1、從句可分為定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句，它們是中學(xué)階段的重要語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目。定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性從句，相當(dāng)于形容詞的用法，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)其性質(zhì)、特征進(jìn)行描述，先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中一般充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)等。狀語(yǔ)從句是副詞性從句，相當(dāng)于副詞的用法，其功能是在復(fù)合句中作狀語(yǔ)。根據(jù)狀語(yǔ)從句的含義，狀語(yǔ)從句一般可以充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式和比較等從句。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，一般在句子中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)。三大從句的考查歷年都是高考的重點(diǎn)，關(guān)聯(lián)詞的選擇是高考的主要考點(diǎn)，定語(yǔ)從句中對(duì)which的考查，賓語(yǔ)從句中對(duì)what和that的考查，讓步、時(shí)間

2、和條件狀語(yǔ)從句的考查是重中之重。 一、三大從句的區(qū)別三大從句存在一定的關(guān)聯(lián)性，應(yīng)抓住關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)，確定是何從句。試比較：It is known to all that the moon travels around the earth.(主語(yǔ)從句)As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth.(定語(yǔ)從句)What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.(主語(yǔ)從句與表語(yǔ)從句)The news (that/which) they won the match is t

3、rue.(同位語(yǔ)從句)The news that you told me yesterday is true. (定語(yǔ)從句)This is such a difficult problem as few of us can solve.(定語(yǔ)從句)This is such a difficult problem that few of us can solve it.(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)He has found the book (that/which) he lost.(定語(yǔ)從句)He has found the book where he lost it.(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句)高考體驗(yàn)1(2013陜

4、西卷)_is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.AIt BThat CWhat DAs答案D考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。句意：對(duì)于孩子來(lái)說經(jīng)常會(huì)有這樣的情況發(fā)生，當(dāng)醫(yī)生到達(dá)時(shí)，Amy(比之前)好多了。根據(jù)句意并分析句子成分可知，空處引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，指代后面整個(gè)句子，又因?yàn)樵诰涫祝砸胊s引導(dǎo)該定語(yǔ)從句，as在從句中作主語(yǔ)。2(2013重慶卷)_struck me most in the movie was the fathers deep love for his so

5、n.AThat BIt CWhat DWhich答案C考查主語(yǔ)從句。句意：這部電影最打動(dòng)我的是父親對(duì)他兒子深深的愛。“_struck me most in the movie”為主語(yǔ)從句，所填詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，表示“什么”，故用what引導(dǎo)。二、三大從句各自的關(guān)聯(lián)詞定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞之分；名詞性從句連接詞分為連詞、連接代詞和連接副詞。狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞也有意義和結(jié)構(gòu)之分，因此，選擇關(guān)聯(lián)詞要綜合各方面因素來(lái)考慮。注意以下幾點(diǎn)：(1)what不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。(2)whether/if不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。(3)that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 (4)that既可引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句也可以引導(dǎo)

6、同位語(yǔ)從句，但that在定語(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，而that在同位語(yǔ)從句中不作成分，只起連接作用。(5)which在定語(yǔ)從句中常可以替換that，但在名詞性從句中不可以替換。高考體驗(yàn)1(2011陜西卷)_all of them are strong candidates, only one will be chosen for the post. ASince BWhile CIf DAs答案B考查狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：雖然他們都是很強(qiáng)的候選人，但是只有一個(gè)人能被選來(lái)?yè)?dān)任這一職務(wù)。根據(jù)句意應(yīng)該選B, while 此處意為“雖然” 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。2(2011上海卷)There is clea

7、r evidence _ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.Awhat Bif Chow Dthat答案D考查同位語(yǔ)從句。句意：有確鑿的證據(jù)表明，所有感覺中最難演繹的是身體上的痛苦。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格處引導(dǎo)的是evidence的同位語(yǔ)從句，從句結(jié)構(gòu)和意義完整，故用that引導(dǎo)。3(2010新課標(biāo)卷)As a child, Jack studied in a village school，_is named after his grandfather.Awhich Bwhere Cwhat Dthat答案

8、A考查定語(yǔ)從句。題干中先行詞的后面有逗號(hào)，故后面的定語(yǔ)從句為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，而定語(yǔ)從句中is前缺少主語(yǔ)，故只能用關(guān)系代詞which。三、定語(yǔ)從句中which的考查which既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，高考中的考查重點(diǎn)是which在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，常代指整個(gè)主句。We have launched another manmade satellite, which is announced in todays newspaper. (2013天津卷)報(bào)紙新聞報(bào)道說，我們又發(fā)射了一顆人造衛(wèi)星。高考體驗(yàn)1(20

9、13江蘇卷)The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China，_ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.Awhere Bwhich Cwhat Dwhen答案B考查定語(yǔ)從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，“_he remembers starting as early as his childhood”為定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是passion，且空處在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，因此選which。2(2013安徽卷)Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for

10、 Literature in 2012，_made one of the Chinese peoples longheld dreams come true.Ait Bthat Cwhat Dwhich答案D考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：莫言獲得了2012年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，這使得中國(guó)人民很久以來(lái)的一個(gè)夢(mèng)想得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。此處為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾整個(gè)主句。it和what不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，可排除；that不能用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。四、定語(yǔ)從句中where的考查where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，主要有以下兩種情況：(1)表示具體的地點(diǎn)Stephen Hawking believes that the

11、earth is unlikely to be the only planet where life has developed gradually.(2010福建卷)史蒂芬霍金認(rèn)為，地球可能不是唯一有生命進(jìn)化的行星。(2)表示模糊的地點(diǎn)和抽象意義的地點(diǎn)(常見的先行詞有race, job, activity, case, situation, point, position, stage, degree等)They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他們已經(jīng)到了必須分手的地步。高考體驗(yàn)1(201

12、3新課標(biāo)卷)When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house _I would be staying.Awhat Bwhen Cwhere Dwhich答案C考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：當(dāng)我到達(dá)時(shí)，布萊恩帶我去看了我即將居住的房子。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處為定語(yǔ)從句，從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞where來(lái)引導(dǎo)。2(2013江西卷)He wrote a letter _ he explained what had happened in the accident.Awhat Bwhich Cwhere Dhow答案C考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：他寫了一封信，在信中

13、他解釋了在那起事故中發(fā)生了什么。分析句子成分可知，空處引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，a letter是先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故用where引導(dǎo)。where在這里相當(dāng)于in which。五、名詞性從句中what的考查what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)表示“所有的事物、東西，凡是的事物”，充當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of what others actually understand.(what在從句中作賓語(yǔ))(2011上海卷)你想用語(yǔ)言所傳達(dá)的信息可能與他人

14、所理解的恰恰相反。高考體驗(yàn)1(2013新課標(biāo)卷)Police have found _ appears to be the lost ancient statue.Awhich Bwhere Chow Dwhat答案D考查名詞性從句。句意：警察找到的東西似乎是那尊丟失的古代雕像。分析句子成分可知，空處引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，且在從句中作主語(yǔ)，故用what。2(2013北京卷)_makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.AThat BWhat CWho DWhich答案B考查主語(yǔ)從句。句意：讓這本書如

15、此非凡的是作者創(chuàng)造性的想象力。所填詞引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作主語(yǔ)，故選B。六、名詞性從句中that的考查that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，沒有詞義，不作句子的任何成分，只起連接詞的作用。Experts believe that people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary. (2013北京卷)專家認(rèn)為可以通過只有需要食物時(shí)才購(gòu)物這一方法減少食物的浪費(fèi)。高考體驗(yàn)1(2013山東卷)Its good to know _the dogs will be well cared for while were away.Awha

16、t Bwhose Cwhich Dthat答案D考查賓語(yǔ)從句。句意：得知我們離開時(shí)狗會(huì)得到很好的照顧真高興。分析句子成分可知，所填詞引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，而且在從句中不作任何句子成分，故選D。2(2012北京卷)Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt _he could have expressed it differently.Awhy Bhow Cthat Dwhether答案C 考查賓語(yǔ)從句。句意：Jerry不后悔給出評(píng)論，但是覺得自己本來(lái)可以用不同的方式來(lái)表達(dá)。that he could have expressed it differ

17、ently是由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，作felt的賓語(yǔ)。that在從句中不作成分。七、名詞性從句中whether的考查whether為連詞，在從句中不作任何成分，意為“是否”， 表示不肯定，不把握，有疑問等意義。It doesnt matter whether you pay by cash or credit card in this store.(2012山東卷)在這家商店，你是用現(xiàn)金還是信用卡支付都沒有關(guān)系。高考體驗(yàn)1(2013陜西卷)It remains to be seen _the newly formed committees policy can be put into pra

18、ctice.Athat Bwhich Cwhat Dwhether答案D考查主語(yǔ)從句。句意：這個(gè)新形成的委員會(huì)的政策能否實(shí)施還有待觀察。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，It作形式主語(yǔ)，而真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的從句“_the newly formed committees policy can be put into practice”；再根據(jù)句意來(lái)判斷，此處表示“是否”的意思。故選D。2(2012安徽卷)The limits of a persons intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but_he reaches these limits

19、 will depend on his environment.Awhere Bwhether Cthat Dwhy答案B考查主語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意：一個(gè)人的智力極限，通常來(lái)說，出生時(shí)就已經(jīng)定型了，但他是否能夠達(dá)到這些極限則取決于他的生活環(huán)境。根據(jù)“depend on”可知，主語(yǔ)從句“ _ he reaches these limits”中含有不確定因素，故用whether，選B。 八、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的常用連詞有 although, though, even if, even though, as(從句需要倒裝), while (一般置于句首), no matter 疑問詞， 疑問詞

20、ever。While I always felt I would pass the exam, I never thought I would get an A(2012湖南卷)盡管我一直覺得自己能通過考試，但是我從未想到會(huì)得A。However serious a problem you may have, you should gather your courage to face the challenge.(2010上海卷)不論你的問題有多嚴(yán)重，你都應(yīng)該鼓起勇氣，接受挑戰(zhàn)。高考體驗(yàn)1(2013江蘇卷)In the global economy, a new drug for cancer

21、, _it is discovered, will create many economic possibilities around the world.Awhatever BwhoeverCwherever Dwhichever答案C考查狀語(yǔ)從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，“_it is discovered”為狀語(yǔ)從句，空處在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，因此選wherever“無(wú)論在哪里”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。2(2013四川卷)He is so busy. He cannot afford enough time with his son _he wants to.Aeven if Bas ifCbeca

22、use Dbefore答案A考查狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：他很忙。即使他想陪他的兒子也沒有足夠的時(shí)間。even if引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句；as if引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句；because引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句；before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help.(2011浙江卷)一個(gè)星期五，我們正在收拾行李去度周末，這時(shí)我的女兒聽到求救的呼喊。(2)下列結(jié)構(gòu)表示“一就”：as soon as, immediately, directly, instantl

23、y, the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner .than ., hardly/scarcely .when .The moment I heard the voice，I knew father was coming.我一聽到那個(gè)聲音就知道父親來(lái)了。He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering.(2011遼寧卷)No sooner had he finished his speech than the students started chee

24、ring.他剛完成演講學(xué)生們就開始?xì)g呼起來(lái)。 (3)before表示“還未就；不到就；才；趁；還沒來(lái)得及就”。The girl had hardly rung the bell before the door was opened suddenly, and her friend rushed out to greet her.(2010福建卷)小女孩還沒來(lái)得及按門鈴，門就突然開了，并且她的朋友沖出來(lái)問候她。It will be一段時(shí)間before .“多久之后才”。It is一段時(shí)間since .“自從多久了”。It will be half a year before I come bac

25、k.還得再過半年我才能回來(lái)。 (4) by the timeby the time 表示“到的時(shí)候”。當(dāng)從句是用它引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，主句要用完成時(shí)。By the time you come back, well have finished the job.當(dāng)你回來(lái)的時(shí)候，我們將已完成這項(xiàng)工作。He had planted 10 trees by the time we arrived.我們到的時(shí)候，他已經(jīng)種了10棵樹了。高考體驗(yàn)1(2013湖南卷)You must learn to consult your feelings and your reason _you reach any d

26、ecision.Aalthough BbeforeCbecause Dunless答案B考查時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：作任何決定之前你都要顧及自己的情感和理智。此處用before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。“顧及自己的情感和理智”與“作任何決定”是一種先后關(guān)系，前者在后者之前，因此用before。2(2011四川卷)As is reported, it is 100 years_Qinghua University was founded.Awhen BbeforeCafter Dsince答案D考查狀語(yǔ)從句。since conj. “自以來(lái)，從以后”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：據(jù)報(bào)道，自清華大學(xué)建立以來(lái)已有一

27、百年了。It is一段時(shí)間since從句表示“自從以來(lái)已有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了”。十、條件狀語(yǔ)從句條件狀語(yǔ)從句的常用連詞有if, unless, as/so long as(只要), only if(位于句首主句要倒裝), in case, on condition that等。Once they decide which college to go to, students should research the admission procedures.(2010北京卷)學(xué)生一旦決定上哪所大學(xué)，他們就應(yīng)該了解一下入學(xué)手續(xù)。高考體驗(yàn)1(2013江西卷)She says that shell have

28、to close the shop _business improves.Aif Bunless Cafter Dwhen答案B考查狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：她說她將不得不關(guān)掉商店，除非生意好轉(zhuǎn)。根據(jù)句意可知選B項(xiàng)。2(2013重慶卷)_ we have enough evidence, we cant win the case.AOnce BAs long asCUnless DSince答案C考查狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：除非有足夠的證據(jù)，否則我們就不能勝訴。unless“除非”；once“一旦”；as long as“只要”；since“既然”。根據(jù)句意可知C項(xiàng)正確。一、“介詞定語(yǔ)從句”中介詞的選擇及其后關(guān)

29、系詞的選擇(1)介詞后的關(guān)系代詞主要有which和whom。(2)在“介詞定語(yǔ)從句”中，介詞的選擇常常依據(jù)下面三點(diǎn)(1)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境選介詞(2)根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)部分的搭配選介詞(3)根據(jù)先行詞選介詞In the dark street，there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的大街上沒有一個(gè)人能為她提供幫助。(to與從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成搭配turn to“求助于”)Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which( whose price) was very reas

30、onable.最近我買了個(gè)古代的花瓶，它的價(jià)錢很合理。高考體驗(yàn)1(2011江西卷)She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _had taken more than three years.Afor which Bwith whichCof which Dto which答案C句意：她帶著游客參觀這座博物館花了三年多才建成的建筑。 the construction of(的建筑)，which指代 the museum。 2(2009陜西卷)Gun control is a subject_Americans have

31、 argued for a long time.Aof which Bwith whichCabout which Dinto which答案C考查定語(yǔ)從句。argue about sth“對(duì)展開爭(zhēng)論”，由此可知C項(xiàng)正確。二、從句中句子的語(yǔ)序從句一般采用陳述句語(yǔ)序，引導(dǎo)詞及其修飾詞置于從句句首，但要注意有些時(shí)候用倒裝。When they will come hasnt been made public.他們什么時(shí)候來(lái)還沒公開。高考體驗(yàn)1(2013新課標(biāo)卷)“You cant judge a book by its cover，”_Aas the saying goes old Bgoes as

32、 the old sayingCas the old saying goes Dgoes as old the saying答案C考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。句意：正如古語(yǔ)所說，“你不能以貌取人”。此處as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的整個(gè)句子。2(2011遼寧卷)No matter how_，it is not necessarily lifeless.Aa desert may be dry Bdry a desert may be Cmay a desert be dry Ddry may a desert be 答案B考查句子語(yǔ)序。句意：無(wú)論沙漠多么干，它并不一定沒有生命存在。首先，how

33、 后面緊跟的應(yīng)是其修飾的形容詞dry，故排除A、C兩項(xiàng)；此外，此處要用陳述句語(yǔ)序，故B項(xiàng)正確。一、定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的比較判斷是定語(yǔ)從句還是同位語(yǔ)從句可以用“加詞”的方法，即在名詞和從句之間加入一個(gè)be動(dòng)詞，如果句子意思成立，則是同位語(yǔ)從句，否則，則是定語(yǔ)從句。試比較：The notice that meeting had to be put off was true.(同位語(yǔ)從句)The notice that he read just now was true.(定語(yǔ)從句)高考體驗(yàn)(2012江蘇卷)The notice came around two in the afternoon_t

34、he meeting would be postponed.Awhen Bthat Cwhether Dhow答案B考查同位語(yǔ)從句。分析句子成分可知，“_the meeting would be postponed”是同位語(yǔ)從句，解釋說明notice的具體內(nèi)容，從句句意完整，且不缺少成分，所以用that引導(dǎo)。二、定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句的比較當(dāng)涉及“地點(diǎn)”時(shí)，判斷是定語(yǔ)從句還是狀語(yǔ)從句的依據(jù)：看句中是否有先行詞。試比較：Lets have a short meeting where we met last time.(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，修飾動(dòng)詞have，表示開會(huì)的地方)This is the place

35、 where we had a meeting last time.(定語(yǔ)從句，在句中作定語(yǔ)修飾先行詞the place)高考體驗(yàn)1(2013北京卷)Many countries are now setting up national parks _animals and plants can be protected.Awhen BwhichCwhose Dwhere答案D考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：許多國(guó)家現(xiàn)在正在建立國(guó)家公園，動(dòng)植物可以在這里得到保護(hù)。where animals and plants can be protected是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞national parks，關(guān)系副詞wh

36、ere在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。2(2012天津卷)Everything was placed exactly _he wanted it for the graduation ceremony.Awhile Bwhen Cwhere Dthough答案C考查狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：在畢業(yè)典禮上，一切東西都放在他想放的位置。此處where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。三、定語(yǔ)從句與并列句的比較區(qū)分定語(yǔ)從句與并列句，要注意句中的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和連接詞。如果句與句之間有并列連詞and，but或者分號(hào)，則是并列句；如果是逗號(hào)，且逗號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的補(bǔ)充說明，則是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，應(yīng)該使用關(guān)系詞。試比較：She brought

37、 with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before.(定語(yǔ)從句)She brought with her three friends, and none of them I had ever met before.(并列句)高考體驗(yàn)(2013重慶卷)John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of _are family members.Athem Bthat Cwhich Dwhom答案D考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：約翰邀請(qǐng)了大約四十個(gè)人參加他的婚禮，其中大部分是家庭成員。該定

38、語(yǔ)從句的先行詞指人，且“most of _”在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，空處位于介詞后，故用關(guān)系代詞whom引導(dǎo)。四、定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)分區(qū)分是定語(yǔ)從句還是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，看從句中是否缺少句子成分，如果去掉it is/was和that/who，結(jié)構(gòu)仍完整，則為強(qiáng)調(diào)句，反之，則為定語(yǔ)從句。試比較：It was in the hospital that he came across a friend of his.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)It was the hospital where he came across a friend of his.(定語(yǔ)從句)此外，高考時(shí)常將定語(yǔ)從句與省略、強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)合起來(lái)在具體語(yǔ)境中進(jìn)行考查，

39、所以，我們?cè)诮忸}時(shí)不能只考慮語(yǔ)法，還應(yīng)注意實(shí)際交際功能。如：Where did you get to know her?It was on the farm where we worked.高考體驗(yàn)(2013重慶卷)It was with the help of the local guide _the mountain climber was rescued.Awho Bthat Cwhen Dhow答案B考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句。句意：在當(dāng)?shù)貙?dǎo)游的幫助下，這個(gè)登山運(yùn)動(dòng)員才得以獲救。強(qiáng)調(diào)句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：It is/was被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that/who .五、定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的比較關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句

40、中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)；關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。注意：先行詞是地點(diǎn)名詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞不一定用where；先行詞是時(shí)間名詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞不一定用when；先行詞是reason時(shí)，關(guān)系詞不一定用why。試比較：This is the factory where I worked last year.This is the factory (that/which) I visited last year.I will never forget the day when I worked with them.I will never forget the day (that/which) I spen

41、t with them.This is the reason why he was absent from school.This is the reason (that/which) he explained for his absence from school.以上例句中visit，spend和explain為及物動(dòng)詞，從句中缺少賓語(yǔ)，故應(yīng)用that/which引導(dǎo)。高考體驗(yàn)1(2013四川卷)Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment _they live.Awhat BwhichCwhen Dwhere答案D考查定

42、語(yǔ)從句。句意：現(xiàn)在人們更加關(guān)心他們所居住的環(huán)境。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為environment，關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，所以用關(guān)系副詞where。2(2012全國(guó)卷)That evening，_I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.Athat Bwhich Cwhat Dwhen答案B考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：那天晚上，我工作到很晚，我以后會(huì)告訴你更多相關(guān)的情況。which I will tell you more about later是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，which在從句中作about

43、的賓語(yǔ)，代指that evening。 六、定語(yǔ)從句中as與which的比較(1)as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句放在主句之前、主句之后或者插在主句中間皆可，表示眾所周知或意料之中的事；而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句則只能放在主句之后。(2)當(dāng)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)為be announced, be expected, be known, be reported, be said, be shown等被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用as引導(dǎo)。(3)as表示整個(gè)主句內(nèi)容時(shí)，有時(shí)含有“正如；正像”等意思，而which無(wú)此意。(4)在下列固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞as代表整個(gè)主句所述的內(nèi)容，一般不用which。例如：as

44、 we know 眾所周知as has been said before 如前所述as is often the case 情況常常如此試比較：Li Ming was late for school again, which made Mr. Zhang very angry.You know, as we expected, Li Ming was late for school again.As is known to all, China is in the east of Asia.高考體驗(yàn)1(2013山東卷)There is no simple answer, _is often t

45、he case in science.Aas Bthat Cwhen Dwhere答案A考查定語(yǔ)從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該題為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，所填詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)。that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，where和when不能作主語(yǔ)，所以選as。2(2011北京卷)Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _， of course, made all the others upset.Awho Bwhich Cwhat Dthat答案B考查定語(yǔ)從句。which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，指代整個(gè)主句部分的內(nèi)容。七、定語(yǔ)從句中wh

46、o, whom與whose的比較who在引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，whom作賓語(yǔ)，whose作定語(yǔ)，其中who也可以代替whom作賓語(yǔ)，但who不能位于介詞后；who與whom只能指人，whose既可指人又可指物。試比較：He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.Do you know the man who(m) Mr. Black talked with just now?Do you know the man with whom Mr. Black talked just now?We live in the ro

47、om, whose window faces the south.高考體驗(yàn)1(2013湖南卷)Happiness and success often come to those _are good at recognizing their own strengths.Awhom Bwho Cwhat Dwhich答案B考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：幸福和成功往往降臨到那些善于意識(shí)到自己優(yōu)點(diǎn)的人的身上。先行詞是those，關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，因此用關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，故答案為B。2(2012天津卷)I wish to thank Professor Smith, without _help I

48、would never have got this far.Awho Bwhose Cwhom Dwhich答案B考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。句意：我想感謝史密斯教授，沒有他的幫助我不會(huì)取得這樣的成績(jī)。從句中的help是名詞，與Professor Smith是所屬關(guān)系，故用whose。八、名詞性從句中what與that的比較that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，也沒有任何含義；what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，在從句中要充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。試比較：What he said made me angry.That he said so made me angry.That we need more

49、time is clear.What we need is more time.高考體驗(yàn)1(2013四川卷)_you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.AWhen BHow CWhat DThat答案C考查名詞性從句。句意：你在會(huì)上所說的話描述了公司的光明前景。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，且在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，故用what。2(2012江西卷)It suddenly occurred to him_ he had left his keys in the office.Awhether BwhereC

50、which Dthat答案D考查連詞。It occurs/occurred to sb that .是固定句型，表示“某人突然想起”。it是形式主語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)的從句作真正的主語(yǔ)。九、名詞性從句中whether與if的比較whether和if在賓語(yǔ)從句中可以互換，但介詞后一般用whether，在其他情況下用whether而不用if。試比較：I wonder whether/if you would like to join us in the outing this weekend.I have no idea whether he will come to help us.Whether

51、you can come or not makes a difference.高考體驗(yàn)(2012天津卷)It doesnt matter_ you turn right or left at the crossingboth roads lead to the park.Awhether Bhow Cif Dwhen答案A考查名詞性從句。句意：在十字路口無(wú)論你向右轉(zhuǎn)還是向左轉(zhuǎn)都沒關(guān)系，兩條路都通向公園。句中的It是形式主語(yǔ)，whether引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。whether . or .意為“是還是，不管還是”。十、名詞性從句中whichever與whoever及whatever的比較whoever與

52、whatever表泛指，意為“無(wú)論誰(shuí)”，“無(wú)論什么”；whichever表示在特定范圍內(nèi)選擇，意為“無(wú)論的哪一個(gè)、哪一些”。試比較：We have plenty of books. You may take whichever you like.Its generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants.Whichever of them gains the most points wins the competition.Whoever leaves the room last should close t

53、he door.高考體驗(yàn)1(2013江蘇卷)_one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.AWhoever BWhateverCWhichever DWherever答案C考查主語(yǔ)從句。句意：你們中任何一人打破窗戶都必須賠償。根據(jù)題干中的one of you可知，此空要用whichever修飾one，指“你們中的任何一個(gè)人”。2(2012陜西卷)As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose_ suits you best.Awhatever Bwhi

54、cheverCwhenever Dwherever答案B考查賓語(yǔ)從句。句意：提供給你五門功課，你可以自由選擇最適合于你的課程。賓語(yǔ)從句中缺少主語(yǔ)，故排除C、D兩項(xiàng)。因?yàn)榍懊嬉烟岢鲇形彘T課程，是有固定范圍的，故用whichever。whatever是沒有范圍的，不符合題意。十一、名詞性從句中who與whoever的比較who在名詞性從句中表示“誰(shuí)”；whoever相當(dāng)于anyone who或those who。試比較：Whoever breaks the law should be punished.Who broke the glass is still unknown.高考體驗(yàn)(2012福建

55、卷)We promise _attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.Awho BwhomC.whoever Dwhomever答案C考查連接代詞。句意：我們承諾給參加聚會(huì)的人一個(gè)同電影明星照相的機(jī)會(huì)。此處考查賓語(yǔ)從句，且從句中缺少主語(yǔ)，故排除B、D兩項(xiàng)。whoever 相當(dāng)于anyone who，強(qiáng)調(diào)任何一個(gè)人，故選C。十二、名詞性從句中why與because的比較why引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)意思是“為什么”，可在從句中作主、賓、表、同位語(yǔ)從句；because意思是“因?yàn)椤保灰龑?dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。試比較：He

56、 was late. Thats because he was stuck in the traffic jam.He was stuck in the traffic jam. Thats why he was late.高考體驗(yàn)(2013安徽卷)From space, the earth looks blue. This is _about seventyone percent of its surface is covered by water.Awhy Bhow Cbecause Dwhether答案C考查名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意：從太空中看，地球是藍(lán)色的。這是因?yàn)樗砻婕s百分之七十一

57、都被水覆蓋著。此處考查的是表語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，主要涉及because和why引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別。分析前后兩句之間的邏輯關(guān)系可知，此處為“前果后因”，應(yīng)用because，故選C。十三、as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句與although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的比較although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句句子為正常語(yǔ)序，而as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句用倒裝。試比較：Although he worked hard, he failed in the exam.Hard as he worked, he failed in the exam.高考體驗(yàn)1(2012陜西卷)Hot _the night air was, we slept

58、 deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.Aalthough BasCwhile Dhowever答案B考查倒裝句。句意：盡管夜間的空氣很熱，但我們睡得很沉，因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)途旅行之后，我們太累了。as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從句用倒裝語(yǔ)序，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：名詞/形容詞/副詞/動(dòng)詞as主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。although與while也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，但它們不能用倒裝語(yǔ)序。2(2011天津卷)_regular exercise is very important, its never a good idea to exercise too clo

59、se to bedtime.AIf BAs CAlthough DUnless答案C考查連詞。句意：盡管有規(guī)律的鍛煉是很重要的，但是在臨近就寢的時(shí)候進(jìn)行鍛煉絕不是一個(gè)好主意。根據(jù)句意可知，此處是一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，故用 although 引導(dǎo)。十四、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中since與before的比較since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句表示“自從以來(lái)”，主句常用完成時(shí)；before表示“在之前；還未就；還未來(lái)得及就”等，常構(gòu)成句式：It was not long before .，It will be some time before .等。試比較：He hung up before I could explain what had happened.It is three years since he came to work in our school.It w