1、Unit Six Culture and Nonverbal CommunicationWarm UpPlease read the story on page 190, then discuss the following questions:What is nonverbal communication?Is it possible to communicate without nonverbal means? Why or why not?What functions does our nonverbal behavior serve in communication?Nonverbal

2、 Communication?Read the article An Overview 申既況 of Nonverbal Communication (p191-199). What is nonverbal communication inclusive of 包括 according to it?The article illustrates several different kinds of nonverbal behaviors in five parts: paralanguage 副語言 (voice & intonation 聲調(diào) p191-192), kinesics 動作學(xué)

3、 (gesture p192-193, facial expression -smiles and laugh p1996-197), oculesics 眼神學(xué)(eye contact p194-196), haptics 觸覺學(xué) (handshaking & kissing p198-199).Supplement: What is Nonverbal Communication?Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combinat

4、ion with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context. (L. A. Malandro, 1983)Narrowly speaking, nonverbal communication refers to intentional 故 意 use of bonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message. Broadly speaking, the term can be defin

5、ed to refer to elements of 一部分 the environment that communicate by virtue of 由于 peoples use of be defined to refer to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of peoples use of them. Classifications of nonverbal communication by Knapp in 1972kinesics or body language: gestures, posture

6、, touch and feeling (handshaking), artifacts, olfaction 嗅覺，etc.oculesics or eye movements:facial expressions:proxemics: intimate space (0.5m), personal space (0.5-1.25m), social space (1.25-3.5m), and public space (over 3.5m). (Wrightsman etl. 1988:284)paralanguage: sound, pitch, tempo of speech, tu

7、rn-taking, silence.Its features:Its communication in which words or speech sounds are not used.It conveys meaning.It involves such non-verbal dimensions 規(guī)模 as facial expressions, touch, time, gestures, smile, eye behaviors, smell, intonation 聲調(diào)，etc.Its a discipline studying non-verbal behavior in co

8、mmunication.Its first of all used to convey messages to and receive messages from others.Its a process of communication by means of non-verbal behaviors.It may convey messages alone or in combination with verbalbehaviors.It occurs in a given context or situation and is interpreted in relation to tha

9、t situation or context.(e.g. blush: nervous or shy; biting ones nails)Its significanceNonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons.Nonverbal behavior accounts for 占比重 much of the meaning we get from conversations.Nonverbal behavior spontaneously 自發(fā)地 refl

10、ects the subconsciousness 潛意識.They are relatively free of distortions 扭曲失 真 and deception.We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals.Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.Its functions (p 218-221):Repeating: People

11、 use nonverbal communication to repeat, clarify, and emphasize their point of view. For example, nod as saying yes. (The gestures and words have a similar meaning and reinforce 力口強(qiáng) one another.)Complementing: Nonverbal communication cues 提示 can add to or complement a verbal message. For example, scr

12、atch 抓 head, pat 輕拍 one on the shoulder while saying to him/her. (modify verbal communication by loudness and tone of voice).Substituting 取代：Nonverbal messages may substitute verbal ones in certain settings. There are situations in which words cannot be used. In a very noisy street, for example, pol

13、ice officer might use hand gestures to replace spoken messages. (gestures replace verbal communication)Regulating: Nonverbal behaviors can help control verbal interactions 語言互動 by regulating them, such as turn-taking 話輪轉(zhuǎn)換 signals (hand raised) in conversations, nod one s head in agreement to indicat

14、e the speaker to continue talking.Contradicting: Certain nonverbal behaviors can contradict spoken words. E.g. Saying you are relaxed and at ease with quavering voices or shaking hands.K Accenting 強(qiáng)調(diào):the act of giving special importance or significance to something.(v) Gender and Nonverbal Communica

15、tionRead the article Gender and Nonverbal Communication . Are men and women expected to behave exactly in the same manner even in the same culture?We have to say that there are the so-called 所謂的 gender script in every culture. The nonverbal behaviors that result from this socialization are learned r

16、ather than innate 先天的，and they become part of an individuals experience as a gendered self. For instance, to sit like a lady, not to cry to be a man, etc.Touch, like physical closeness 親密，may be considered an expression of affection, support, or sexual attraction. For instance, in some cultures, it

17、may be all right for women friends and relatives to walk arm-in-arm, dance together, and hug one another, but if men do so, they may be frowned upon 皺眉不贊同,for they would be considered homosexual 同性戀.On the other hand, touch may be used to express and maintain an asymmetrical 非對稱的 relationship as wel

18、l as a reciprocal 互惠 one. For example, the doctor and the patient; the department head and the secretary. In this case, the former are usually male-oriented.The height and power differential between the sexes: In a world in which height equals power and women are not supposed to be more powerful tha

19、n men 女性不應(yīng) 比男性強(qiáng)大,taller women may attempt to diminish 縮小 themselves, to slouch 沒精打采 and round their shoulders so as to retreat or to occupy as little space as possible.Men and women are not usually required to have the same facial expressions. Smile may mean different things to men and women. For fe

20、males smile functions as an expression of pleasure, pleasantness, or a desire for approval, while males may resist any nonverbal display of expression to others in order to appear more masculine 陽剛,because being facially expressive is often seen as a marker of femininity .女性 氣質(zhì)Through clothing and m

21、ake-up, the body is more or less marked, constituted as an appropriate, or, as the case may be, in appropriate body for its cultural requirements. Males and females have to dress themselves appropriately according to their cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity.It is important to remembe

22、r that the notion of appropriate nonverbal behavior is largely culturally determined. White, middle-class women in the US are expected to be highly expressive emotionally. However, African-American women are not expected in exactly the same manner. Dominant members of a hierarchy 等級制度 are less likel

23、y to smile or disclose 公開 their feelings nonverbally.Paralanguage (p191-192, p223-224)副語言，伴隨語言We communicate with more than the words we speak. Effective speakers use vocal qualities to suggest different meanings from exactly the same words, like the manner of speech, intonation.Paralanguage / Metac

24、ommunication are the accompanying features of the voice.voice set: the context in which the speaker is speaking: the situation, gender, mood, age, persons culture;voice qualities: volume, pitch 音高，tempo, rhythm, articulation 發(fā)音, resonance 共鳴,nasality 鼻音,accent 重讀；vocalization 發(fā)聲：characterizers, qual

25、ifiers, segregates 分離.Kinesics 體姿語Kinesics, that is commonly called as body language, is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including gestures, posture, touching, and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.(i) Gestures: (p192-193)Gestures ar

26、e an important component of non-verbal communication. This is mainly a matter of how we use our hands to convey a message. The language of the hands differs from country to country and a gesture which means one thing in one country may well mean something quite different to those living in another.G

27、estures can be emblems 象征 or symbols (theokgesture), illustrators (police officers hand held up to stop traffic),regulators (one，s face turns red with embarrassment). Gestures are used to add emphasis or clarity to an oral message.Its me or Im the onetouch or point to ones nose by raised thumb.Come

28、hereextending a closed hand, palm up, with only the forefinger moving back and forth.Shame on you extending both hands, palms down, with forefingers stretching out and one forefinger makes several brushing movements over the back of the other forefinger.Hitchhiking 搭便車旅彳亍一moving several time a close

29、d hand with an outstretched thumb opinion to the intended direction. (American method)-walking on the same side of the road and in the same direction as the car traffic, and extend the thumb of your roadside arm toward the front. (European method)在車輛行駛的那邊公路 上，朝車開的方向行走，同時將靠邊那只手臂的拇指伸向 刖萬。Kill oneselfr

30、aising ones closed hand to ones head with the forefinger 食指 and the thumb stretching out and the forefinger pointing to the temple 太陽穴.Im fullan open hand, palm down, raised to ones throatGood luckcrossing ones forefinger and middle finger.Stamping ones foot 跺腳一impatience.Thumbing ones nose (one thu

31、mb on the tip of ones own nose with other fingers curled and moving together)defiance 蔑視 and contempt.Wagging 擺動 ones forefinger (the forefinger of one hand is raised and wagged from side to side while other fingers are lapsed)warning.K crossing the heart, like crossing the fingers, provides protect

32、ion against bad luck by invoking the power of the holy object; at the same time, it invokes the savior on the cross as a witness that the speakers pledge is in earnest.Homework: Please finish the matching task (p200)1) bdac; 2) cadb; 3) cdab; 4) cadb; 5) bcda; 6) cadb; 7) bdca; 8) cabd;(ii) Posture

33、身勢語(p211-212):Posture, the way someone stands, sits, or walks, can send positive or negative nonverbal messages. Posture can signal agreement or disagreement. Appropriate posture is related to a persons status in society. For example, the manager may stand erect 豎立 when talking to subordinates 下級，bu

34、t the subordinates may drop their shoulders when talking to the manager.English speakers，especially Americans postures are more casual than Chinese speakers： sitting on a desk with both feet on another desk. Putting ones feet on the writing table in a crowded office while sitting in an armchair. Mak

35、ing big strides 大步 while walking. Sitting on the grass or on the carpet (but never squatting 蹲 in public).KIn western conversation, the speaker who is standing is superior to the other who is sitting in ranks or status or ages. It is the opposite in Chinese conversation. The junior or inferior 下級的 o

36、ne should stand and show his/her respect and subordinate to the senior or superior.K Shrugging your shoulders: message of helplessness I dont know what to say or I couldnt help if.Who should stand and who sit?宓 According to Chinese tradition, people who are sitting have right to take charge of other

37、s: Monarch 君主 sits and officer stands; father sits and son stands; leader sits and employee stands and so on. So the younger give the old a seat to show respect.宓 But in America and Britain, people who are in charge of others have tendency to stand . They will make use of the height of space to indi

38、cate the high status. People who have high status choose to sit when they are conversing with you, which means they want to create harmonious and equal atmosphere and lessen space. So adults will bend down when they are talking to children.宓 In Indonesia, people often bow and put the other peoples h

39、and on their forehead to express modesty. But Americans will not do it.宓 In class:Traditionally, Chinese teachers, rated as Confucian scholars, are the souls of belief, knowledge and authority. Their image of power certainly ought not to be damaged by the unserious posture. That is why some Chinese

40、students often complain that their American teacher is so informal in class that he never seems to care about students reaction.On the contrary, sitting on the edge of desk to give a lecture or even putting his feet on chairs in class is welcomed in many English countries. Consequently, in American

41、eyes, Chinese teachers appear to be timid and sluggish 遲鈍的 or too boring in classroom. In American culture, teachers responsibility is to help students realize selves. Teachers are students facilitators 促進(jìn)者.Teachers image of power in America is far weaker than that in China.(iii) Facial expressions:

42、Read over the article (p196-197) and explain the different understanding of smiles at a stranger in these countries.Japan: either a sexual maniac or an impolite person.Korea: never talk or smile at strangers.Arab: something wrong with the strangers clothes or others.Vietnam: Americans are superficia

43、l for they smile too much. Nonverballanguage, like a silence, a smile, a glance, has its own meaning.Read case 23 (p217). What does laugh serve in the mentioned situation?Haptics or Touch: (p198-199)Haptics or touch refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact. Differences in touching b

44、ehavior are highly correlated with culture. People in high contact cultures evaluate close as positive and good, and evaluate far as negative and bad. People in low contact cultures evaluate close as negative and bad, and evaluate far as positive and goodhandshakingHow to shake hands when introduced

45、 or meeting together after a long time.embrace & kissIn Thailand and Laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance to touch a child on the top of the head because the head is regarded as the home of the spirit or soul. It is believed that a childs spirit or soul is not strong enough to be touched

46、and has tendency to become ill if patted. Even placing a hand on the back of an Asian workers chair is considered inappropriate. White Muslims hug another person around the shoulders, Korea young people do not touch the shoulders of their elders.Artifacts or attire 打扮 and olfactics 嗅覺The use of clot

47、hing and physical appearance to communicate is more obvious. Clothing can reflect cultural heritage. Although Western business dress has been widely adopted among other cultures, you may wish to learn cultural distinctions in appropriate business attire. When visiting Saudi Arabia, for example, the

48、Saudi might wear the traditional Arabic white flowing robe 長袍 and headcloth.包頭巾The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics. A persons smell can have a positive or negative effect on the oral message.Oculesics or eye movements (p194-196)The study of communications sent by the eyes is ter

49、med oculesics.Eye contact is an important aspect of body language. One could draw up quite rules about eye contact: to look or not to look, when to look and how long to look, and who not to look at, etc. And these rules vary from culture to culture.See Case 22, then analyse the differences of eye co

50、ntact between America and Puerto Rico.BritainAmericaPuerto Rico波多黎各the rule for dealing with strangers is that you must avoid staring at them but at the same timeavoidthose who are communicating with one another demands eye contact. Not looking at the person could imply a number of things (fear,looking someone straight in the eye is well thought; someone to fail to meetit is considered d