1、大家大家網英語專八論壇Index16WilliamShakespeareVictorianCharlesDickensWilliamMakepeaceThackerayGeorgeEliot17JohnDonneThomasHoodJohnMiltonCharlotteBronteandEmilyBronteJohnBunyanAlfred,LordTennysonRobertBrowningElizabethBarrettBrowning18DanielDefoeHenryFieldingJonathanSwiftOliverGoldsmithWilliamBlakeRomanticWill

2、iamWordsworth20ThomasHardyGorgeGordon,LordByronJohnGalsworthyOscarWildePercyByssheShellyGeorgeBernardShawJohnKeatsD.H.LawrenceVirginiaWoolfWalterScottJamesJoyceTheSixteenthCenturyBeginningof16thcenturyThomasMoreUtopia.Moregaveaprofoundandtruthfulpictureofthepeoplessufferingandputforwardhisidealofafu

3、turehappysociety.EndthecenturyFrancisBaconScientistandphilosopherFirsthalfof16thcenturyThomasWyatt,HenryHowardTheyinitiatednewpoeticalforms,borrowingfreelyfromEnglishpopularsongsandItalianandFrenchpoetry.WyattwasthefirsttointroducethesonnetintoEnglishliterature.Secondhalfofthe16thcenturyPhilipSidney

4、,ThomasCampionandEdmundSpenserLyricalpoembecomewidespreadinEngland.EdmundwastheauthorofthegreatestepicpoemofthetimeTheFairyQueen.CourtlifeandgallantrynovelJohnLyly,ThomasLogeGreatpopularitywaswonbyJohnLylysnovelEphesuswhichgaverisetotheterm“euphuism”，designatinganaffectedstyleofcourtspeech.Realistic

5、novelThomasDelaney,ThomasNasheDevotedtoeverydaylifeofcraftsman,merchantsandotherrepresentativesoflowerclassDramaChristopherMarloweReformeddramathatgenreinEnglishandperfectedthelanguageandverseofdramaticworks.ItwasMarlowewhomadeblankversetheprincipalvehicleofexpressionindrama.WilliamShakespeareThewor

6、ksofWilliamShakespeareareagreatlandmarkinthehistoryofworldliteratureforhewasoneofthefirstfoundersofrealism,amasterhandatrealisticportrayalofhumancharactersandrelations.WorksFirstperiod:RomeoandJulietSecondPeriod:Hamlet,PrinceofDemarkOthello,theMoorofVeniceKingLearTheTragedyofMacbethTheSeventeenthCen

7、turyPuritanAgePuritanattitudeTheybelievedinsimplicityoflife,breakingupofoldideas,anageofconfusion.PuritanactionTheydisapprovedofthesonnetsandlovepoetrywritteninthepreviousperiod.In1642thetheatreswerecloseThebiblebecomeonebookofthepeopleLiteraryCharacteristicsAbsenceoffixedstandardofliterarycriticism

8、,exaggerationof“metaphysical”poets.PoetrytooknewandstartlingformsinDonneandHerbert,andprosebecameassomberasBurrtonsAnatomyofMelanchol.yThespiritualgloomsoonerorlaterfastensuponallthewritersofthisage.Thissocalledgloomyageproducedsomeminorpoemsofexquisitesworkmanship,andoneofgreatmasterofversewhosewor

9、kwouldglorifyanyageorpeople-JohnMilton,inwhomtheindomitablePuritanspiritfindsitsnoblestexpression.RestorationAgeLiteraryCharacteristicsRenouncedoldideasanddemandedthatEnglishpoetryanddreamshouldfollowthestylewhichtheyhadbecomeaccustomedinthegaietyofParis.Onthewholetheywereimmoralandcynical.Frenchinf

10、luenceRimedcoupletsinsteadofblankverse,theunities,amoreregularconstruction,andthepresentationoftryesratherthanindividualThecomediesarecoarseinlanguageandtheirviewoftherelationbetweenmanandwonisimmoralanddishonest.JohnDrydenAsacritic,poetandplaywrightwasthemostdistinguishedliteraryfigureoftherestorat

11、ionage.Themostpopulargenrewasthatofcomedywhosechiefaimastoentertainthelicentiousaristocrats.JohnDonnePoetryFormPartofhispoetryisinsuchclassicalformsassatires,elegies,andepistles-thoughitstylehasanythingbutclassicalsmoothness-andpartiswritteninlyricalformsofextraordinaryvariety.Characteristics1.Mosto

12、fitpurportstodealwithlife,descriptiveorexperimentally,andthefirstthingtostrikethereaderisDonnesextraordinaryandpenetratingrealism.ThenextisthecynicismwhichmarkscertainofthelighterpoemsandwhichrepresentsaconsciousreactionfromtheextremeidealizationofwomanencouragedbythePatrarchantradition.Love-poemInh

13、isseriouslove-poems,however,Donne,whilenotrelaxinghisgraspontherealitiestheloveexperience,suffusesitwithanemotionalintensityandaspiritualizedardoruniqueinEnglishpoetry.2.SonnetContrastbetweenconventionalandDonnessonnetConventionalsonnetDonnessonnetTheunvaryingsuccessioninformGivesnearlyeverythemeave

14、rseandstanzaformpeculiartoitselfDecoratinghisthemebyconventionalcomparisonIlluminatesoremphasizeshisthoughtbyfantasticmetaphorsandextravaganthyperbole.StyleInmomentsofinspirationhisstylebecomeswonderfullypoignantanddirect,heartsearchinginitssimplehumanaccents,withanoriginalityandforceforwhichwelooki

15、nvainamongtheclearandfluentmelodiesofElizabethanlyrists.ConceitSometimesthe“conceits”,astheseextravagantfiguresarecalled,aresooddthatwelosesightofthethingtobeillustrated,inthestartlingnatureoftheillustration.2.Thefashionofconceitingwriting,somewhatlikeeuphuisminprose,appearedinItalyandSpainalso.Itsi

16、maginativeexuberancehasitsparallelsinbaroquearchitectureandpainting.SongGoandcatchafallingstar,Getwithchildamandrakeroot,Tellmewhereallthepastyearsare,OrwhoclefttheDevilsfoot,Teachmetohearmermaidssinging,Ortokeepoffenvysstinging,AndfindWhatwindServerstoadvanceanhonestmind.Ifthoubeestborntostrangesig

17、hts,Thingsinvisibletosee,Ridetenthousanddaysandnights,Tillagesnowwhitehairsonthee,Thou,whenthoureturnst,wilttellmeAllstrangewondersthatbefellthee,AndanswerNowhereLivesawomantrue,andfair,Ifthoufindstone,letmeknow,Suchapilgrimageweresweet,Yetdonot,IwouldnogoThoughnextdoorwemightmeet,Thoughsheweretruew

18、henyoumether,Andlasttillyouwriteyourletter,YetsheWillbeFalse,ereIcome,totwo,orthree.JohnMiltonDaysinHortonLAllegroDescribinghappinessIlPenserosoDescribingmeditationLycidasPraisingadearfriendwhohadbeendrownedComusPresentingamasqueorplayPamphletsAreopagitica,SpeechfortheLibertyofUnlicensedPrintingAbol

19、dattackonthecensorshipofthepressEikinoklastesApamphletsinwhichtheauthorjustifiedtheexecutionofCharlesIDefensefortheEnglishPeopleAdefenseoftheCommonwealthandRevolutionParadiseLost1.Itrepresentstheauthorsviewsinanallegoricalreligiousform,2.Andthereaderwilleasilydiscernitsbasicidea-theexposureofreactio

20、naryforcesofthistimeandpassionateappealforfreedom.Itisbasedonthebiblicallegendoftheimaginaryprogenitorsofthehumanrace-AdamandEve,andinvolvesGodandhiseternaladversary,Sataninplot.JohnBunyanMiltonandBunyanMiltonBunyanEducationWelleducatedPoorlyeducatedInheritingSonofRenaissanceanexcessofthatspirituali

21、ndependencewhichhadcausethePuritanstruggleforlibertyPuritanTheonlyepicsinceBeowulfTheonlygreatallegoryBookshelpfulforBunyansignificantly1.ThebooksfromhiswifeThePlainMansPathwaytoHeavenandThePracticeofPietygavefiretohisimagination,whichhesawnewvisionsanddreamterriblenewdreamsoflostsouls.2.Withoutfull

22、ydigestionofBibleandScripture,hewastossedaboutalikeafeatherbyallthewindsofdoctrine.ThePilgrimsProgressBunyansmostimportantworkisThePilgrimsProgress,writteninoldfashioned,medievalformofallegoryanddream.TheEighteenthcentury1.EnlightenmentNatureAnexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeois

23、ieagainstfeudalismAgainstClassinequality,stagnation,prejudiceandothersurvivaloffeudalismRepudiatethefalsereligiousdoctrinesabouttheviciousnessofhumannatureAcceptPlaceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankindbyconnectingthemwiththeactualdeedsandrequirementsofthepeopleAcceptbourgeoisrelationshipasrigh

24、tfulandreasonablerelationsamongpeople.ComparedtoFrancerevealedtothemostprogressivemindsofthecenturythecontradictionsofnewsocietyinsteadof“clearedthemindsofmenforthecomingrevolution”ofFrance1.1FirstrepresentativesofEnlightenmentCommoncommentThoughintheirworkstheycriticizeddifferentaspectsofcontempora

25、ryEnglish,theyneversetthemselvesthetaskofstrugglingagainsttheexistingorderoflife,butonthecontrary,attemptedtosmoothoversocialcontradictionsbymoralizingandproclaiming,asPopedid,that“whateveris,isright”JosephAddison&RichardSteelDevotednotonlytosocialproblem,butalsotoprivatelifeandadventures,gaveanimpe

26、tustothedevelopmentofthe18centurynovelAlexanderPopeThehighestauthorityinmattersofliteraryartElaboratedcertainregulationsforthestyleofpoeticalworksandmadepopulartheso-calledheroicscouplets-fivefootiambicrhymedincouplet1.2FoundersofnovelThedevelopmentofindustryandtradebroughttotheforemenofanewstamp,wh

27、ohadtobetypifiedinthenewliterature.AuthorWorkDescriptionCommentDanielDefoeRobinsonCrusoeTheimageofanenterprisingEnglishmanofthe18centurywascreated.OneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglish18centuryrealisticnovel.HenryFieldingUnfoldsaspreadofpanoramaoflifeinallsectionsofEnglishsocietyRealfounderofthegenreofthe

28、bourgeoisrealisticnovelinEnglandandEuropeExposesthedepravedaristocracy,theavariciousbourgeoisieContraststhelifeofrulingclassestothelackofrightsandmiseryofthepeopleT.GSmolletTheAdventureofRoderickRandomMercilesslyattacked,amongothersthings,theregimeintheEnglishfleetRealfounderofthegenreofthebourgeois

29、realisticnovelinEnglandandEuropeTheAdventureofPeregrinePickleExposedallkindsifpoliticalcharlatans,mockedattheStatesystemandlaughedtosconevariousprejudicesandconventionalitiesCreatedanunforgettablegalleryofcommonEnglishpeople,conspicuousfortheirgenerosity,kind-heatednessandsenseofhumor1.3Innermostlif

30、eWritersAlongwiththedepictionofmoralsandmannersandsocialmodeoflifethewritersoftheEnlightenmentbegantodisplayinterestoftheinmostlifeofanindividual.AuthorWorkDescriptionCommentSamuelRichardsonPamela,orVirtueRewarded,Clarissa,orTheHistoryofaYoungLadyandTheHistoryofSirCharlesDealswiththeprivatelifeofani

31、ndividualEnrichedEuropeanliteraturewiththemethodofpsychologicalanalysisGrandsonJonathanSwiftGulliverSTravelsTypifiedthebourgeoisieworld,drewruthlesspicturesofthedepravedaristocracyandsatiricallyportrayedthewholeoftheEnglishStatesystemThemostoutstandingpersonalityoftheepochofenlightenmentinEnglandRic

32、hardB.SheridanSchoolforScandalFalsevirtueandactualvicesofaristocracysocietyarederidedAsharpcriticismofcontemporarysystemSentimentalismThemiddleofthe18centuryinEnglandseestheinceptionsofanewliterarycurrent-thatofsentimentalism.Thesentimentalismcameintobeingasaresultofbitterdiscontentonthepartofcertai

33、nenlightenersinsocialsociety.whTherepresentativesofsentimentalismcontinuedtostruggleagainstfeudalismbuttheyvaguelysensedatthesametimethecontradictionsofbourgeoisprogressthatbroughtwithitenslavementandruintothepeople.Thephilosophyoftheenlighteners,thoughrationalandmaterialisticinitsessence,didnotexcl

34、udesense,orsentiments,asameansofperceptionandlearning.Moreover,thecultofnatureand,acultofa“naturalman”feelingsdisplaythemselvesinamosthumanandnaturalmanner,contrarytotheartfulandhypocriticalaristocratic-thiscultwasupheldbythemajorityoftheenlightenersandhelpedthemtofightagainstprivilegesofbirthanddes

35、centwhichplacedthearistocracyhighabovecommonpeople.whButlaterenlightenersofEnglandhavingcometotheconclusionthat,contrarytoallreasoning,socialinjustices,stillheldstrong,foundthepowerofreasontobeinsufficient,andtherefore,appealedtosentimentasameansofachievinghappinessandsocialjustice.OliverGoldsmithTh

36、eVicarofWakefieldthedepravityofthearistocratsandcorruptionoftownlifearecontrastedtoidyllofquitefamilyhappiness,patriarchallifeinthebosomofnatureandpeaceablemannersofthevillageLaurenceSterneTristanShandy,SentimentalJourneythestyleandstructureofwhicharetheveryantithesisofrationallycomposednovels,revea

37、lapurelyemotionalapproachtolifeonthepartofthenarratorSterneisfullofpityandcompassionforthepoorandtheafflicted.ButthoughhescoffsatprejudicesandsingspraisetolibertyheisinferiortoSwiftandFieldinginthebroadandcriticalportrayalofcontemporarylife.SympathyforthepeasantO.GoldsmithTheDesertedVillageThomasGra

38、yElegy,WritteninaCountryChurchyardGeorgeCrabbleTheVillagePre-romanticismAnotherconspicuoustrendintheEnglishliteratureofthelatterhalfofthe18centurywastheso-calledpre-romanticism.ItoriginatedamongtheconservativesgroupofmenoflettersasareactionsagainstenlightenmentandfounditsmostmanifestexpressionintheG

39、othienovel”,thetermsarisingfromthefactthatthegreaterpartofsuchromanceweredevotedtothemedievaltimes.HoraceWalpoleTheCastleofOrantoEvilforcesreignintheworld,anditisfutiletostruggleagainstonesfate.ThemysteriouselementplaysanenormousroleontheGothicnovel;itissorepletewithbloodcurdlingscenesandunnaturalfe

40、elingsthatitisjustlycalled“anovelofhorrors”AnnRadcliff.TheMysteriesofUdolphoWilliamBlakeInspiteofhismysticism,wrotepoemsfullofhumanfeelingsandsympathyfortheoppressedpeopleEndThetaskofupholdingrevolutionarystruggleofthepeoplefortheirrightsinthe18centurywasinitiatedbyRobertBurnsandlatertakenupinthe19c

41、enturybythewritersofrevolutionaryromanticism.DanielDefoeFourfactsstandoutclearly,whichhelpthereadertounderstandthecharactersofhisworks.FactsExplanationDefoewasajack-at-alltradeHisinterestwaslargelywiththeworkingclassesandnotwithstandingmanyquestionablepractices,heseemstohavehadsomecontinuedpurposeof

42、educatingandupliftingthecommonpeopleDefoewasaradicalNon-conformistinreligion,andwasintendedbyhisfatherfortheindependentministryThepuritanzealforreformpossesseshim,andhetriedtodosobyhispen.Thesealforreformmarksallhisnumerousworks,andaccountsforthemoralizingtobefoundeverywhereDefoewasajournalistAnewsp

43、apermansinstinctformakinga“goodstory”Hewroteanimmensenumberofpamphlets,poems,andmagazinearticleDefoeknewprisonlife.HenryFieldingFieldingspositionHenryFieldingisthegreatestnovelistiftheeighteenthcentury,andoneofthegreatestthatEnglandeverproduced.FieldingscharacterPassiveAristocratsandmensetinauthorit

44、yembodyalltheevils;theypersecutetheheroesandobstructtheireverymoveandactionPositivepositivecharactersarealwayspeoplewithnatural,unpreservedfeelings,andthough“forthesakeofappearance”，andtomakethemacceptabletothe18centuryreader,JosephAndrews,themanservant,andTomeJones,thefoundling,areeventuallygivepar

45、entsofnobledescent,stilltheyhavenothingaristocraticaboutthem,andintheirfeelingsandbehavior,remaincloselyrelatedtothecommonpeopleFieldingssatireHehatesthathypocrisywhichtriestoconcealitselfunderamaskofmorality.Intheevolutionoftheplotsofhisnovels,heinvariablyputssuchcharactersinpositionwhichtearawayth

46、eirmask.Hedisplaysalmostsavagepleasureinmakingthemridiculous.JosephAndrewsCommentsFieldingsbestwork:AmeliaisthestoryofagoodlifeincontrastwithanunworthyhusbandDescriptionJosephAndrews,wasinspiredbythesuccessofRichardsonsnovelPamela,andbeganasaburlesqueofthefalsesentimentalityandtheconventionalvirtues

47、ofRichardsonsheroine(PamelaRichardsonRichardson,whohasnohumor,whominceswords,andmoralizes,anddotesonthesentimentalwoesofhisheroinesFieldingFieldingisdirect,vigorous,hilarious,andcoarsetothepointofvulgarity.Heisfullofanimalspirits,andhetellsthestoryofavagabondlife,notforthesakeofmoralizing,likeDefoe,

48、butsimplybecauseitinterestshimandhisonlyconcernsis“tolaughmenoutoftheirfbllies.”Sohisstory,thoughitaboundsinunpleasantincidents,generallyleavesthereaderwiththestrongimpressionofreality.JonathanSwiftTheeighteenthcenturyinEnglishliteratureisanageofprose,butbecausethepoetryisverybadbutbecausetheproseis

49、verygood.WriterspositionThesuprememasterinthefirstpartofthecentury,thenameofJonathanSwiftisoneoftheverygreatestnamesinEnglishliteratureGulliverSTravelspositionThebookisaclassicanddevastatingsatireonthehumanrace.GulliverSTravelspowerThesecretofthepoweristhatthereisnovisiblesignofanger,norraisingthevo

50、ice;thetoneiscold,restrained,ironic,variedonlybysomeflashedoffoolingwhenSwiftssenseoftheridiculousgetsthebetterofhim.GeneraldescriptionTheplotofthebookcomprisestheextraordinaryadventureofDoctorLemuelGulliver,descriptionoffantasticlandsvisitedbyhim,theirsocialssystems,waysandcustomsoftheirinhabitants

51、HouhnhnmsHorsearetherealpeopleandhumanbeings,Yahoos,aretheirfilthyservant,hasasavagepowerunequalledinEnglishliteratureoranyliteratureLilliputiansGulliverisagiantamongthem,andwiththegiantsamongwhomGulliverisapygmyTheTaleofaTubSatireonthevariouschurchesandreligionofthedayOliverGoldsmithGeneralcomments

52、Allhiswritingispervadedbyagentleandagenuinefeelingthatavoidssentimentalitywithconsummateskill.PoetryHemakestherimmingcoupletsasnaturalandsimpleashisprose.ThereafewdescriptiveandreflectivepoemsintheEnglishlanguagethathavekepttheirfreshnessashasTheDesertedVillage.ComedyTheGood-naturedManandSheStoopsto

53、Conquermetwithoppositionbecausethefashionwasthenforsentimentalcomedy.Goldsmithssuccessmarkedareturntothecomedyformanners,withwitandfunasessentialingredients.WithSheridanSheridansRivalsandSchoolforScandalandSheStoopstoConqueraretheonlyplaysoftheeighteenthcenturythathavebeenkeptaliveuponthemodernstage

54、WilliamBlakeCommentOfalltheromanticpoetsoftheeighteenthcentury,Blakeisthemostindependentandthemostoriginal,followingnomanslead,andobeyingnovoicebutthatheheardinhisownmysticsoulSongsofInnocenceHefirstshowedthemusicalcastofhismind.Theirunderlyingthemeistheall-pervadingpresenceofdivineandsympathy,eveni

55、ntroubleandsorrow.TheBookofThelSimilarthemewiththeSongsofInnocence:themaidenThellamentsthevanityandtransienceoflife,andisansweredbylily,thecloud,thewormandtheclod;theyexplaintheprincipleofmutualself-sacrificeandthedeathmeansanewbirth.TheSongsofExperienceAsenseofgloomandmystery,andofthepowerofevil.We

56、findagainaprotestagainstrestrictivecodesandexaltationofthespiritoflove.TheRomanticPeriodBackgroundIndustrialRevolutionandFrenchRevolutionhadastronginfluenceinBritainliterature.Fightingfor“Liberty,EqualityandFraternity”alsobecomesBritishnationalspirit.EdmundBurkeReflectionsontheRevolutioninFranceAnan

57、ti-revolutionarymanifestoforallreactionariesinEurope.“Hepitiedtheplumageandforgotthedyingbird.”asThomasPainesaid.ThomasPaineTheRightsofManPoliticsisthebusinessofthewholemassofcommonpeopleandnotonlyofagoverningoligarchy.Peoplewouldnotlikeagovernmentthatfailedtosecurepeople“life,libertyandthepursuitof

58、happiness.”AgeofWordsworthMarkRomanticismprevailedduringtheperiodof1798-1832,beginningwiththepublicationofWordsworthsLyricalBallads,endingwithWalterScottsdeath.SpiritThegreatliteraryimpulseoftheageistheimpulseofIndividualisminawonderfulvariedofforms.WhyItsgreatmenofgeniusweremostlyeminentinthepoetic

59、alfield,distinctionwasmoreeasilyachievedinpoetrythaninprose,andthegeneraltastewasdecidedlysetinthepoeticdirection.PhenomenonForpoetryisthehighestformofliteraryexpression,andpoetryseemstohavebeenmostinharmonywiththenoblestpowersoftheEnglishgenius.Theyoungenthusiaststurnedasnaturallytopoetryasahappyma

60、ntosinging.LiteraturePoetryScott,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,Shelly,Keats,Moore,andSoutheyThegloryoftheageisinthepoetryProseScottattainedaverywidereadingNovelJaneAustenslowlywonfortheirauthorsasecureplaceinthehistoryofEnglishliteratureEssayCharlesLambDramaTheonlygreatliteraryformthatwasnotadequatelyr