住在富人區的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-黑龍江大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據實際調整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Aidwassenttotheearthquakevictimsatthe___oftheIraniangovernment.

問題1選項

A.sight

B.interest

C.require

D.request

【答案】D

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.sight視力；景象B.interest興趣；利益

C.require需要；要求（動詞）D.request請求；需要

【考查點】名詞辨析。

【解題思路】空格處應填一個名詞，of短語做后置定語表示government“政府”的……，根據句意，地震發生后，應該是按照政府的需求送去援助。D選項request請求；需要符合語境。

【干擾項排除】

A選項sight“視力；景象”不符合語境；

B選項interest“興趣；利益”不符合語境；

C選項require“需要”，是一個動詞，而該處應填名詞。

【句意】應伊朗政府的要求，救援物質已運送給地震災民。

2.單選題

Peopletendtobemoreaggressivewhenthey’reyoungandmore____astheygetolder.

問題1選項

A.progressive

B.permissive

C.conservative

D.intensive

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.progressive進步的；先進的B.permissive放任的；縱容的

C.conservative保守的D.intensive加強的；集中的

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】句中，young“年輕的”和older“年老的”形成對比，因此空格處的形容詞與aggressive“侵略性的；好斗的”作對比，因此選C.conservative保守的，符合句子邏輯。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D選項均無法與空格前后構成相應邏輯關系。

【句意】人們年輕的時候往往激進，年老時則傾向于保守。

3.單選題

ThepsychologistWilliamJamesbelievedthatfacialexpressionsnotonlyprovideavisible

signofan（

）.

問題1選項

A.emotionbutalsoactuallycontributingtothefeelingitself

B.emotion;theyalsoactuallycontributetothefeelingof

C.emotionbutalsoactuallycontributetothefeelingitself

D.emotion,actuallycontributingtothefeelingitself

【答案】C

【解析】notonly…butalso表示并列關系，前后分句的結構應該保持一致，賓語從句的主語為facialexpressions，notonly后面接的是provide，故butalso后面也應該用動詞復數contributeto…故答案C。句意：心理學家威廉?詹姆斯認為,面部表情不僅提供情感的可見跡象，而且也有助于感覺本身。

4.翻譯題

隨著人民生活水平和消費水平的提高，中國的垃圾問題日益嚴峻，很多城市被垃圾包圍。面對日益增長的垃圾產量和環境狀況的惡化，中國政府正在努力推行垃極分類(garbageclassification)的政策。垃圾分類是指將垃圾分為可回收利用和不可回收利用兩類，要求人們將垃圾投放至不同的垃圾桶(trashcan)，通過不同的清理、運輸和回收方式，使之變成新的資源。

【答案】Withtheimprovementofpeople’slivingstandardsandtheincreaseofconsumptionlevel,thegarbageprobleminChinabecomesincreasinglyurgent.Manycitiesaresurroundedbygarbage.Confrontedwiththegrowinggarbageoutputanddeterioratingenvironment,theChinesegovernmentisimplementingthepolicyofgarbageclassificationwithgreateffort.Garbageclassificationmeansdividinggarbageintorecyclableandunrecyclable,andrequirespeopletoputgarbageintodifferenttrashcanssothatitcanbecomenewresourcesthroughdifferentwaysofcleaning,transportingandrecycling.

5.不定項選擇題

TheestablishmentoftheThirdReichinfluencedeventsinAmericanhistorybystartingachainofeventswhichculminatedinwarbetweenGermanyandtheUnitedStates.Thecompetedestructionofdemocracy,thepersecutionofJews,thewaronreligion,thecrueltyandbarbarismoftheNazis,andespeciallytheplansofGermanyandherallies,ItalyandJapan,forworldconquestcausedgreatindignationinthiscountryandbroughtonfearofanotherworldwar.

WhilespeakingoutagainstHitler’satrocities,theAmericanpeoplegenerallyfavoredisolationistpoliciesandneutrality.

TheNeutralityActsof1935and1936prohibitedtradewithanybelligerentsorloanstothem.In1937thePresidentwasempoweredtodeclareanarmsembargoinwarsbetweennationsathisdiscretion.

AmericanopinionbegantochangesomewhatafterPresidentRoosevelt’s“quarantinetheaggressor”speechatChicago(1937)inwhichheseverelycriticizedHitler’spolicies.Germany’sseizureofAustriaandtheMunichPactforthepartitionofCzechoslovakia(1938)alsoarousedtheAmericanpeople.

TheconquestofCzechoslovakiainMarch,1939wasanotherrudeawakeningtothemenaceoftheThirdReich.InAugust,1939cametheshockoftheNazi-sovietPactandinSeptembertheattackonPolandandtheoutbreakofEuropeanwar.

TheUnitedStatesattemptedtomaintainneutralityinspiteofsympathyforthedemocraciesarrayedagainsttheThirdReich.TheNeutralityActof1939repealedthearmsembargoandpermitted“cashandcarry”exportsofarmstobelligerentnations.Astrongnationaldefenseprogramwasbegun.

Adraftactwaspassed(1940)tostrengthenthemilitaryservices.ALendAct(1941)authorizedthePresidenttosell,exchange,orlendmaterialstoanycountrydeemednecessarybyhimforthedefenseoftheUnitedStates.HelpwasgiventoBritainbyexchangingcertainoveragedestroyersfortherighttoestablishAmericanbasesinBritishterritoryintheWesternHemisphere.InAugust,1940PresidentRooseveltandPrimeMinisterChurchillmetandissuedtheAtlanticCharterwhichproclaimedthekindofaworldwhichshouldbeestablishedafterthewar.

InDecember,1941,JapanlaunchedtheunprovokedattackontheUnitedStatesatPearlHarbor.Immediatelythereafter,GermanydeclaredwarontheUnitedStates.

1.Oneitemoccurringbefore1937thattheauthordoesnotmentioninhislistofactionsthatalienatedtheAmericanpublicwas_____.

2.TheLend-LeaseActwasdesignedto_____.

3.Americanpolicyduringtheyears1935-1936maybedescribedasbeing______.

4.TheNeutralityActof1939______.

5.WeenteredthewaragainstGermany________.

問題1選項

A.theburningoftheReichstag

B.Germanplansforconquest

C.Nazibarbarism

D.thepersecutionofreligiousgroup

問題2選項

A.helptheBritish

B.strengthenthenationaldefenseoftheUnitedStates

C.promotetheAtlanticCharter

D.avengePearlHarbor

問題3選項

A.watchful

B.isolationist

C.peaceful

D.indifferent

問題4選項

A.permittedthesellingofarmstobelligerentnations

B.antagonizedJapan

C.permittedtheBritishtotradeonlywiththeAllies

D.ledtotheLend-LeaseAct

問題5選項

A.becauseGermanydeclaredwar

B.becauseJapanwasanallyofGermany

C.afterGermanyhadsignedtheNazi-SovietPact

D.afterpeacefuleffortshadfailed

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.【選項釋義】

Oneitemoccurringbefore1937thattheauthordoesnotmentioninhislistofactionsthatalienatedtheAmericanpublicwas____.有一件事發生在1937年之前，但作者在他的疏遠美國公眾的行為清單中沒有提到的是____。

A.theburningoftheReichstagA.國會大廈的焚毀

B.GermanplansforconquestB.德國征服計劃

C.NazibarbarismC.納粹暴虐

D.thepersecutionofreligiousgroupD.宗教團體的迫害

【考查點】事實細節題。

【解題思路】根據題干信息可定位到Para.1第二句，該處講到“對猶太人的迫害（thepersecutionofJews）”“納粹的暴虐（barbarismoftheNazis）”以及“德國征服計劃（theplansofGermany…forworldconquest）”。B、C、D都有提到，只有A沒有。因此選A。

【干擾項排除】

A選項國會大廈的焚毀，屬于無中生有。

2.【選項釋義】

TheLend-LeaseActwasdesignedto____.租借法案的目的是____。

A.helptheBritishA.幫助英國

B.strengthenthenationaldefenseoftheUnitedStatesB.加強美國的國防

C.promotetheAtlanticCharterC.促進《大西洋憲章》

D.avengePearlHarborD.珍珠港報仇

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據題干信息詞Lend-LeaseAct可定位到倒數第二段第二句“《租借法案》（1941年）授權總統向他認為保衛美國（forthedefenseoftheUnitedStates）所需的任何國家出售、交換或租借材料”。換言之，就是加強美國的國防。比對選項，B選項恰好是此信息的同義轉換，因此B選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“幫助英國”，這個法案頒布后確實給英國提供了幫助，但是這不是美國的根本目的。A選項屬于本末倒置；

C選項“促進《大西洋憲章》”，文中沒有提到，C選項屬于無中生有；

D選項“珍珠港報仇”，文中沒有提及兩者的關系，D選項屬于無中生有。

3.【選項釋義】

Americanpolicyduringtheyears1935-1936maybedescribedasbeing____.美國在1935-1936年間的政策可以被描述為____。

A.watchfulA.注意的；警惕的

B.isolationistB.孤立主義的

C.peacefulC.和平的，愛好和平的

D.indifferentD.冷淡的，不關心的

【考查點】事實細節題。

【解題思路】根據出處提示詞1935-1936與題干信息詞Americanpolicy可定位到Para.3第一句，該處講到“1935-1936的中立法案（TheNeutralityActsof1935and1936）”。還講到“美國人民普遍支持孤立政策”。比對選項，B選項恰好是此信息的同義轉換，因此B選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“警惕的”，屬于無中生有；

C選項“和平的”，屬于無中生有；

D選項“冷淡的”，屬于無中生有。

4.【選項釋義】

TheNeutralityActof1939____.1939年《中立法案》____。

A.permittedthesellingofarmstobelligerentnationsA.允許向交戰國家出售武器

B.antagonizedJapanB.對抗日本

C.permittedtheBritishtotradeonlywiththeAlliesC.允許英國只與協約國進行貿易

D.ledtotheLend-LeaseActD.導致了《租借法案》的出臺

【考查點】事實細節題。

【解題思路】根據題干信息詞TheNeutralityActof1939可定位到倒數第三段第二句，該處講到“廢棄了武器禁運，允許向交戰國家‘現購自運’出口武器”。換言之，允許對交戰國家出口武器。比對選項，A選項恰好是此信息的同義轉換，因此A選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“對抗日本”，屬于無中生有；

C選項“允許英國只與協約國進行貿易”，屬于無中生有；

D選項“導致了《租借法案》的出臺”，文中沒有提及兩者關系，D選項屬于過度推斷。

5.【選項釋義】

WeenteredthewaragainstGermany____.我們參加了對德戰爭____。

A.becauseGermanydeclaredwarA.因為德國宣戰了

B.becauseJapanwasanallyofGermanyB.因為日本是德國的盟友

C.afterGermanyhadsignedtheNazi-Soviet

C.在德國簽署了納粹—蘇聯條約之后

D.afterpeacefuleffortshadfailedD.在和平努力失敗之后

【考查點】事實細節題。

【解題思路】根據題干信息可定位到最后一段，該處講到“緊接著，德國向美國宣戰”。因為前文一直講到美國處于中立狀態，所以德國宣戰后美國才參加了對德戰爭。比對選項，A選項恰好是此信息的同義轉換，因此A選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“因為日本是德國的盟友”，屬于無中生有；

C選項“在德國簽署了納粹-蘇聯條約之后”，文中沒有提過，屬于無中生有；

D選項“在和平努力失敗之后”，文中美國一直處于中立狀態，沒有進行和平努力，屬于無中生有。

6.單選題

（

）,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.

問題1選項

A.Ashelikeshermuch

B.Muchalthoughhelikesher

C.Thoughmuchhelikesher

D.Muchashelikesher

【答案】D

【解析】考查倒裝。although引導讓步狀語從句時，從句不倒裝；而as引導讓步狀語從句時，從句需要倒裝。故D項正確。句意：盡管他喜歡她，可有時候他確實會對她發火。故D項正確。

7.單選題

Mostofhisfellowworkersdon'tlikehimbecauseheoften___ofhispastglory.

問題1選項

A.bursts

B.bawls

C.boasts

D.bans

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.bursts爆發B.bawls大叫

C.boasts自夸；夸耀D.bans禁止

【考查點】固定搭配。

【解題思路】空格處接of組成固定短語?？崭裉幍膭釉~與光輝事跡相連接，與前文同事們不喜歡他相照應。C選項boastof“自夸”在這里表示他總是自己夸耀自己，符合句子邏輯。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D選項均無法與空格前后構成相應邏輯關系。

【句意】他的大多數同事都不喜歡他，因為他經常吹噓自己過去的輝煌。

8.單選題

Manyofusbelievedthatperson’smindbecomeslessactiveashegrowsolder.Butthisisnottrue,accordingtoDr.LissyF.JfessorofpsychiatryattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngles,andaboardmemberoftheNewCenterforAgingattheVeteransHospital.Shehasstudiedthementalfunctioningofagingpersonsforseveralyears.Forexample,oneofherstudiesconcerns136pairsofidenticaltwins,whowerefirstexaminedwhentheywerealready60yearsold.AsDrJarvikcontinuedthestudyofthetwinsintotheir70sand80s,theirmindsdidnotgenerallydeclineaswasexpected.

However,therewassomedeclineintheirpsycho-motorspeed.Thismeansthatittookthemlongertoaccomplishmentaltaskthanitusedto.Butwhenspeedwasnotafactor,theylostverylittleintellectualabilityovertheyears.Ingeneral,Dr.Jarvik’sstudieshaveshownthatthereisnodeclineinknowledgeorreasoningability.Thisistruenotonlyintothe30sand40s,butintothe60sand70saswell.

Asforlearningnewthings,andabilitytoremember,studiesbyDr.Jarvikandothersshowthattheoldareequaltotheyoung.Itistruethatolderpeoplethemselvesoftencomplainthatthememoryisnotasgoodasitoncewas.However,muchofwhatwecall“lossofmemory”isnotthatatall.Thereusuallywasincompletelearninginthefirstplace.Forexample,theolderpersonperhapshadtroublehearing,orpoorvision,orinattention,orwastryingtolearnthenewthingattoofastapace.

Inthecaseswheretheolderperson’smindreallyseemstodecay,itisnotnecessarilyasignofadecayduetooldageor“senility”.Oftenitissimplyasignofadepressedemotionalstate.Thisdepressionusuallycanbecounteractedbycounselingtherapywithapsychologist,ormedicationswhichfightdepression.

InAmericansociety,whenanolderpersonlosessomething,wetendtocallhimorher“senile”.Butnoticethatwhenayoungerpersonlosessomething,hedoesnotblameitonsenilityorlossofmemory.Hefindssomeotherexcuses.

1.AccordingtoDr.Jarvik’sstudies,middle-agedandoldpersonsshouldexpectto（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,lossofmemoryisusuallycausedby（

）.

3.Usually,whatappearstobesenilityisreally（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementswilltheauthormostprobablysupport?

5.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

問題1選項

A.rememberless

B.reasonbetter

C.learnfewernewthings

D.loselittleabilitytoremember,reasonorlearn

問題2選項

A.poorlearning

B.inattention

C.tryingtolearntoofast

D.noneoftheabove

問題3選項

A.depression

B.mentalinactivity

C.lossofmemory

D.physicallyweak

問題4選項

A.Bothyoungerandolderpersonsshouldrealizethatsenilityismuchmorecommonthanmostofusbelieve.

B.Along-termstudyof136pairsoftwinsshowedthattheonlyfactorthatdeclinedovertheyearswaspsycho-motorspeed.

C.InAmerica,youngerpersonsneverloseanything,eitherbecauseofsenilityorlossofmemory.

D.Dr.Jarvik'sresearchrevealsthattheolderperson’smindreallyseemsnevertodecay.

問題5選項

A.ResearchRevealsOldMythsaboutMind’sDecline

B.OldAgeAcceleratesMind’sDecline

C.ANewPsychiatricTheorySavesOlderPersons

D.HowtoKeepMentallyActive

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由第二段“Dr.Jarvik’sstudieshaveshownthatthereisnodeclineinknowledgeorreasoningability.Thisistruenotonlyintothe30sand40s,butintothe60sand70saswell.賈維克博士的研究表明，知識和推理能力并沒有下降。不僅在30歲和40歲是這樣，在60歲和70歲也是如此?！笨芍心耆撕屠夏耆说闹橇屯评砟芰缀鯖]有下降。故D項正確。

2.推理判斷題。由第三段“However,muchofwhatwecall‘lossofmemory’isnotthatatall.Thereusuallywasincompletelearninginthefirstplace.Forexample,theolderpersonperhapshadtroublehearing,orpoorvision,orinattention,orwastryingtolearnthenewthingattoofastapace.然而，我們所謂的‘失憶’，其實根本不是這樣的。它們通常首先是不完整的學習。例如，老年人可能聽力不好，或視力不好，或注意力不集中，或試圖以太快的速度學習新事物?！笨芍坝洃泦适А备揪蜎]有這回事。A、B、C三項是導致看似記憶力下降的原因。

3.細節事實題。由倒數第二段“Inthecaseswheretheolderperson’smindreallyseemstodecay,itisnotnecessarilyasignofadecayduetooldageor‘senility’.Oftenitissimplyasignofadepressedemotionalstate.在老年人的大腦似乎真的在衰退的情況下，這并不一定是由于年老或‘衰老’造成的衰退的跡象。通常這只是抑郁情緒的一種表現?！笨芍吐淝榫w是導致老年人的大腦看似衰退的原因。故A項正確。

4.推理判斷題。由倒數第一、二句“Butnoticethatwhenayoungerpersonlosessomething,hedoesnotblameitonsenilityorlossofmemory.Hefindssomeotherexcuses.但是請注意，當一個年輕人失去什么東西時，他不會責怪衰老或失憶。他找了一些其他的借口?！笨芍狢項“在美國，年輕人從來不會因為衰老或失憶而失去任何東西。”正確。A項“年輕人和老年人都應該認識到，衰老比我們大多數人認為的要普遍得多”；B項“對136對雙胞胎的長期研究表明，多年來唯一下降的因素是心理運動速度”；D項“賈維克博士的研究表明，老年人的大腦似乎永遠不會衰退”都與原文不符。

5.主旨大意題。本文開頭提出人們對大腦的錯誤認識，即隨著年齡增長，理解力和記憶力下降，大腦衰退。隨后介紹了Dr.Jarvik的研究結果。即衰老并不會影響人的智力。接下來的內容均圍繞該主題展開。故B項“老年加速心智衰退”正確。

9.單選題

Ifyoukeeponoverworkingyourself,yourhealthwill（

）.

問題1選項

A.degenerate

B.deteriorate

C.degrade

D.deform

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。degenerate“使退化，惡化，墮落”；deteriorate“惡化”；degrade“貶低，使丟臉”；deform“使變形，使成畸形”。句意：如果你繼續過度工作，你的健康狀況會變壞。B項符合題意。

10.單選題

Intheearly1950s,historianswhostudiedpreindustrialEurope(whichwemaydefinehereasEuropeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800)began,forthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,toinvestigatemoreofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepoliticalandsocialelitethekings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,andlocalmagnateswhohadhithertousuallyfilledhistorybooks.Onedifficulty,however,wasthatfewoftheremaining97percentrecordedtheirthoughtsorhadthemchroniclebycontemporaries.Facedwiththissituation,manyhistoriansbasedtheirinvestigationsontheonlyrecordsthatseemedtoexistbirth,marriage,anddeathrecords.Asaresult,muchoftheearlyworkonthenonelitewasaridlystatisticalinnature;reducingthevastmajorityofthepopulationtoasetofnumberswashardlymoreenlighteningthanignoringthemaltogether.Historiansstilldidnotknowwhatthesepeoplethoughtorfelt.

Onewayoutofthisdilemmawastoturntotherecordsoflegalcourts,forherethevoicesofthenonelitecanmostoftenbeheardaswitnesses,plaintiffsanddefendants.Thesedocumentshaveactedas“apointofenterintothementalworldofthepoor”.HistorianssuchasLeRoyLadurieshaveusedthedocumentstoextractcasehistories,whichhaveilluminatedtheattitudesofdifferentsocialgroups(theseattitudesinclude,butarenotconfinedto,attitudestowardcrimeandthelaw)andhaverevealedhowtheauthoritiesadministeredjustice.IthasbeensocietiesthathavehadadevelopedpolicesystemandpracticedRomanlaw,withitswrittendepositions,whosecourtrecordshaveyieldedthemostdatatohistorians.InAnglo-Saxoncountrieshardlyanyofthesebenefitsobtain,butithasstillbeenpossibletogleaninformationfromthestudyoflegaldocuments.

Theextractionofcasehistoriesisnot,however,theonlyusetowhichcourtrecordsmaybeput.HistorianswhostudypreindustrialEuropehaveusedtherecordstoestablishaseriesofcategoriesofcrimeandtoquantifyindictmentsthatwereissuedoveragivennumberofyears.Thisuseoftherecordsdoesyieldsomeinformationaboutthenonelite,butthisinformationgivesuslittleinsightintothementallivesofthenonelite.WealsoknowthatthenumberofindictmentsinpreindustrialEuropebearslittlerelationtothenumberofactualcriminalacts,andwestronglysuspectthattherelationshiphasvariedwidelyovertime.Inaddition,aggregatepopulationestimatesareveryshaky,whichmakesitdifficultforhistorianstocompareratesofcrimeperthousandinonedecadeofthepreindustrialperiodwithratesinanotherdecade.Given,oneinadequacies,itisclearwhythecasehistoryuseofcourtrecordsistobepreferred.

1.Theauthorsuggeststhat,beforetheearly1950’s,mosthistorianswhostudiedpreindustrialEuropedidwhichofthefollowing?

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmuchoftheearlyworkbyhistoriansontheEuropeannoneliteofthepreindustrialperiodmighthavebeenmoreilluminatingifthesehistorianshad（

）.

3.TheauthormentionsLeRoyLadurieinorderto（

）.

4.AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingistrueofindictmentsforcrimeinEuropeinthepreindustrialperiod?

5.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatahistorianwhowishedtocomparecrimeratesperthousandinaEuropeancityinonedecadeofthefifteenthcenturywithcrimeratesinonedecadeofthatcenturywouldprobablybemostaidedbybetterinformationaboutwhichofthefollowing?

問題1選項

A.FailedtomakedistinctionsamongmembersofthepreindustrialEuropeanpoliticalandsocialelite.

B.Usedinvestigatorymethodsthatwerealmostexclusivelystatisticalinnature.

C.InaccuratelyestimatedtheinfluenceofthepreindustrialEuropeanpoliticalandsocialelite.

D.ConfinedtheirworktoanarrowrangeofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulation.

問題2選項

A.useddifferentmethodsofstatisticalanalysistoinvestigatethenonelite

B.beenmoresuccessfulinidentifyingtheattitudesofcivilauthorities,especiallythosewhoadministeredjustice,towardthenonelite

C.beenabletodrawonmoreaccounts,writtenbycontemporariesofthenonelite,thatdescribedwhatthisnonelitethought

D.reliedmoreheavilyonthepersonalrecordsleftbymembersoftheEuropeanpoliticalandsocialelitewholivedduringtheperiodinquestion

問題3選項

A.giveanexampleofahistorianwhohasmadeonekindofuseofcourtrecord

B.citeahistorianwhohasbasedcasehistoriesonthebirth,marriage,anddeathrecordsofthenonelite

C.identifytheauthorofthequotationcitedintheprevioussentence

D.gainauthoritativesupportfortheviewthatthecasehistoryapproachisthemostfruitfulapproachtocourtrecords

問題4選項

A.Theyhaveintermsoftheirnumbers,remainedrelativelyconstantovertime.

B.Theygivethehistorianimportantinformationaboutthementallivesofthoseindicted.

C.Theyarenotaparticularlyaccurateindicationoftheextentofactualcriminalactivity.

D.Theirimportancetohistoriansofthenonelitehasbeengenerally.

問題5選項

A.Thecausesofunrestinthecityduringthetwodecades.

B.Theaggregatenumberofindictmentsinthecitynearesttothecityunder.

C.Thenumberofpeoplewholivedinthecityduringeachofthedecadesunderinvestigation.

D.Thementalattitudesofcriminalsinthecity,includingtheirfeelingsaboutauthority,duringeachofthedecadesunderinvestigation.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。文章第一段開頭提到二十世紀五十年代早期，研究前工業化時代歐洲的史學家首次以眾多的人數開始調查前工業化人口中的大多數，而不是那些少數的精英，如國王、將軍、法官、貴族等（Intheearly1950s,historianswhostudiedpreindustrialEurope(whichwemaydefinehereasEuropeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800)began,forthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,toinvestigatemoreofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepoliticalandsocialelitethekings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,andlocalmagnateswhohadhithertousuallyfilledhistorybooks），由此可推測，在此之前的研究是集中在少數人身上，因此選項D“將他們的研究范圍限定在前工業化歐洲的小部分人”符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。題目問的是“從文中可推斷出，如果史學家……,那么他們關于前工業時代歐洲非精英階層的許多早期著作可能更具啟發性”。文章第一段提到一個難題是剩下的97%的人中很少有人記錄了他們的想法，或者他們同時代人的編年史（Onedifficulty,however,wasthatfewoftheremaining97percentrecordedtheirthoughtsorhadthemchroniclebycontemporaries），意味著如果能夠利用同時代的非精英所寫的敘述來描述非精英人的想法，將會更具啟發性，因此選項C符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。文章第二段提到擺脫這種困境的一種方法是求助于合法法庭的記錄，因為在這里，非精英的聲音通?？梢宰鳛樽C人、原告和被告的身份被聽到（Onewayoutofthisdilemmawastoturntotherecordsoflegalcourts,forherethevoicesofthenonelitecanmostoftenbeheardaswitnesses,plaintiffsanddefendants），接著提到LeRoylad陪審團等歷史學家使用過這些文件（HistorianssuchasLeRoyLadurieshaveusedthedocumentstoextractcasehistories,whichhaveilluminatedtheattitudesofdifferentsocialgroups），由此可知選項A符合題意。

4.細節事實題。文章最后一段提到這些記錄的使用確實產生了一些關于非精英的信息，但這些信息并不能讓我們洞察到非精英的精神生活（Thisuseoftherecordsdoesyieldsomeinformationaboutthenonelite,butthisinformationgivesuslittleinsightintothementallivesofthenonelite），由此可知選項C“它們并不能特別準確地表明實際犯罪活動的程度”符合題意。

5.推理判斷題。題目問的是“從文章中可知，一個歷史學家希望將歐洲15世紀一個十年內每千人的犯罪率與那個世紀十年內的犯罪率對比，可能最得益于下列哪個信息？”文章最后一段提到對人口總數的估計不可靠，這使得歷史學家很難比較前工業化時期十年內的每千人犯罪率與另一個十年的犯罪率（Inaddition,aggregatepopulationestimatesareveryshaky,whichmakesitdifficultforhistorianstocompareratesofcrimeperthousandinonedecadeofthepreindustrialperiodwithratesinanotherdecade），由此可知選項C“在接受調查的幾十年中，居住在該市的人數”符合題意。

11.單選題

ThemostimportantdivideinAmericatodayisclass,notrace,andtheplacewhereitmattersmostisinthehome.Conservativeshavebeenbangingonaboutfamilybreakdownfordecades.Nowoneofthenation’smostprominentliberalscholarshasjoinedthechorus.

RobertPutnamisaformerdeanofHarvard’sKennedySchoolofGovernmentandtheauthorofBowlingAlone(2000),aninfluentialworkthatlamentedthedeclineofsocialcapitalinAmerica.Inhisnewbook,OurKids,hedescribesthegrowinggulfbetweenhowtherichandthepoorraisetheirchildren.

Amongtheeducatedelitethetraditionalfamilyisthriving:fewerthan10%ofbirthstofemalecollegegraduatesareoutsidemarriage—afigurethatisbarelyhigherthanitwasin1970.In2007amongwomenwithjustahigh-schooleducation,bycontrast,65%ofbirthswerenon-marital.Racemakesadifference:only2%ofbirthstowhitecollegegraduatesareout-of-wedlock,comparedwith80%amongAfrican-Americanswithnomorethanahigh-schooleducation,butneitherofthesefigureshaschangedmuchsincethe1970s.Howeverthenon-maritalbirthproportionamongthehigh-school-educatedwhiteshasquadrupled,to50%,andthesamefigureforcollege-educatedblackshasfallenbyathird,to25%.Thustheclassdivideisgrowingevenastheracialgapisshrinking.

Upbringingaffectsopportunity.Upper-middle-classhomesarenotonlyricher(withtwoprofessionalincomes)andmorestable:theyarealsomorenurturing.Inthe1970s,therewerepracticallynoclassdifferencesintheamountoftimethatparentsspenttalking,readingandplayingwithtoddlers.Nowthechildrenofcollege-educatedparentsreceive50%moreofwhatMr.Putnamcalls“GoodnightMoon”time(afterapopularbookforinfants).

Working-classparents,whohavelesssparecapacity,aremorelikelytodemandthattheirkidssimplyobeythem.Intheshortrunthissavestime,inthelongrunitpreventsthekidsfromlearningtoorganizetheirownlivesorthinkforthemselves.Poorparentingisthusabarriertosocialmobility,andisbecomingmoresoastheworldgrowsmorecomplexandtherewardsforsuperiorcognitiveskillsincrease.

Stunningly,Mr.Putnamfindsthatfamilybackgroundisabetterpredictorofwhetherornotachildwillgraduatefromuniversitythan8thgradetestscores.Kidsintherichestquarterwithlowtestscoresareasliketomakeitthroughcollegeaskidsinthepoorestquarterwithhighscores.

Mr.Putnamsuggestsagrab-bagofpoliciestohelppoorkidsreachtheirpotentialsuchasraisingsubsidiesforpoorfamilies,teachingthembetterparentingskills,improvingnurserycareandmakingafter-schoolbaseballclubsfree.Heurgesall50statestoexperimenttofindoutwhatworks.Aproblemthiscomplexhasnosimplesolution.

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtoMr.Putnam’snewbook?

2.“GoodnightMoon”time(Line5,Para.4)referstothetimeof（

）.

3.Wecaninferthatworking-classparents（

）.

4.WhatdoesMr.Putnam’sfindingabouttestscoressuggest?

5.Inthepassage,theauthormainlydiscusses（

）.

問題1選項

A.Maritalbirthratealmostkeepsunchangedamongcollegegraduates.

B.Non-maritalbirthshavebeendecreasingamonghigh-schoolgraduates.

C.African-Americanshavegivenbirthtomorenon-maritalchildren.

D.Morehigh-school-educatedwhiteshavechildrenbeforemarriage.

問題2選項

A.providingopportunityforkids

B.givingmorenourishmenttokids

C.beinginvolvedintheeducationofkids

D.readingpopularbookstoinfants

問題3選項

A.tendtobemorestrictwithchild

B.forbidkidstothinkindependently

C.overlookchangesofthesociety

D.needtrainingforeducation

問題4選項

A.Studentsfromrichfamiliesdon’tneedtostudyhard.

B.Parentaleducationaffectskids’academicresultsgreatly.

C.Kidsinpoorfamiliescanhardlygraduatefromcolleges.

D.Familybackgroundcanmakeupforacademicflaws.

問題5選項

A.howparentsshouldbringuptheirchildren

B.howfamilybackgroundinfluencesschooling

C.whatthegreatestbarriertosocialmobilityis

D.variousclasseseducatekidsdifferently

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由第三段“Amongtheeducatedelitethetraditionalfamilyisthriving:fewerthan10%ofbirthstofemalecollegegraduatesareoutsidemarriage—afigurethatisbarelyhigherthanitwasin1970.在受過良好教育的精英階層中，傳統家庭正在蓬勃發展:女性大學畢業生的非婚生育比例不到10%——這一數字僅比1970年高了一點點。”可推知大學畢業生結婚后生育率幾乎沒有太大變化。故A項正確。B項“在高中畢業群體中，非婚生子女一直在減少”，文章只是在第三段第四句中提到高中教育程度的白人生育非婚生子女的情況增加了，故排除；C項“非裔美國人非婚生子女更多”，作者主要從不同教育階層比較非婚生子女的比例，并沒有整體比較白人和非裔美國人的非婚生子女情況，故排除；D項“更多高中教育程度的白人在婚前生子”，作者在本段第四句提到高中教育程度的白人非婚生子女率有所提高，這與婚前生子概念不同，因此D項與原文意思不符，故排除。

2.詞義題。由第四段“Inthe1970s,therewerepracticallynoclassdifferencesintheamountoftimethatparentsspenttalking,readingandplayingwithtoddlers.Nowthechildrenofcollege-educatedparentsreceive50%moreofwhatMr.Putnamcalls‘GoodnightMoon’time(afterapopularbookforinfants).在20世紀70年代，父母花在與幼兒交談、閱讀和玩耍上的時間幾乎沒有階級差異。現在，受過大學教育的父母的孩子得到的時間比帕特南所說的《晚安，月亮》多了50%。”可推斷出GoodnightMoontime是指父母參與孩子教育的時間，故C項正確。

3.推理判斷題。由第五段“Working-classparents,whohavelesssparecapacity,aremorelikelytodemandthattheirkidssimplyobeythem.Intheshortrunthissavestime,inthelongrunitpreventsthekidsfromlearningtoorganizetheirownlivesorthinkforthemselves.工薪階層的父母，他們的空閑時間更少，更有可能要求他們的孩子簡單地服從他們。從短期來看，這樣做節省了時間，但從長遠來看，這樣做會阻礙孩子們學會安排自己的生活或獨立思考?！笨芍ば诫A層父母對孩子的養育方式不正確，他們應該接受教育培訓。故D項正確。

4.由倒數