ComparativeStudiesof

EnglishandChineseLanguages劉亞敏太原理工大學外國語學院第1頁OUTLINEⅠIntroductionⅡ

SyntheticVS.AnalyticⅢHypotaxisVS.ParataxisⅣSubject-prominentVS.Topic-prominentⅤPersonalVS.ImpersonalⅥStaticVS.DynamicⅦAbstractVS.ConcreteⅧDirectVS.IndirectⅨSubstituteVS.Repetition第2頁Introduction第3頁INTRODUCTION1.1LanguageFamilies(語系)1.2ImportanceofComparison1.3TeachingContent第4頁1.1LANGUAGEFAMILIESEnglishChineseIndo-EuropeanSino-Tibetanalphabeticideographicaccent/stresstoneintonationintonation第5頁1.1LANGUAGEFAMILIESEnglishbelongstotheGermanicbranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily(印歐語系).ChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily(漢藏語系).第6頁ENGLISHItiswellknowthatEnglishhastherichestvocabularyofanyEuropeanlanguage.OnthebasisofAngles’language(Anglo-Saxon),

English,ahybrid,wasbuiltbyabsorbingwordsinvariouslanguages.第7頁ENGLISHe.g.Latin:pen,pencil,cup,butter,silkFrench:pork,feast,sir,nobleItalian:piano,solo,studio,opera,umbrellaSpanish:cargo,cigarette,cigarGreek:paper,alphabet,dialogue,comedyChinese:tea,chowmein,kowtow,tofu第8頁ENGLISHAlphabeticLanguage:acorrespondingrelationshipbetweenitspronunciationandspelling.wordstress(accent)&sentencestressintonation:rising/falling第9頁ENGLISHe.g.language['l??gw?d?]important[?m'p??t(?)nt]university[ju?n?'v??s?t?]第10頁ENGLISHOneFrog,TwoFrogsbyLucyParisOnelittlefroglikestojump.Lookatherhop!Twolittlefrogsliketosit.Theysitonarock.Onelittlefroglikestolook.Whatdoesshesee?Twolittlefrogsliketoplay.Willtheyplaywithme?第11頁CHINESEPictographicandideographicLanguage:acorrespondingrelationshipbetweenitsmeaningandspelling.fourtones:leveltone(陰平)、risingtone(陽平)、fallingtone(上聲)、enteringtone(去聲)第12頁CHINESE第13頁CHINESE第14頁CHINESEe.g.我叫他去。I’llaskhimtogo.I’llgoandcallhim.我想起來了。Iwanttogetup.Ihavethoughtitout.第15頁COMPARISON只有比較才能看出各種語文表現法共同之點和特異之點。拿外語跟漢語進行比較，能夠啟發我們注意被我們忽略過去現象。——呂叔湘Alllanguagesintheworldcanexpressanddifferentiatetheperceivedexperience.Thesimilarityliesinwhattheymustexpress.（Jakobson1959）語言之間“音雖似別，義則大同”。第16頁COMPARISONEverylanguageintheworldhasitsownsyntax.Otherwise,peoplewillnotbeabletopracticetranslationandresearchtranslationtheory.Andthroughanalyzingandcomparingbetweentwolanguages,thetranslatorsandinterpreterswilldeeplyrealizethehardshipoftranslation.第17頁TEACHINGCONTENTSyntheticVS.Analytic綜合語VS.分析語HypotacticVS.Paratactic形合VS.意合Subject-prominentVS.Topic-prominent主語VS.主題PersonalVS.Impersonal物稱與人稱StaticVS.Dynamic靜態VS.動態AbstractVS.Concrete抽象VS.詳細DirectVS.Indirect直接VS.間接SubstituteVS.Repetition替換VS.重復第18頁SyntheticVS.Analyticsummary第19頁SYNTHETICVSANALYTICAsyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.Ananalyticlanguageischaracterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedform.第20頁SYNTHETICVSANALYTICHowtoexpressgrammaticalrelationships?inflectedformsofwordsfunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordorder第21頁SYNTHETICVSANALYTICinflectedforms（屈折形式）：morphologychangee.g.Motherland；blackboard；handwriting；easy-going；home-made；do-it-yourselfableunable；takemistakehopehopelesshopelessnessdodidhavedonedoing第22頁SYNTHETICVSANALYTICfunctionwords（虛詞）:formwordsE.g.HeearnedaneducationdegreeattheUniversityofWashingtonandtaughtelementaryschool.第23頁SYNTHETICVSANALYTICauxiliaryverbs（助動詞）:helpingverbse.g.have,be,may,can,must,do,shall,will第24頁SYNTHETICVSANALYTICLanguagemorphology語言形態學Englishtypicalsyntheticlanguagesynthetic-analyticlanguageChinesetypicalanalyticlanguage第25頁SYNTHETICVSANALYTIC第26頁A.INFLECTIONInEnglish,nouns,pronouns,andverbsareinflected,inordertoexpressthedifferenceinpartsofspeech,gender,number,case,person,tense,aspect,voice,mood,etc.InChinesetheabovegrammaticalmeaningsaremostlyimpliedincontextsorbetweenthelines,thoughoftenwiththehelpofwordorder.第27頁A.INFLECTIONNouns:“-s”:thepluralmarker“-’s”:thegenitivecaseVerbs:“-s”:thethirdpersonsingularpresenttense,“-ing”:thepresentparticiple,“-(e)d”:thepasttenseandpastparticiple;Adjectives:“-er”:thecomparativedegree“-est”:thesuperlativedegree第28頁A.INFLECTIONPrefixes:a-/an-:asymmetry,anhydrous

dis-:dishonest,dislikein-/ig-/il/im/ir:incapable;inability;ignoble;impossible;immoral;illegal;irregularun-:unable,unemploymentover-:overeat;overdress;oversleephyper-:hypersonic;hypertesion第29頁A.INFLECTIONSuffixes:-ess:actress;hostess

-bility:possibility,disability-able:movable;comfortable;responsible;possible-ish:selfish,foolish;bookish-ful:beautiful;wonderful;helpful;truthful第30頁A.INFLECTIONTaskinclass:他前進速度快得令人詫異！move

rapid

astonish第31頁A.INFLECTIONHemovedastonishinglyrapidly.Hemovedwithastonishingrapidity.Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.Heastonishedusbyhisrapidmovements.Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhismovements.第32頁A.INFLECTIONHismovementswereastonishinglyrapid.Hisrapidmovementsastonishedus.Hismovementsastonishedusbytheirrapidity.Therapidityofhismovementswasastonishing.Therapiditywithwhichhemovedastonishedus.第33頁A.INFLECTIONHemoved

astonishingly

rapidly.Hemovedwithastonishing

rapidity.Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.Heastonishedusbyhisrapid

movements.Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhismovements.第34頁A.INFLECTIONmovemovingmovementrapidrapidlyrapidityastonishastonishingastonishingly第35頁B.WORDORDERThelessinflectivealanguage,themorerigidthewordorder.WordorderinEnglishisnotsorigidasinChinese.第36頁ENGLISHMorewaysofinversionareoftenseeninEnglish.e.g.Whatintheworlddoyoumean?Whatabeautifulvoiceyouhave!NotafingerdidIlayonhim?第37頁CHINESEe.g.紙花——花紙半斤——斤半后頭小孩——小孩后頭商議好——好商議第38頁C.FUNCTIONWORD第39頁C.FUNCTIONWORDTaskinclass:Shewaswithachild.Shewaswithchild.Theyarestudentsofourschool.Theyarethestudentsofourschool.第40頁C.FUNCTIONWORD第41頁C.FUNCTIONWORDe.g.Iwillbuyabook.Iboughtabook.Ihaveboughtthebook.Haveyouboughtthebook?我要買本書。我買了本書。那本書我已經買了。那本書你買了嗎？第42頁C.FUNCTIONWORDTaskinClass:這回我可親眼看見啦！（感嘆語氣）打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敵人只好投降。你呀，老這么下去可不行啊！（加重語氣）這也不能怪他，頭一回嘛。（辯護語氣）第43頁C.FUNCTIONWORDAnswers:ThistimeI’veactuallyseenitformyself.Unabletofightonorescape,theenemywasforcedtosurrender.Look!Youcan’tgoonlikethis.Heisnottoblame.Afterall,itwasthefirsttimethathehaddoneit.第44頁SUMMARY第45頁TRANSLATION這回我可親眼看見啦！（感嘆語氣）ThistimeI’veactuallyseenitformyself.打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敵人只好投降。Unabletofightonorescape,theenemywasforcedtosurrender.第46頁TRANSLATION你呀，老這么下去可不行啊！（加重語氣）Look!Youcan’tgoonlikethis.這也不能怪他，頭一回嘛。（答辯語氣）Heisnottoblame.Afterall,itwasthefirsttimethathehaddoneit.第47頁TRANSLATION1.Ithasoftenbeennotedthatthosewholive,orhavelived,intheshadowofdeathbringamellowsweetnesstoeverythingtheydo.人們已注意到大凡受到死亡威脅人或是死里逃生人對于他們所干任何事總是興趣盎然。2.Icouldhavelaughedtohearhimlikethis.聽到他這么說，我差點笑出來了。3.Heisconstantlyleavinghisthingsabout.他老是亂放東西。第48頁TRANSLATION4.Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.主人對他冷淡使他愈加不舒適。5.Inmid-Octoberwhenthetoughoceangoingtrainingended,partoftheteammatestookonboardashipwhichthenheadedforAntarctica.十月中，嚴格遠洋集訓結束，部分隊員登輪起航，駛向南極。第49頁TRANSLATION6.Wehavespeakerswhoareveryoutgoing,verycharismaticandtall,attractingthemassesintotheseseminarsandlectures.我們有一些演講者，他們外向，魅力非凡，身材高大，吸引著大眾參加他們專題講座。這些熱情外向宣講者，頗具領袖氣質，且身材高大，吸引大眾參加他們專題討論講座。第50頁TRANSLATION7.Damsareadramaticexampleofahumanactivitythatdegradesfreshwaterecosystems.水壩是一個人類活動破壞淡水生態系統戲劇性示范。各類水壩生動地說明，人類活動正在惡化淡水生態系統。第51頁TRANSLATION8.Themanycolorsofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside.彩虹有各種顏色，外圈紅，內圈紫。第52頁TRANSLATION9.因為距離遠，又缺乏交通工具，使農村社會與外界隔絕，而這種隔絕，又因為通訊工具不足而變得愈加嚴重。Becausethereisagreatdistanceandtherearenotenoughtransportfacilities,theruralworldisisolated.Thisisolationhasbecomemoreseriousbecausetherearenotenoughinformationmedia.第53頁TRANSLATION9.因為距離遠，又缺乏交通工具，使農村社會與外界隔絕，而這種隔絕，又因為通訊工具不足而變得愈加嚴重。Theisolationoftheruralworld,becauseofdistanceandthelackoftransportfacilities,iscompoundedbythepaucityoftheinformationmedia.第54頁TRANSLATION10.過了一些時候，從遠方傳來了消息：在小銅球墜落當日，確實發生了地震。這一切終于得到了澄清。Aftersometime,newscamefromdistantplace.Earthquakedidhappenthatdaywhenthelittlecopperballfell.Allthiswasclearedup.第55頁TRANSLATION10.過了一些時候，從遠方傳來了消息：在小銅球墜落當日，確實發生了地震。這一切終于得到了澄清。Allwasclearedupsometimelaterwhennewscamefromadistantplacethatanearthquakewasfelttheverydaythelittlecopperballfell.第56頁TRANSLATION11.為何如此眾多美國人不如想象中那樣幸福呢？我認為原因有二，而二者之間又有深淺之分。WhysomanyAmericansarenothappyasweexpect?Ithinktherearetworeasonsandbothofthemhavedeepdistinction第57頁TRANSLATION11.為何如此眾多美國人不如想象中那樣幸福呢？我認為原因有二，而二者之間又有深淺之分。WhenItrytounderstandwhatitisthatpreventssomanyAmericansfrombeingashappyasonemightexpect,itseemstomethattherearetwocauses,ofwhichonegoesmuchdeeperthantheother.第58頁HypotaxisVS.Parataxis第59頁HYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXIS第60頁HYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXISTaskinClass:1.Evenifthemonkcanrunaway,histemplecannotrunwithhim.2.EvenifIweretobebeatentodeath,Iwillnottell.3.Modestyhelpsonegoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.4.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?5.Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.第61頁HYPO-TAXISVS.PARATAXISTaskinClass:1.跑得了和尚，跑不了廟。2.打死我也不說。3.謙虛使人進步，驕傲使人落后。4.冬天來了，春天還會遠嗎？5.人不犯我，我不犯人。第62頁HYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXISHypotaxisisthedependentofsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclauseswithconnectives.（形合）Parataxisisthearrangingofclausesoneafteranotherwithoutconnectionsshowingtherelationbetweenthem.（意合）第63頁HYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXIS天凈沙·秋思馬致遠

枯藤老樹昏鴉，小橋流水人家，古道西風瘦馬。夕陽西下，斷腸人在天涯。第64頁HYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXISAutumnThoughtsWitheredvines,oldentree,eveningcrows;Tinybridge,flowingbrook,hamlethomes;Ancientroad,windfromwest,bonyhorse;Thesunissetting,Brokenman,farfromhome,roamandroams.(趙甄陶)第65頁HYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXISAutumnCrowshoveringoverruggedoldtreeswreathedwithrottenvine——thedayisaboutdone.Yonderisatinybridgeoverasparklingstream,andonthefarbank,aprettylittlevillage.Butthetravelerhastogoondownthisancientroad,thewestwindmoaning,hisbonyhorsegroaning,Trudging(跋涉)towardsthesinkingsun,fartherandfartherawayfromhome.(翁顯良)第66頁HYPOTAXISENGLISH第67頁CONJUNCTIONwho,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,howetc.and,or,but,yet,so,however,aswellas,neithernor,when,while,assince,until,unless,lestetc.第68頁CONJUNCTIONe.g.WhenItrytounderstandwhatitisthatpreventssomanyAmericansfrombeingashappyasonemightexpect,itseemstomethattherearetwocauses,ofwhichonegoesmuchdeeperthantheother.第69頁PREPOSITIONSingleprepositions:with,to,in,of,about,between,through,etc.Compoundprepositions:inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughoutPhrasalprepositions:accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,becauseof,infrontof,onbehalfof,withregardto(286intotal)第70頁PREPOSITIONe.g.Themanycolorsofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside.第71頁OTHERCOHESIVETIESInflectedformsofverbs,nouns,pronouns,adjectives,andadverbs;relativepronounsit”

and“there”第72頁OTHERCOHESIVETIESThereisnothingmoredisappointingtoahostesswhohasgonetoalotoftroubleorexpensethantohaveherguestsointerestedintalkingpoliticsorbusinesswithherhusbandthathefailstonoticetheflavorofthecoffee,thelightnessofthecake,ortheattractivenessofthehouse,whichmaybeherchiefinterestandpride.第73頁OTHERCOHESIVETIESEveninitsblastedcondition,withboardsandsackingsinmostofthewindows,withitsthickdustanditsbareroom,withitscrackedplasteranditsdamagedroofs,thehotelhadbeenanewworld,abreadthanddignity,fullofadventurepossibilities.第74頁PARATAXISCHINESE第75頁WORDORDERCauseandeffect常態——現因后果，不用“因為”；變態——先果后因，用“因為”。第76頁WORDORDERe.g.Becausesheisnothonest,Ican’ttrusther.Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.I’vemadeproposals,buttheyprovedfutile.Ifyougetbeyondyourdepth,youwillsuffer.第77頁WORDORDERe.g.她不老實，我不能信任她。人不犯我，我不犯人。說是說了，沒有結果。打腫臉充胖子，吃虧是自己。第78頁PARALLELSENTENCEe.g.他不來，我不去。種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆。吃苦在前，享樂在后。不怕慢，只怕站。聰明一世，糊涂一時。第79頁PARALLELSENTENCEe.g.Ifhewon’tcomehere,I’llnotgothere.Asyousow,sowillyoureap.Bethefirsttobearhardshipsandthelasttoenjoycomforts.It’sbettertomoveaheadslowlythanjusttomarktime.Smartasarule,butthistimeafool.第80頁REDUCEDSENTENCE“緊”就是緊湊，是取消各分句之間語音停頓，讓它們緊緊地挨在一起。“縮”就是壓縮，略去原來分句一些詞語，讓它們簡約一些。這類句式簡明緊湊，分句間語法關系和邏輯聯絡是隱含。第81頁REDUCEDSENTENCEe.g.有飯大家吃。不到黃河心不死。狼披羊皮還是狼。狐貍再狡猾也斗不過好獵手。上梁不正，下梁歪。第82頁REDUCEDSENTENCEe.g.Leteverybodysharethefoodifthereisany.Untilallisover,ambitionneverdies.Awolfremainsawolfeventhoughitisinsheep’sclothing.Howeverslyafoxmaybe,itisnomatchforagoodhunter.Iftheupperbeamisnotstraight,theloweroneswillgoasland./whenthoseabovebehaveunworthily,thosebelowwilldothesame.第83頁FOUR-CHARACTER-STRUCTUREe.g.物極必反玩火自焚不進則退欲蓋彌彰第84頁FOUR-CHARACTER-STRUCTUREe.g.Onceacertainlimitisreached,achangeintheoppositedirectionisinevitable.Whoeverplayswithfirewillperishbyfire.Untilallisover,ambitionneverdies.Themoreonetriestohide,themoreoneisexposed.第85頁SUMMARY第86頁SUMMARY第87頁SUMMARY第88頁TRANSLATIONHewasinpossession;itwasthelargestinthetown,combiningfruitwithvegetables,andhethoughtitwouldformahomeworthyevenofhersomeday.(T.Hardy,TheSon’sVeto)他是這店鋪主人，這是鎮上最大一家，既賣水果，又賣蔬菜。他還認為，總有那么一天這店鋪會夠得上做她稱心一個家呢！第89頁TRANSLATIONThosenewspapermenalwaysmadeherangry.Alloftheirarticlesshowedhowroughthepeoplewereontheirstreet.(D.Oliver,Neighbors)那些記者總是惹她動火，他們一寫文章就要責罵住在這條街上人們是怎樣粗惡。第90頁TRANSLATIONThesmellofwetearthcomestomefromthosethumbedandtatteredpages,thesourtangofmoorlandpeat,thefeelofsoggymossspatteredwhiteinplacesbyaheron’sdropping.(D.Maurier,Rebecca)我在這些翻弄得殘破不全紙頁中，聞到了濕潤泥塊芳香，嗅到了沼澤泥煤濃烈酸味，乃至于出道了濕乎乎青苔地，其間綴有白斑點點，那是蒼鷺遺失/矢。第91頁TRANSLATIONHeopenedahugedustybookanddrewittohimanddippedafoulpenintoaninkwellfilledwithwhatlookedlikecoaldust.(W.Faulkner,TheSoundandtheFury)他打開了一個落滿塵土碩大本子，拉到自己跟前，把一支骯臟鋼筆往一只墨水瓶里蘸了蘸。那里頭盛與其說是墨水，倒不如說是煤灰。第92頁TRANSLATIONShewasstackingtheplatesaway;herhandsmovedslowly,reflectively.Davekeptananxioussilence.(R.Wright,TheManWhoWasAlmostaMan)她滿滿地把盤子堆疊好，放到一邊，思索著。待付沒有出聲，不過很焦慮。第93頁TRANSLATIONLonelinessheldthegreatmassesofimmigrantstogether,andpovertykeptthemdown.Theirdream,astheyslavedlonghours,wastosaveasmuchaspossibleforadownpaymentonahome.(W.McDermott,Francesco’sDebtofHonor)這些移民只身在外，舉目無親，故而聚居一處，而且經濟支絀，生計困難。他們辛勞終日，夢寐以求就是盡力省下錢來，充做購置房屋定金。第94頁TRANSLATIONWhenImingledwithotherfamilies,Idistinctlydiscernedhowpeculiarlyfortunatemylotwas,andgratitudeassistedthedevelopmentoffiliallove.(M.Shelley,Frankenstein)我和其它家庭在一起相處時，我清楚地意識到自己交上了齊天鴻運。為了報答他們恩情，孝順之心也日見強烈。第95頁Subject-prominent

VS.Topic-prominent第96頁WARMING-UP第97頁WARMING-UPe.g.活到老，學到老。世上無難事，只要肯攀登。Canyoufindthesubjectinthesesentences?Canyoufindthetopic/themeinthesesentences?第98頁GENERALINTRODUCTIONEnglishSubject-prominentSubject-predicatestructureChineseTopic-prominentTopic-commentstructure第99頁GENERALINTRODUCTIONTaskinclass:Thedialectisknownbyeverylinguistinthisroom.【1】一個方言被這間屋子里每一個語言學家所知道。【2】有一個方言這間屋子里每一個語言學家都知道。第100頁GENERALINTRODUCTIONTaskinclass:小尼姑之流，阿Q向來是視為草芥。AhQalwayslooksdownuponthepersonslikelittleBuddhistnun.第101頁SUBJECT-PROMINENTStructuresinEnglish:（1）主謂S+V（因謂語動詞是不及物動詞，后面不能帶賓語）（2）主系表S+V+C（謂語為系詞，只能加形容詞當表語。）（3）主謂狀S+V+A（4）主謂賓S+V+O（因謂語動詞是及物動詞后面必須帶賓語。）（5）主謂賓狀S+V+O+A(謂語動詞為及物動詞，后面再加介詞短語做狀語。)（6）主謂賓賓S+V+O+O（因謂語為特殊及物動詞，后面必須帶兩個賓語）（7）主謂賓補S+V+O+C（因謂語為特殊及物動詞，后面必須帶1個賓語和1個補語。）第102頁SUBJECT-PROMINENTe.g.Theriverruns.Helooksstrong.Hepaintedapicture.Hegaveme

amedicalhandbook.Theymadehimtheirteamleader.Sheputtheplatesonthetable.Maryisinheroffice.第103頁SUBJECT-PROMINENT各種長短句子，普通都能夠看作是這七種基本句型及其變式、擴展、組合、省略或倒裝。語法一致標準grammaticalconcord意義一致標準notionalconcord就近標準principleofproximity重視形式接應formalcoherence第104頁SUBJECT-PROMINENTSubjectinEnglishsentences:(1)Theremustbeasubjectinthesentence.(2)Thesubjectisjustthethemeofthesentenceandtheactorofthebehavior.(3)Thesubjectmustleadthewholesentenceingrammar.(4)Nounsornounphrasescanactasthesubjectofthesentence.第105頁TOPIC-PROMINENTHeaven,EarthandIcomeintobeingtogether,andallthingsandIareone.Manisanintegralpartofnature,andallthingsandIareone.Thesubjectofthebehaviorcanbecontainedinthesubjectiveperformanceofthisevent.Chinesedonotconsiderthesubjectasanecessaryingredient.第106頁TOPIC-PROMINENT漢語主謂結構要復雜得多，重視意念連貫（semanticcoherence）警察抓住了小偷；(施事主語)三個小偷都抓住了；(受事主語)昨晚抓住了三個小偷；(時間主語)公共汽車上抓住了三個小偷。(地點主語)第107頁TOPIC-PROMINENTe.g.這本書我已經看過了。開車沒有方向盤不行刮風了，下雨了。食堂今天吃餃子。國慶七天第一天我們全家到北京路購物。游泳很費勁氣。第108頁TOPIC-PROMINENTThetopicisjustthethemeofthesentenceandthecommentonthetopicisjustthedescriptionofthetheme.TopicsinChinesesentences:(1)Theremustn’tbeasubjectinthesentence.(2)ThesubjectinChinesesentencesometimescannotleadthewholesentenceingrammar.(3)Theremaybemorethanonesubjectinonesentence.(4)Thesubjectcanalsobeaverb,anadjective,orsomeotherpartsofspeech.第109頁ENGLISHTOCHINESE第110頁ENGLISHTOCHINESEProcedures:Step1:判斷這個英語句子中，到底哪一個成份，才是句子話題（要討論問題）；Step2:把這個主題放在漢字譯文前面，后面在描述主題情況。第111頁ENGLISHTOCHINESEe.g.Ihavebeenwonderingaboutsomething.英式漢語：我一直想知道一件事。地道翻譯：有一件事我一直很納悶。Heofferedhiscarforamillionyuan.英式漢語：他要賣這輛車，出價一百萬。地道翻譯：這輛車他要價一百萬。第112頁ENGLISHTOCHINESETaskinclass:1.Ittookhimtwolongmonthstofinishsuchathinbook.英式漢語：地道翻譯：2.Youareluckyenoughtohaveaunitedfamily.英式漢語：地道翻譯：第113頁CHINESETOENGLISH第114頁CHINESETOENGLISHProcedures:Step1:發覺無主語句，要依據語境增補主語。Step2:發覺多主語句，那就要確定一個能夠發出謂語動作，統領全句主語。Step3:發覺不是名詞或者名詞短語作主語，那么就要轉換成名詞或名詞短語。第115頁CHINESETOENGLISHe.g.出太陽了！Thesunisrising.近二十年時間已經充分證實，我們進行改革開放方向是正確，信念是堅定，步驟是穩妥，方式是漸進，取得成就是巨大。Thepracticeinthepast20yearshasprovedthatwearerightindirection,firminconviction,steadyinsteps,progressiveinmethods,andhugeinachievement.能吃能睡不一定就健康。Greateatersandsleepersarenotalwayshealthy.第116頁CHINESETOENGLISHTaskinclass:要吃有吃，要穿有穿。不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？他會干這種事我不相信。玩火自焚。第117頁CHINESETOENGLISH要吃有吃，要穿有穿。Wehaveenoughtoeatandsufficienttoputon.不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？Ifyouhavenevertastedthebitternessofgall,howcanyouknowthesweetnessofhoney?他會干這種事我不相信。Idon’tbelievethatheshouldhavedonesuchthings.玩火自焚

。

Whoeverplayswithfirewillperishbyfire.第118頁SUMMARY趙元任先生在《漢語口語語法》（1968）一書中指出：“在漢語里把主語、謂語看成話題和說明來對待，比較適當。”漢語句子“話題”與“說明”是從句子次序上說。“話題”是說話人想要說明對象，總是放在句子開頭處。假如語言環境或上下文能暗示話題，也能夠省略不提。“說明”部分位于話題之后，對話題進行說明、解釋或質疑。“說明”部分與“話題”部分不存在一致關系。“說明”能夠是一個名詞或動詞，也能夠是一連串名詞短語或連動結構，還能夠由形容詞及各種詞組充當，對結尾沒有限制，可長可短，視語義而定。漢語連動句經典地反應出話題后面一長串說明特點（因為凡與話題相關內容都可放在后面對其進行說明），這與英語句子一個主語和一個謂語相一致結構大不相同。第119頁SUPPLEMENT(1)(1)WithoutPredicateVerbe.g.天高云淡。房間干潔凈凈。這箱子八十磅。他上海人。我兒子二十歲。第120頁SUPPLEMENT(1)天高云淡。Theskyishighandthecloudsarepale.房間干潔凈凈。Theroomisneatandtidy.這箱子八十磅。Thisboxweighseightypounds.他上海人。HeisfromShanghai.我兒子二十歲。Mysonis20yearsold.第121頁SUPPLEMENT(2)(2)WithoutObjecte.g.電影很有趣，我一定要去看。蛇在冬天藏起來。第122頁SUPPLEMENT(2)電影很有趣，我一定要去看。Thefilmisinteresting.I’llgoandseeit.蛇在冬天藏起來。Snakeshidethemselvesinwinter.第123頁SUPPLEMENT(3)(3)WithoutConjunctione.g.他不老實，我們不相信他。人不犯我，我不犯人。說是說了，沒有結果。抓住了主要矛盾，一切問題就能夠迎刃而解。第124頁SUPPLEMENT(3)（因為）他不老實，（所以）我們不相信他。Becauseheisnothonest,wecan’ttrusthim.

人不犯我，我不犯人。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.

說是說了，沒有結果。Ihavemadeproposals,buttheyprovedfutile.

抓住了主要矛盾，一切問題就能夠迎刃而解。Oncetheprincipalcontradictionisgrasped,allproblemscanbereadilysolved.第125頁SUPPLEMENT(4)(4)ContradictoryExpressione.g.曬衣服曬太陽吃蘋果吃食堂清掃房間清掃衛生恢復健康恢復疲勞扶貧第126頁SUPPLEMENT(4)曬衣服曬太陽tosunone’sclothestobaskinthesun吃蘋果吃食堂toeatanappletohaveone’smealsinthecanteen清掃房間清掃衛生

tocleanaroomtodosomecleaning恢復健康恢復疲勞torecoverone’shealthtogetrefreshed扶貧

poverty

reduction

/poverty

alleviation

第127頁SUPPLEMENT(5)(5)NeedlessWordse.g.無須要浪費不切實際幻想毫無依據毀謗用鼻子聞了一下

腦子里想了想徹底粉碎完全征服偉大歷史性轉變第128頁SUPPLEMENT(5)無須要浪費waste不切實際幻想illusion,fancy,fantasy毫無依據毀謗slander用鼻子聞了一下takeasmellat腦子里想了想thinkover徹底粉碎smash完全征服conquer偉大歷史性轉變Thisisahistoricchange第129頁TRANSLATION1.他常說家庭應該破壞，一領薪水卻一定馬上寄給他祖母，一日也不拖延。（魯迅《孤獨者》）Whilemaintainingthatthefami1ysystemshouldbeabolished，hewouldremithissalarytohisgrandmotherthesamedaythathedrewit.第130頁TRANSLATION2.在建造一座大橋前，必須考慮到金屬受熱膨脹這一原因。Theexpansionofmetalsonheatingmustbetakenintoconsiderationbeforealongmetalbridgeisbuilt.第131頁TRANSLATION3.語言這東西，不是隨便能夠學好。非下苦功不可。Themasteryofalanguageisnoteasyanditrequirespainstakingefforts.第132頁TRANSLATION4.因為工作忙，未能及時回信。Pressureofworkhasdelayedmyanswer.第133頁TRANSLATION5.話說天下大勢，分久必合，合久必分。（羅貫中《三國演義》）Theworldtrendtendstogetunitedafterlongperiodofdivision.第134頁TRANSLATION6.Wehavebiggerhousesandsmallerfamilies;moreconveniences,butlesstime;wehavemoredegrees,butlesscommonsenses;moreknowledge,butlessjudgment;moreexperts,butmorequestions;moremedicine,butlesswellness.房子越來越大，家庭卻越來越小；便利設施越來越多，自由時間卻越來越少；學位越來越高，生活常識卻越來越薄；取得知識越來越豐富，對事物判斷卻越來越缺乏；所謂教授一個接一個，問題卻層出不窮；創造藥品一個賽一個，健康卻每況愈下。第135頁TRANSLATION7.Youdon’tgrowthegrainyoueatandyoudon’tmaketheclothesyouwear.你吃糧食不是你自己種，你穿衣服也不是你自己做。第136頁TRANSLATION8.Amanrichlyendowedwithagenerousheartandanoblemind,hewaswidelyadmiredforhisstatesmanshipandhisgenuinedevotiontothehighprinciplesoftheUnitedNationsOrganizationwhichhehadservedpositivelywithgreatdistinctionasPresidentoftheGeneralAssemblyandaschiefrepresentativeofPeru,andtowhichhehasdedicatedhisfertilemindformanyyearsofhislifetoitslastnoblebreath.他胸懷寬廣，實現高尚，含有政治家風度和真正獻身于聯合國高尚標準精神，博得人們廣泛稱贊。他曾作為大會主席和秘魯首席代表，成績卓著地為聯合國服務。多年來，他把豐富思想獻給了聯合國組織，直到她停頓高貴呼吸。第137頁ⅣPersonalVS.Impersonal第138頁PERSONALVS.IMPERSONAL第139頁PERSONALVS.IMPERSONAL第140頁PERSONALVS.IMPERSONALPleasetrytotranslatethefollowingsentence:我興奮得什么話也說不出來。IwassoexcitedthatIcouldn’tsayaword.Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.第141頁IMPERSONALSUBJECTG.LeechandJ.Svartvik(1974):Formalwrittenlanguageoftengoeswithanimpersonalstyleincludingofficialstyle,news,scienceandtechnologystyleetc.Someofthecommonfeaturesofimpersonallanguagearepassives,sentencebeginningwithintroductoryit,andabstractnouns.第142頁IMPERSONALSUBJECTExample:Ithasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestockofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendecliningalarmingly.Studentsareaskedtoremindthemselvesoftherulesfortheborrowingandreturnofbooks,andtobearinmindtheneedsofotherstudents.Penaltiesforoverduebookswillinthefuturebestrictlyenforced.最近已注意到本館存書驚人地降低，此事令人關切。現要求學生不要忘記借書還書規則，并考慮其它學生需要。今后凡借書逾期不還者，必將嚴格按章處罰。第143頁IMPERSONALSUBJECT第144頁IMPERSONALSUBJECTJ.Perlmutter(1965):Whenthewriterandreaderareoutofthepicture,writinglackswarmthandsincerity,personalreferenceandhumantouch.Hence,thearticleappearsabstractandofficial,evencoldandinhuman.Tomakewritinghuman,youhavetoestablishandmaintainapeople-to-peoplerelationship.第145頁IMPERSONALSUBJECTExample:Thenumberofbooksinthelibraryhasbeengoingdown.Pleasemakesureyouknowtherulesforborrowing,anddon’tforgetthatthelibraryisforeveryone’sconvenience.Sofromnowon,we’regoingtoenforcetherulesstrictly.Youhavebeenwarmed!第146頁IMPERSONALPERSONALItwasnotedthatthisofficedidnotreplytotheletterofJuly22.Pleasebeadvisedthatapologiesareherebytendered.WesincerelyapologizefornotreplyingtoyourJuly22letter.第147頁IMPERSONALPERSONALApplicantsforthesepositionsmustfileformsbyAugust1.PleaseapplybyAugust1.第148頁IMPERSONALPERSONALTheenclosedformfromtheaccountingdepartmenthasbeensentforyoursignature.Pleasesigntheenclosedform.第149頁IMPERSONALSUBJECT第150頁INANIMATESUBJECTInanimatesubject（無靈主語）:abstractconcepts,feelings,object,time,place,etc.Animateverb（有靈動詞）:see,find,bring,give,escape,surround,kill,deprive,seize,send,know,tell,permit,invite,take,drive,prevent…from,etc.Personification（擬人化）第151頁