1、一階 語法講義 定稿一階 語法講義 定稿43/43一階 語法講義 定稿 基礎(chǔ)語法基本句型：簡單句&并列句1簡單句的構(gòu)成My father is listening to the popular music in the garden.The handsome boy is my brother.主語 謂語 賓語 定語 狀語 表語 補(bǔ)語簡單句的五種形式：（1）主語+謂語 (不及物動詞）；（2）主語+謂語（及物動詞）+賓語；（3）主語+謂語+賓語+補(bǔ)語；（4）主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語；（5）主語+系動詞+表語。 謂語 實義動詞 及物動詞 watch, see 不及物動詞 sit 系動詞 be

2、 動詞； 一些實義動詞用作系動詞：feel, taste, smell 等；He is crying.Parents watch TV every night.My father gave me some advice.We can make our country beautiful.The boy is the tallest in the class.2并列句兩個簡單句并列在一起，中間用一些連接詞連接起來的句子。并列句不能只用逗號隔開，而要用連接詞連接。連接詞：（1）并列關(guān)系句型：連接詞有 and, eitheror，neithernor, not onlybut also eg: La

3、st year I met Kate and we became friends.Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it.（2）轉(zhuǎn)折概念并列句型：轉(zhuǎn)折詞有 but eg: It has no mouth, but it can talk.（3）對比關(guān)系的并列句型： eg: He liked sports, while I would rather collect stamps.簡單句和并列句是復(fù)合句的基礎(chǔ)。主語 施動者或動作的主體賓語 受動者通常主語和賓語由名詞或代詞構(gòu)成I love you.（一）名詞 1. 可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，若名詞

4、為單數(shù)，通常前面要加冠詞 a/an、the 進(jìn)行限定；若名詞為復(fù)數(shù)，可以加上 the，或者直接用復(fù)數(shù)名詞，或者加上數(shù)詞來進(jìn)行限定。不定冠詞：a/an，通常表示一，但是不強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)目，翻譯時注意；eg：Germany is a European country.定冠詞：表示特定或特指eg：Is this the book that you are looking for?定冠詞還可以使用于一些比較獨特的語言現(xiàn)象：如指代地球或宇宙這種獨一無二的事物the+名詞：表示全部或者整體eg：Do you know who invented the computer？用于樂器或?qū)Ｓ忻~前，如 play the

5、piano、the Thames2 不可數(shù)名詞：通常是物質(zhì)名詞或者抽象名詞, 其前可以不加任何東西，若有特指，可以加 the.前面可以加單位詞，進(jìn)行分類：常見單位詞：a piece of +advice /bread /cloth /fortune /information /music/muse a bit of、an item of、an article of名詞在翻譯中遇到的問題：（1）不可數(shù)名詞和可數(shù)名詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換形式：eg：waterwaters（水域、海洋），sandsands（沙灘），woodwoods（樹林），goods（商品），ash 和 ashes（廢墟）(2)名詞的格：s

6、以及 of邏輯語義：Rachel：Im Carols ex-husbands sisters roommate.Doctor：Im your roommates brothers ex-wifes obstetrician. (產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生)老友記of: 理清邏輯語義，翻譯方法：“A of B”翻譯成“B 的 A”The coming of age of post-war baby boom brought remarkable influence upon American society. 特殊：China is proud of its five thousand years of the

7、history and culture.（二）代詞1人稱代詞第一、二、三人稱，主格、賓格、所有格I, you, he, she, it, me, you, him, her, it, my, your, his, her, its.2. 物主代詞形容詞性物主代詞：my, your, his, her, our, their，后面加名詞；名詞性物主代詞：mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs，后面不能加名詞。eg: May I borrow your pen?Mine is missing.3.反身代詞：通過反身代詞指代主語，使動作發(fā)出者把動作在形式上反射到發(fā)出

8、者本人。強(qiáng)調(diào)人稱問題。eg：I myself took Mary to the airport.I cooked it myself.指示代詞：this, that, these, those不定代詞：some，someone，something，any，anyone，anything，no，no one，nothing，all，both，neither，either，each，every，everybody，everyone，everything.一些比較重要的不定代詞之間的區(qū)別（1）all, each, every： all 和 every 可以指代三個或三個以上的人或物；all 可以表示

9、所有東西的總和，是一個不可分割的整體； each 只能表示兩個或兩個以上的人，側(cè)重個體；（2）everyoneevery one everyone 等同于 everybody，all people ，指的是所有的人；eg：Everyone thinks they have the right to be here. every one 既可以指人，也可以指物，強(qiáng)調(diào)一個個體，通常用 every one of ；eg：Every one of us has faults and shortcomings.Every one of the films we have shown this year

10、has been a succes. （3）no onenoneno one 只能指人，none 既可以指人，也可以指物，none 后面還可以接 of；eg：No one failed the examination.None of the students failed the examination.it 的用法（1）指代人，通常用于口語中；（2）書面語： it 用來指代時間、距離、溫度、天氣等eg：Its three years since I saw him. it 用來前指或者后指eg：Ive lost my book. Where is it？There is no doubt a

11、bout it that he was a fine teacher. it 做形式主語eg：Is it possible to learn typewriting very quickly？ it 做形式賓語，通常放在謂語動詞和賓語補(bǔ)足語（形容詞）之間，真正的賓語放在賓補(bǔ)之后常見動詞有：feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, think, suppose, regard eg：She thinks it no use telling me.He has made it clear that he wouldnt agree to

12、 the plan. it 用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句，構(gòu)成句型 Itsthat/who如何區(qū)分強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的 it 和形式主語中的 it？eg：Its clear that they have won.如果 Its 和 that 去掉后，剩下的部分依然能構(gòu)成完整的句子，就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句；否則，即為形式主語。（三） 數(shù)詞數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞1. 表示大約的詞匯：about，approximately，around，roughly，some，more or less, or so; eg：About 200 people were killed in the crash.The town is 5 Miles or s

13、o from here.表示多于的詞匯：above，more than, over表示少于，不到的詞匯：almost，below，less than, under eg：Its 2:57, and its almost 3 oclock一些可以直接表示數(shù)字的單詞： dozen、score、decade、hundred、thousand、million這些詞前面出現(xiàn)基數(shù)詞，表示確切的數(shù)時，不能加復(fù)數(shù)；若不能表明確切數(shù)字，只是說大約有多少的時候，以上這些詞不可以加確切的基數(shù)詞，但是可以將其變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，后加 of；eg：There are millions of kinds of matter in

14、the world.（四）形容詞和副詞形容詞還可以做表語，放在 be 動詞之后；英語中有一些詞語作表語和作定語時，含義會有所不同：（1）certain：作定語時，表示特定的:eg: A certain Mr. Wang just came here to look for you.作表語時，表示當(dāng)然的，一定，相當(dāng)于 be sure；（2）complete：作定語時，表示完全的:作表語時，表示完成的或完美的；（3）ill：作定語時，表示壞的；作表語時，表示有病的；（4）late:作定語時，表示已故的；作表語時，表示晚的、遲到的；（5）ready：作定語時，表示現(xiàn)成的；作表語時，表示準(zhǔn)備好的、愿意

15、做；（6）present：作定語時，表示目前的，相當(dāng)于 current；作表語時，表示出席，參加；the+形容詞：表示一類人；eg: the old, the poor, the blind, the rich, the young, the wounded通常由副詞構(gòu)成，副詞可以修飾動詞，形容詞，乃至整個句子；副詞通常是褒義的，有部分是有否定含義的，常見否定含義副詞有 seldom，hardly，rarely，scarcely；其它副詞通常是表示肯定的概念；形容詞和副詞的比較級：（1）一些沒有比較級的形容詞和副詞：單詞本身的含義是表示比年長、比優(yōu)秀、比優(yōu)等時，沒有比較級概念；如 suprem

16、e，inferior，junior，senior，prior ，后面搭配的介詞一般是 to，而不用 than.有些單詞本身的含義即是最，獨一無二，沒有比較級概念；如 absolute，entire，excellent，favorite，final.（2）同級比較和異級比較：同級比較：asas/timesas異級比較： （倍數(shù)或修飾詞，表示多或少）+比較級+than常見的修飾比較級的詞有：much、still，even，by far，a bit，a little, a good deal 或者倍數(shù)；eg：The photography of Mars taken by satellite are

17、 much clearer than those taken from earth.比較級特殊用法詞匯：morethan：eg：He is more clever than honest.the+比較級：越來越eg：The harder you work, the more you will learn.謂語 實義動詞 及物動詞 watch, see 不及物動詞 sit 系動詞 be 動詞； 一些實義動詞用作系動詞：feel, taste, smell 等；簡單句的五種形式：（1）主語+謂語 (不及物動詞）；（2）主語+謂語（及物動詞）+賓語；（3）主語+謂語+賓語+補(bǔ)語；（4）主語+謂語+間

18、接賓語+直接賓語；（5）主語+系動詞+表語。謂語動詞形式一: 英語時態(tài)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時（1）表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動作；eg：I get up at 7 o clock in the morning.I leave school for home at 6 every evening.（2）客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實；eg：The teacher told us: the earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.2. 一般過去時兩種變化形式：在動詞后加 ed 或不規(guī)則變化的動詞；在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作

19、或存在的狀態(tài)：常用時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等；eg：Did you go to Shanghai last week?補(bǔ)充：used to/be used to一般過去式和過去完成時的對比：（1）過去完成時：過去的過去；eg：Before I came to Beijing, I had stayed in Shanghai. 一個句子里有兩個謂語動詞，一個發(fā)生在前，一個發(fā)生在后，發(fā)生在前的用一般過去時，發(fā)生在后的用過去完成時；eg：When the police arrived, the

20、thieves had run away. 表示意向的動詞，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用過去完成時表示原本，卻未能eg：We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.We had thought that he would take part in the competition，but he didnt.3. 一般將來時（1）shall/will,shall 用于第一人稱，常被 will 所代替;eg：Which paragraph shall I read fi

21、rst？（2）be going to +不定式，表示將來；表示要發(fā)生的事情有了預(yù)先的計劃、準(zhǔn)備或有跡象表明要發(fā)生；eg：What are you going to do tomorrow? What will you do this afternoon?will 表示純粹的將來；（3）be +不定式：表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事；eg：We are to/will discuss the report next Saturday.（4）be about to +不定式：意為馬上做某事，后面不可以接時間狀語；eg：He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：（1

22、）一般現(xiàn)在時有時也可表將來；eg：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 趨向性動詞 come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 的一般現(xiàn)在時表將來，主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。eg：When does the bus star? It starts in ten minutes. 在時間或條件句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來；eg：Ill write to you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.（2）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時也可表將來：通常用于口語，翻譯為打算；come, go

23、, start, arrive, leave, stay 等詞可以用進(jìn)行時表將來；I am leaving for some important thing.OK, see you.現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果對現(xiàn)在造成影響。（1）過去發(fā)生的動作發(fā)生到現(xiàn)在，剛剛完成；（2）從過去發(fā)生的動作，發(fā)生到現(xiàn)在，剛剛告一段落，但是后面會繼續(xù)發(fā)生；eg：I have just finished my homework. It has rained for 3 days.過去時及現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別：（1）過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時

24、為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。eg：I came to Beijing in 1995.I have stayed in Beijing since 1995.（2）過去時常及具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常及段的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語；一般過去時常用時間狀語：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October（具體時間）現(xiàn)在完成時常用時間狀語：for, since, so far（長期的段時間）eg：He had dinner with me yesterday.I have played basketball for

25、3 hours.（3）現(xiàn)在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，動詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know；過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有 come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 等；eg：He got married two years ago.I have lived in Beijing for 10 years.用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句型（1）It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時。It is the fir

26、st time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.（2）This is the that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時. This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.典型例題Have you _ been to our town before?No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come

27、B. even, have comeC. ever, comeD. ever, have come答案 D. ever 意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時，反意詞為 never，此兩詞常用于完成時。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時。since 和 for 的用法：since 用來說明動作起始時間，for 用來說明動作延續(xù)時間長度;eg：I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived h

28、ere since I was born.for 后面多接一段時間，而 since 后面則接一個時間點，若 since 后面也出現(xiàn)時間段，則在時間段后加 ago；eg： I have lived here sincetwenty years ago.錯句：I have worked here since many years.since 句型：It is +一段時間+ since 從句，since 從句要用一般過去時；eg：It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.It is three years since I joined

29、 the army.進(jìn)行時態(tài)：一般進(jìn)行時，過去進(jìn)行時，將來進(jìn)行時；現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時：have/has+been+doing現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時和現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別：eg：It has rained for 3 days.It has been raining for 3 days.現(xiàn)在完成時不強(qiáng)調(diào)某一動作在某段時間內(nèi)持續(xù)發(fā)生，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時表示某一時間段內(nèi)某動作持續(xù)發(fā)生。eg：I have been learning English for 5 years. I have been learned English for 5 years.謂語動詞形式二:被動語態(tài)be+動詞過去分詞； eg Forests

30、 have been cleared.They were given a warm send off.Their wedding will be held in the church.不強(qiáng)調(diào)施動者，而只強(qiáng)調(diào)受動者；eg：The book was written 20 years ago.主動形式表示被動意思某些既可作及物動詞又可作不及物動詞用的動詞，在他們作不及物動詞用時，可以用主動形式表示被動意思，如 write, wash, wear, sell, cut, tear（撕），burn, play 等，常及它們連用的詞為 well, easily, smoothly 等。如 The coat

31、 washes well.這件大衣很耐洗。在 be worth doing 句型中表示被動含義，如 The book is worth reading在 need, want, require 等后的動名詞表示被動含義，如 The flowers need watering. 感官動詞如 feel, taste, smell, look 等主動形式表示被動含義，如 The fish tastes good. 短語 run out, wear out, give out 等主動形式表被動含義，如 My socks have worn out.謂語動詞形式三:情態(tài)動詞+動詞情態(tài)動詞是指它含有一定的

32、含意，可以表達(dá)某種感情和說話的口氣，但是它不可以單獨使用作謂語動詞。情態(tài)動詞主要包括 can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would, dare, need, have to, used to, had better, would rather 等。1. 情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形I can swim across the river.He should help the poor in the remote areas.Youd better take your parents advice if you want

33、 to fulfill your dream. 2. could/might+ have +動詞過去分分詞特殊語言現(xiàn)象：虛擬語氣would +have +過去分詞 should + have + 過去分詞英語復(fù)合句（一） 定語從句：用于關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)句子修飾名詞A 構(gòu)成：定語從句的形式I know the girl.The girl comes from Beijing.I know the girl who comes from Beijing.定語從句三步驟 先找出兩個句子中相同的名詞 判斷名詞是人還是物，人 who/that 物 which/that 將 who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的

34、句子放于相同的名詞后面I like reading books.The books were written by O. Henry.I like reading books which/that were written by O. Henry.不能用 which，只能用 that 前面的先行詞是不定代詞，包括 all，anything，nothing，the one， much，little 等；eg：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Lee has said ? 如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了 the only, the very 等；eg：This i

35、s the only way that we can think out. 如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級；eg：This is the best film that I have ever seen. 如果先行詞中即有人，又有物；eg：They are talking about the school and the teachers that they visited yesterday.1.謂語動詞（結(jié)構(gòu)）和后面的介詞有兩種關(guān)系：關(guān)系緊密關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn)look + for 尋找 關(guān)系緊密look + at 看關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn)2.定語從句中如果謂語結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系緊密，則介詞必須保留在謂語結(jié)構(gòu)的后

36、面，不能做任何位置的改動；如果謂語結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn)，介詞一般提到 which/ who 的前面；This is the book which you are looking for.This is the book at which you are looking.This is the book which you are interested in.This is the book in which you are interested.This is the book which you asked for.3. 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞Beijing is the place.I was

37、born in the place.-Beijing is the place which I was born in. -Beijing is the place in which I was born .定語從句中，如果介詞+which 表示地點，則可以用 where 替換；Beijing is the place where I was born. eg:I cant forget the day.I join the army on the day.I cant forget the day which I joined the army.I cant forget the day o

38、n which I joined the army. (when)判斷關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的方法（1）不管是關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞，都取決于從句中的謂語動詞；若該謂語動詞為及物動詞，則一定使用關(guān)系代詞；若該謂語動詞為不及物動詞，且其后沒有介詞，則一定使用關(guān)系副詞；eg：I will never forget the days _ I worked together with you. (on which/when) I will never forget the days _ I spent in the countryside. (which)（2）通過判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分Is this

39、 the museum （that） you visited a few days ago?the museum：充當(dāng) visit 的賓語Is this the museum (in which/where) the exhibition was held?關(guān)系代詞: 前面句子里的先行詞也要在后面的句子里充當(dāng)主語或者賓語的成分；介詞+which: 恰好表示時間和地點，可以替換成 when，where 這樣的關(guān)系副詞；B 分類：限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句(1) 非限定性定語從句：先行詞（即名詞）后有一個逗號；In our school，there were 8 foreign teache

40、rs who come from Australia.（限定性定語從句）In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers， who come from Australia.（非限定性定語從句）限定性定語從句：定語從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系非常緊密，刪掉定語從句后，整個句子意思會改變；非限定性定語從句：定語從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系不是很緊密，刪掉定語從句后，整個句子意思不會改變，定語從句只起到補(bǔ)充說明的意義；I have a sister who is a nurse.I have a sister, who is a nurse.（2）非限定性定語從句：先行詞是前面的整句話

41、；eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation. We will spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, which was decided last year.This is the house, which we bought last month. 非限定性定語從句引導(dǎo)詞 which/as： which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句只能放在后面，as 則只能放在句子前面；eg: Smoking is harmful to our heath, w

42、hich we know. As we know, smoking is harmful to our heath.eg：Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise . A. It B. that C. as D. whichC 定語從句的劃分There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to ex

43、plore.In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention.A driver who is driving the bus mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded. The police explained that the difficulties which they faced were too severe.D 定語從句省略（分詞作定語）關(guān)系詞充當(dāng)賓語的時候I know the boy who the teacher pr

44、aised just now.The police explained that the difficulties which they faced were too severe.關(guān)系詞充當(dāng)主語The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder.Databases used by some companies dont rely on data collected systematically.Hamilton isnt the only educator crossing the Atlantic.Caree

45、r experts say that one of the ways (that) job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities.職業(yè)專家說求職者用因特網(wǎng)找工作時保持安全的一個方法是隱瞞其真實身份。That are causing companies to Interest in pursuing international careers has soared in recent years, enhanced by chronic pe

46、rsonnel shortages search beyond their home borders for talent. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at annual rate of 3.9 percent, form 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004.名詞性從句：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句及同位語從句；定義：在句子中起名詞作用的句子，且在句子中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位

47、語、介詞賓語等成分；1同位語從句：對前面名詞的進(jìn)一步解釋I know the man, the president of the New Oriental School.英語中的簡單句：陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句。Eg： He is a student.Are you a student?Who is a student?同位語從句：關(guān)系詞不再和前面的名詞有關(guān)系，而是取決于后面的從句；eg： I know the fact. He is a student.I know the fact that he is a student. eg： I have a question.Are you

48、 a student?I have a question whether you are a student. eg： I have a question.who is a student?I have a question who is a student.同位語從句的構(gòu)成 從句仍然接在名詞之后，名詞有可能為 answer，belief，concept，explanation，fact， hope, message, news, promise, question, thought 等形式：名詞+從句；連接詞取決于后面的從句是什么樣的形式；如果是陳述句，直接加 that 引導(dǎo)；一般疑問句：先

49、把一般疑問句變成陳述句語序，然后在其前加上 whether 或者 if；特殊疑問句：直接保留特殊疑問詞，后面的句子變成陳述句語序；The news soon spread the whole school.They had won the game.The news that they had won the game soon spread the whole school.定語從句及同位語從句的區(qū)別That 在后面的從句中充當(dāng)成分，為賓語從句，不充當(dāng)成分，為同位語從句。區(qū)分：The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good. T

50、he suggestion that she has given in the meeting is good.The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nations moral climate, says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago, is the reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.2賓語從句從句部分的連詞取決于從句

51、時一般疑問句、特殊疑問句還是陳述句；eg：We must find out who did all these.I want to know weather he will come. I hope that he will come.賓語從句的時態(tài)：如果賓語從句前的動詞是過去式，則賓語從句的時態(tài)應(yīng)相應(yīng)變成過去時態(tài)；例如 My teacher told that we would go there.如果賓語從句是客觀事實或真理，不管賓語從句前的動詞時什么時態(tài)，賓語從句都用一般現(xiàn)在時；例如 My teacher told that the earth is round.賓語從句后接陳述句用 th

52、at 引導(dǎo)，that 一般可以省略,例如 I think (that) you are right.賓語從句如果謂語動詞是 doubt，后面接的一般疑問句通常用 whether 或 if 引導(dǎo)；如果前面的謂語動詞是 dont doubt，則后面從句的連接詞一定是 that；賓語從句如果謂語動詞是 wonder，句型為 I wonder if，后面的連接詞不能用 whether；賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移：think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine 等動詞后面賓語從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語動詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式；3表語從句若從句為陳述句，

53、直接加 that；若從句為特殊疑問句：直接保留特殊疑問詞，后面的句子變成陳述句語序；若從句為一般疑問句：先把一般疑問句變成陳述句語序，然后在其前加上 whether 或者 if； China is no longer what she used to be.The question is who is responsible for what has happened.（2002 text3） One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that it hasnt occurred against the b

54、ackground of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. （2000）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams.4主語從句That the college will take in more students is true.Weather he will come or not hasnt been decided.Why he isnt here is not clear to everyone.it 做形

55、式主語的情況（1）It is+名詞+主語從句；eg：It is a pity that you should have to leave.（2）It is+形容詞+主語從句；eg：It is clear that the whole project is due to failure.如果是 It is necessary /important /strange /natural+that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句，從句中的謂語動詞一定要用 should+動詞原形；eg：It is necessary that one should master the skills of operating comp

56、uter.It is+過去分詞+主語從句；It is said /planed/expectedeg：It is said that President Bush will visit our school next week.(4) It +不及物動詞+形容詞表語形式+主語從句eg：It seemed certain that he will win the prize.從句判別Whether she will come or not is unknown. It is unknown whether he will come or not. I dont know whether he w

57、ill come or not.The question is whether he will come or not.The question whether he will come or not is not settled._(很多人沒有意識到的)is that Simon is a lover of sports , and football in particular . （What many people dont realize）In my sixties, one change I notice is _ (我比以前更容易累了). (that I feel tired mor

58、e easily than before)Your resume should attract a would-be bosss attention by demonstrating _ (為什么你是某個特定職位的最佳人選).(why you would be the best candidate for a certain position)Since my childhood I have found that _ (沒有什么比讀書對我更有吸引力). (nothing is more attractive/appealing to me than reading)A great many

59、people hold the idea _. (中文學(xué)起來其實很有趣) (that Chinese is actually interesting to learn)（三） 非謂語動詞作主語作表語作賓語（1）to do(2) + doingacknowledge，admit, advocate, appreciate, avoid, enjoy, delay, escape, deny, consider, mind, miss, finish, resist, imagine, postpone, practice, suggest, prevent, keep, quit(3)有些動詞后

60、使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別1) forget2）stop3）remember4)regret5）try6) mean(4) + do1）在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶 to。 feel 覺得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear 聽到 watch 注視 listen to 聽 perceive 察覺，感知 notice 注意 see 看見 hear 聽On seeing the young child fell into the lake, Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue. 2)另一類是某些使役動詞，如 mak