldberecognizedwhen（）b.theserviceisperformed49.Theabilityofabusinesstopayitsdebtsastheycomedueandtoearnareasonableamountofincomeisreferredtoas（）b.solvencyandprofitability50.Whichofthefollowingisnotincludedinthecomputationofthequickratio?a.inventory四、問答題：3．Differentiatebetweenfinancialaccountingandmanagerialaccounting.財務(wù)會計與管理會計的區(qū)別。Financialaccountingisprimarilyconcernedwiththerecordingandreportingofeconomicdataandactivitiesforabusiness.Managementaccountingusesbothfinancialaccountingandestimateddatatoaidmanagementinrunningday-to-dayoperationsandinplanningfutureoperations..4．Theobjectiveoffinancialreporting財務(wù)報告的目標(biāo)。參考答案：Overallobjective（總體目標(biāo)）offinancialreportingistoprovidefinancialinformationusefultoexternalusersinmakingeconomicdecisions.(a)provideinformationaboutthefinancialposition,performanceandchangesinfinancialpositionofanentitythatisusefultoawiderangeofusersinmakingeconomicdecisions；（向使用者提供有關(guān)企業(yè)財務(wù)狀況、經(jīng)營成果和財務(wù)狀況變動情況的信息，以利于其作出經(jīng)濟(jì)決策。）(b)showtheresultsofthestewardshipofmanagement,ortheaccountabilityofmanagementfortheresourcesentrustedtoit.（反映管理當(dāng)局受托責(zé)任的履行結(jié)果，或管理當(dāng)局受托管理資源的責(zé)任。）5．Whataretherecognitionandmeasurementprinciples?財務(wù)報表要素的確認(rèn)與計量原則。參考答案：(1)Recognitionistheprocessofincorporatinginthebalancesheetorincomestatementanitemthatmeetthedefinitionofanelementandsatisfiestherecognitioncriteria.RecognitionCriteria確認(rèn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：a.TheProbabilityofFutureEconomicBenefit未來經(jīng)濟(jì)利益流入的可能性MeasurementReliably計量的可靠性(2)Measurementistheprocessofdeterminingthemonetaryamountsatwhichtheelementsoffinancialstatementsaretoberecognizedandcarriedinthebalancesheetorincomestatement.MeasurementBases計量基礎(chǔ)：Historicalcost.歷史成本Currentcost現(xiàn)行成本Realizable(settlement)value可實現(xiàn)（清算）價值Presentvalue現(xiàn)值8．Differentiatebetweentheaccrualbasisandthecashbasis.應(yīng)計制與現(xiàn)金制的區(qū)別。參考答案：Undertheaccrualbasisfortheaccountingperiodconcept,revenuesarereportedintheincomestatementintheperiodinwhichtheyareearned.Underthecashbasisfortheaccountingperiodconcept,revenuesandexpensesarereportedintheincomestatementintheperiodinwhichcashisreceivedorpaid.9．Whatisthedouble-entrysystem?簡述復(fù)式記賬法的含義參考答案：Asystemofrecordingtransactionsinawaythatmaintainstheequalityoftheaccountingequation.Thefundamentalruleofdouble-entrybookkeepingisthatdebitsmustequalcredits.Foreverytransaction,theremustbeatleastonedebitandonecredit.Debitsmustalwaysequalcreditsforeachtransaction.Debitsarealwaysenteredontheleftsideofanaccountandcreditsarealwaysenteredontherightside.10．Whatarethemajortypesofadjustingentries?調(diào)整分錄的種類參考答案：Adjustingentriescanbeclassifiedaseither：PrepaymentsorAccruals(1)Prepaymentsfallintotwocategories:a.Prepaidexpenseb.DeferredRevenue(UnearnedRevenue)(2)Accrualsfallintotwocategoriesa.Accruedexpensesb.Accruedrevenues★考核知識點:調(diào)整分錄P72附4.10參考課件第4章Companiesareonacalendarorfiscalyearandbusinesstransactionscancutacrosstwoyears.Therefore,adjustingentriesareneededtoensurethattherevenuerecognitionandmatchingprinciplesarefollowed.Adjustingentriescanbeclassifiedaseither：PrepaymentsorAccruals(1)Prepaymentsfallintotwocategories:a.Prepaidexpenses:expenseshavebeenpaidincashandarerecordedasassetsuntiltheyareusedorconsumed.b.DeferredRevenue(UnearnedRevenue)：Revenuesreceivedincashandrecordedasliabilitiesbeforetheyareearned.(2)Accrualsfallintotwocategoriesa.Accruedexpensesareexpensesthathavebeenincurredbutnotyetpaidincashandthereisnooriginalentry.b.Accruedrevenuesarerevenuesthathavebeenearnedbutnotyetreceivedincash.11.Describethebasicstepsoftheaccountingcycle.簡述會計循環(huán)的步驟。參考答案：Theaccountingcycle(oraccountingprocess)includesstandardizedproceduresthatareperformedinsequenceduringeveryperiod.(會計循環(huán)，或稱為會計程序，是在每個會計期間按照一定順序處理業(yè)務(wù)的一套規(guī)范化的程序）Itiscalledcyclebecausethestepsrepeatedeachaccountingperiod.(1)Transactionsareanalyzedandrecordedinthejournal.(2). Transactionsarepostedtotheledger.(3)Atrialbalanceisprepared,adjustmentdataareassembled,andanoptionalworksheetiscompleted.(4)Financialstatementsareprepared.(5)Adjustingentriesarejournalizedandposted.(6)Closingentriesarejournalizedandposted.(7)Apost-closingtrialbalanceisprepared.12．Whataretheadvantagesoftheallowancemethodforuncollectibleaccounts?應(yīng)收賬款壞賬備抵法的優(yōu)點。★考核知識點:應(yīng)收賬款壞賬處理P212-217附4.12參考課件第5章Managementmakesanestimateeachyearoftheportionofaccountsreceivablethatmaynotbecollectible.UncollectibleAccountsExpense(BadDebts)isdebitedandAllowanceforDoubtfulAccountsiscredited.ActualaccountsthatprovetobeuncollectiblearedebitedtoAllowanceforDoubtfulAccountsandcreditedtoAccountsReceivable.(1)Thismethodisconsistentwiththematchingprinciple.(2)Theaccountsreceivablestateatnetrealizablevalueatendoftheaccountingperiod.13．Describethecharacteristicsoftheperiodicinventorysystemandtheperpetualinventorysystem.存貨的兩種盤存制度的特點。參考答案：Acompanyusingaperpetualsystemmaintainsacontinuousrecordofthephysicalquantitiesinitsinventory.Acompanyusingaperiodicsystemdoesnotmaintainsacontinuousrecordofthephysicalquantitiesonhand.Inaperiodicinventorysystem,whenanitemissold,theonlyjournalentryrecordedistoreflectthesaleofthemerchandiseCostofgoodssoldisrecordedonlyaftertheendinginventoryhasbeencountedandvaluedattheendoftheperiod.Withaperpetualinventorysystem,continuallyupdatedrecordsaremaintainedforinventoryitems.Suchtrackingisreadilyenabledthroughadvancesintechnology.Asaresult,twojournalentriesaremadewhenasaleoccurs.14．Whatarethefinancialstatementseffectsofinventorymethods?存貨計價方法對報表有何影響？（以先進(jìn)先出法、后進(jìn)先出法和平均成本法為例）IncomeStatementEffects：Inperiodsofincreasingprices,FIFOreportsthehighestnetincome,LIFOthelowestnetincome,andaveragecostfallsinthemiddle.Inperiodsofdecreasingprices,theconverseistrue:FIFOwillreportthelowestnetincome,LIFOthehighest,withaveragecostinthemiddle.BalanceSheetEffects：Inaperiodofinflation,thecostsallocatedtoendinginventoryusingFIFOwillapproximatecurrentcosts.Thus,themarkettobookvalueoftheinventoryshouldapproximate1.0.Conversely,duringaperiodofincreasingprices,thecostsallocatedtotheendinginventoryusingLIFOwillbesignificantlyunderstated.Thus,themarkettobookratiowillbegreaterthan1.0.15．Whataretheclassificationsandobjectivesofinvestmentinsecurities?簡述證券投資的類型和目的。參考答案：ClassificationsofInvestments: Tradingsecurities；Held-to-maturitydebtsecurities；Available-for-salesecuritiesObjectivesofInvestmentinSecurities：（1）Temporaryinvestmentofsurpluscash（2）Investmentsolelyforareturn（3）Investmentforinfluence（4）Purchaseforcontrol★考核知識點:存貨計價方法P237-244附4.15參考課件第6章Marketablesecurities–Stocks,bondsandotherfinancialinstrumentsthatorganizationsholdinlieuofcash.Thesearealsoreferredtointhefinancialstatementsasshort-terminvestmentsTwoTypesofMarketablesecurities:Debtsecurities-Thesearebondsissuedbycorporationsorgovernmentthathavematurityvalue,interestrateandmaturitydate.Equitysecurities–Theseareanysecurities,suchascommonsharesthatrepresentownershipinacompany.ClassificationsofInvestmentsinEquityandDebtSecurities： Tradingsecurities:Investmentsatfairvaluethroughprofitorloss;heldfortrading,ordesignatedtobe‘a(chǎn)tfairvaluethroughprofitorloss’Held-to-maturitydebtsecurities:financialassetswithfixedordeterminablepayments;fixedmaturity;positiveintentandabilitytoholdtomaturityAvailable-for-salesecurities:remainingfinancialassets;donotfallintoanyofthetwocategoriesaboveObjectivesofInvestmentinSecuritiesTemporaryinvestmentofsurpluscashInvestmentsolelyforareturnInvestmentforinfluencePurchaseforcontrol16.Describethereasonsforholdingmarketablesecurities.簡述企業(yè)進(jìn)行短期有價證券投資的原因★考核知識點:短期投資P361附4.16參考課件第6章Therearemanyreasonswhyacompanymaywanttobuydebtorequitysecuritiesfromanothercompany.Forexample,CompanyAmaypurchasethedebtofCompanyBbecause?CompanyB’sdebtispayingagoodinterestrate.?ThedebtmayhaveamaturitydatethatmatchesCompanyA’sneedforcash.?Thedebtmaybesellingforlessthanfacevalue,andCompanyAthinksthatitcansellthedebtlateratagain.Investmentsindebtandequitysecuritiescanbeclassifiedonthestatementoffinancialpositionaseithercurrentornon-currentassets.Onereasonforholdingshortterminvestmentsrelatestothecontrolofcash.Theamountofcashheldbyanentityshouldbecarefullyregulatedsothatthereisneithertoomuchnortoolittleavailableatanytime.Ifthereistoolittlecashonhand,thefirmwillnotbeabletomeetdailyorperiodiccashrequirements;ifthereistoomuchcashonhand,aportionoftheentity’sassetsareunproductive.Therefore,managementwilltrytokeepjustenoughcashonhandatanyonetimetomeetdailyrequirements,plusacushionforemergencies.Cashinexcessofthedailyminimumshouldbeinvestedinincome-producingopportunities,suchasthedebtandequitysecuritiesofothercompanies.17.Describethecharacteristicsofproperty,plantandequipment.簡述固定資產(chǎn)的特點。Property,plant,andequipmentisdefinedastangibleassetsthatareheldforuseinproductionorsupplyofgoodsandservices,forrentalstoothers,orforadministrativepurposes;theyareexpectedtobeusedduringmorethanoneperiod.Includes:Land,Buildingstructures(offices,factories,warehouses),andEquipment(machinery,furniture,tools).Thecharacteristics：(1)“Usedinoperations”andnotforresale.(2)Long-terminnatureandusuallydepreciated.(3)Possessphysicalsubstance.18.Describethebenefitsofaccelerateddepreciationmethods.什么是加速折舊法？其優(yōu)點有哪些？參考答案：Acceleratedmethodsofdepreciationresultinmoredepreciationintheearlyyearsofanasset'slifeandlessdepreciationinthelateryearsofanasset'slifethandoesthestraight-lineapproach.Thebenefitsofaccelerateddepreciationmethodsare:(1)Decreasingdepreciationchargesarematchedagainstincreasingrepairandmaintenancecharges.(2)Higherdepreciationchargesdrivenetincomedowninearlyyearsofanasset’slife.Asaresult,accelerateddepreciationmethodsarefavoredfortaxpurposes.19.Describethecharacteristicsofintangibleassets.什么是無形資產(chǎn)？其特征有哪些？參考答案：Anintangibleassetsisanidentifiablenon-monetaryassetwithoutphysicalsubstance.無形資產(chǎn)是指沒有實物形態(tài)的、可辨認(rèn)的非貨幣性資產(chǎn)。Examplesofintangibleassetsincludegoodwill,patents,copyrights,franchises,trademarksandtradenames……例如：商譽、專利權(quán)、版權(quán)、特許權(quán)、商標(biāo)、商號等Thecharacteristics：ahigherdegreeofuncertaintyregardingthefuturebenefits未來收益的高度不確定性valuesubjecttowiderfluctuations價值波動性大havingvalueonlytoaparticularcompany其價值只與某一特定企業(yè)相關(guān)‘non-monetary’feature非貨幣性質(zhì)如下答案也可以：Intangibleassetsarerights,privileges,andcompetitiveadvantagesthatresultfromownershipoflong-livedassetsthatdonotpossessphysicalsubstance.Examplesofintangibleassetsincludegoodwill,patents,copyrights,franchises,trademarksandtradenames……TheMainCharacteristics:Identifiable.可辨認(rèn)性Lackphysicalexistence.缺乏實物形態(tài)Notmonetaryassets.非貨幣性資產(chǎn)Normallyclassifiedasnon-currentasset.20.Describethereasonsforissuanceoflong-termliabilities.舉借長期債務(wù)的原因（與發(fā)行股票相比）。參考答案：ReasonsforIssuanceofLong-TermLiabilities：(1)Debtfinancingmaybetheonlyavailablesourceoffunds.(2)Debtfinancingmayhavealowercost.(3)Debtfinancingoffersanincometaxadvantage.(4)Thevotingprivilegeisnotshared.(5)Debtfinancingofferstheopportunityforleverage.22．Describetherightsofcommonshareholders.（簡述普通股股東的權(quán)利）Thetwoprimaryclassesofpaid-incapitalarecommonstock（ordinaryshares)andpreferredstock.Theprimaryattractivenessofpreferredstocksisthattheyarepreferredovercommonastodividends.RightsandPrivilegeofShareholders：CommonShareholdersrighttovoteonkeycorporatematterspreemptiverighttopurchaseenoughsharestoretaintheirproportionalownershipinterestrighttoshareproportionatelyinanydividendshaveresidualinterestinassetsinliquidationPreferredShareholdersstipulateddividendrate;stipulatedliquidationvalueparticipationinearnings;cumulativefeature23．Describethethreeconditionsthatcorporationsdeclareandpaycashdividendsonsharesoutstanding.現(xiàn)金股利的發(fā)放條件。參考答案：Corporationsgenerallydeclareandpaycashdividendsonsharesoutstandingwhenthreeconditionsexist:1. Sufficientretainedearnings2. Sufficientcash3. Formalactionbytheboardofdirectors24．Describethereasonsexistforacompanytoissueastockdividend.公司發(fā)放股票股利的原因。參考答案：Numerousreasonsexistforacompanytoissueastockdividend:toshowthatthefirmplanstopermanentlyretainaportionofearningsinthebusinesstoincreasethenumberofsharesoutstanding,whichreducesthemarketpricepershareandwhich,inturn,tendstoincreasetradingofsharesinthemarket.(alargestockdividends)tocontinuedividenddistributionswithoutdisbursingassets(usuallycash)thatmaybeneededforoperationsstockdividendsdonotsubjecttheshareholderstoincometaxshareholdersmayactuallyprefertoreceivestockdividendsbecausetheycanselltheseadditionalsharesonlyiftheychoosetodoso25．Differentiatebetweenthestockdividendsandstocksplits.股票股利與股票分割的區(qū)別。參考答案：StockDividends：ParvalueofasharedoesnotchangeTotalnumberofsharesincreasesTotalstockholders’equitydoesnotchangeThecompositionofequitychanges(lessofretainedearnings;moreofstock)StockdividendsrequirejournalentriesStockSplits：ParvalueofasharedecreasesTotalnumberofsharesincreasesTotalstockholders’equitydoesnotchangeThecompositionofequitydoesnotchange(sameamountsofstockandRE)Stocksplitsdonotrequirejournalentries26．Describethereasonsthatacompanymayretireshares.簡述企業(yè)取得庫藏股的原因。TreasuryStock:Afirmmayalsobuyitsownsharesandholdthemforeventualresale.SuchsharesmaynotvoteatshareholdermeetingsorreceivedividendsWhyDoesACorporationReacquireItsOwnStock?Reissuesharestoofficersandemployeesunderbonusandstockcompensationplans.因獎金和股票期權(quán)計劃，再發(fā)行股票給高管喝雇員Increasetradingofcompany'sstockinsecuritiesmarketinhopesofenhancingmarketvalue.增加本公司股票在證券市場的交易量，以希望提高市場價值Haveadditionalsharesavailableforuseinacquisitionofothercompanies.為取得其他公司準(zhǔn)備股票Reducenumberofsharesoutstanding,therebyincreasingearningspershare.減少發(fā)行在外股數(shù)，以提高每股收益Preventahostiletakeover.防止惡意并購28．Describethematchingmethodsbetweentheexpensesandrevenue.費用與收入配比的三種方法。參考答案：Thematchingprincipleisbrokendownintothreepervasivemeasurementprinciples:費用的確認(rèn)方法（即與收入配比的方法）(1)associatingcauseandeffect（因果關(guān)系）:costsarerelativelyeasytoidentifywiththerelatedrevenues,suchasmaterialsanddirectlaborconsumedinthemanufacturingprocess(2)systematicandrationalallocation（系統(tǒng)合理的分配）:costsaremorecloselyassociatedwithspecificaccountingperiods,suchascostsofbuildingsandequipment(3)immediaterecognition（立即確認(rèn)）:Allothercostsaregenerallyexpensedintheperiodinwhichtheyareincurred,suchasofficesalaries,utilities,advertisingexpenses,etc.29.Describethepurposesoffinancialstatementanalysis.簡述財務(wù)報表分析的目的。參考答案：Financialstatementanalysishastwopurposes:(1)tousethepastperformanceofanentitytopredictitsfutureprofitabilityandcashflows.(2)toevaluatetheperformanceofanentitywithaneyetowardidentifyingproblemareas.30.Whatisthepurposeofastatementofcashflows?Howdoesitdifferfromabalancesheetandanincomestatement?說明現(xiàn)金流量表的作用，這與收益表和資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表的作用有何不同參考答案：UsefulnessoftheIncomeStatement：Evaluatepastperformance.評價過去業(yè)績Predictingfutureperformance.預(yù)測未來業(yè)績Helpassesstheriskoruncertaintyofachievingfuturecashflows.有助于評價達(dá)到未來現(xiàn)金流量的風(fēng)險與不確定性Usefulnessofthebalancesheet：Evaluatingthecapitalstructure.Assessriskandfuturecashflows.Analyzethecompany’s:Liquidity,solvency,andsinancialflexibility.PurposeoftheStatementofCashFlows：Toproviderelevantinformationaboutthecashreceiptsandcashpaymentsofanenterpriseduringaperiod.Thestatementprovidesanswerstothefollowingquestions:Wheredidthecashcomefrom?Whatwasthecashusedfor?Whatwasthechangeinthecashbalance?Importanceofthestatementofcashflow：Itisusefultomanagersinevaluatingpastoperationsandinplanningfutureinvestingandfinancingactivities.Itisusefultoinvestors,creditors,andothersinassessingafirm’sprofitpotential.Itisabasisforassessingthefirm’sabilitytopayitsmaturingdebt.31.Whatarethehorizontalanalysis,verticalAnalysisandratioanalysis?什么是橫向分析、縱向分析、比率分析？(1)Horizontalanalysis(ortrendanalysis):Usesdatafromprioryearsasayardstick.Theoldestyearisusedasabase,linebyline,andsubsequentyearsareexpressedasapercentageofthebase.Twosteps:selectabaseyearandassigneachitemonthebaseyearstatementaweightof100%;expresseachitemfromthestatementsfortheotheryearsasapercentageofitsbaseyearamount(2)VerticalAnalysis:Apercentageanalysiscanbeusedtoshowtherelationshipofeachcomponenttoatotalwithinasinglestatement.Thetotal,or100%item,onthebalancesheetis“totalassets.”Netsalesis100.0%ontheincomestatement.Verticalanalysiswithbothdollarandpercentageamountsisalsousefulincomparingonecompanywithanotherorwithindustryaverages.Suchcomparisonsareeasiertomakewiththeuseofcommon-sizestatementsinwhichallitemsareexpressedinpercentages.(3)Ratioanalysis:Amathematicalrelationshipbetweentwoamountsfromthefinancialstatements.Theamountsmightconsistofasingleaccountoranumberofdifferentaccounts,fromanyofthefinancialstatements—thebalancesheet,theincomestatement,orthestatementofcashflow.Solvencyistheabilityofabusinesstomeetitsfinancialobligations(debts)astheyaredue.Solvencyanalysisfocusesontheabilityofabusinesstopayorotherwisesatisfyitscurrentandnoncurrentliabilities.Thisabilityisnormallyassessedbyexaminingbalancesheetrelationships.Profitabilityistheabilityofanentitytoearnprofits.Thisabilitytoearnprofitsdependsontheeffectivenessandefficiencyofoperationsaswellasresourcesavailable.Profitabilityanalysisfocusesprimarilyontherelationshipbetweenoperatingresultsreportedintheincomestatementandresourcesreportedinthebalancesheet.五、業(yè)務(wù)題1.RecordthefollowingselectedtransactionsforMarchinatwo-columnjournal,identifyingeachentrybyletter:(a)Received$10,000fromShirleyKnowles,owner.(b)Purchasedequipmentfor$35,000,paying$10,000incashandgivinganotepayablefortheremainder.(c)Paid$1,000forrentforMarch.(d)Purchased$8,500ofsuppliesonaccount.(e)Recorded$2,500offeesearnedonaccount.(f)Received$11,000incashforfeesearned.(g)Paid$200tocreditorsonaccount.(h)Paidwagesof$1,250.(i)Received$1,150fromcustomersonaccount.(j)Recordedowner'swithdrawalof$1,850.ANS: (a)Cash10,000ShirleyKnowles,Capital10,000(b)Equipment35,000Cash10,000NotesPayable25,000(c)RentExpense1,000Cash1,000(d)Supplies8,500AccountsPayable8,500(e)AccountsReceivable2,500FeesEarned2,500(f)Cash11,000FeesEarned11,000(g)AccountsPayable200Cash200(h)WagesExpense1,250Cash1,250(i)Cash1,150AccountsReceivable1,150(j)ShirleyKnowles,Drawing1,850Cash1,8502．JournalizethesixentriesthatadjusttheaccountsatDecember31.Oneoftheaccountswasaffectedbytwodifferentadjustingentries.UnadjustedTrialBalanceAdjustedTrialBalanceCash3,0003,000AccountsReceivable30,00030,500Supplies1,700100PrepaidInsurance2,000400Equipment9,0009,000AccumulatedDepreciation1,500WagesPayable4,000UnearnedFees6,0001,500AnnCole,Capital20,00020,000FeesEarned62,00067,000WagesExpense42,30046,300SuppliesExpense1,600InsuranceExpense1,600DepreciationExpense1,500Total88,00088,00094,00094,000========================ANS: AccountsReceivable500FeesEarned500SuppliesExpense1,600Supplies1,600InsuranceExpense1,600PrepaidInsurance1,600DepreciationExpense1,500AccumulatedDepreciation1,500UnearnedFees4,500FeesEarned4,500WagesExpense4,000WagesPayable4,0003. Foreachofthefollowing,journalizethenecessaryadjustingentry:(a)Abusinesspaysweeklysalariesof$15,000onFridayforafive-dayweekendingonthatday.Journalizethenecessaryadjustingentryattheendofthefiscalperiod,assumingthatthefiscalperiodends(1)onWednesday,(2)onThursday.(b)Thebalanceintheprepaidinsuranceaccountbeforeadjustmentattheendoftheyearis$14,000.Journalizetheadjustingentryrequiredundereachofthefollowingalternatives:(1)theamountofinsuranceexpiredduringtheyearis$4,500,(2)theamountofunexpiredinsuranceapplicabletoafutureperiodis$1,500.(c)OnJuly1ofthecurrentyear,abusinesspays$36,000tothecityforlicensetaxesforthecomingfiscalyear.Thesamebusinessisalsorequiredtopayanannualpropertytaxattheendoftheyear.Theestimatedamountofthecurrentyear'spropertytaxallocabletoJulyis$3,20