1、 英語修辭方法和要求English Rhetoric DevicesEnglish Rhetoric DevicesFigures of speech (修辭)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or wri

2、ting figuratively. English Rhetoric DevicesRhetoric devices make your speeches, essays etc. more interesting and lively and help you to get and keep your readers / listeners attention. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.Simile：(明喻） It is an expressed likeness, whic

3、h makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.Simile：(明喻）e.g. As cold water is to a thirsty soul, so is goo

4、d news from a far country.Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope.He bellowed like a bull seeking combat.Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. Metaphor：(暗喻）e.g. The world is a

5、stage. The fountain of knowledge will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learning.Your eye is the lamp of your body; when your eye is sound, your whole body is full of light; but when it is not sound, your body is full of darkness. Analogy: (類比）It is also a form of compar

6、ison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. The pattern is : A is to B as C is to D借助一些共同的相似之點來做平行的比較，比明喻和暗喻著眼點更廣闊。 Analogy: (類比）e.g. Sho

7、e is to foot as tire is to wheel.Followers are to a leader as planets are to a sun .Shells were to ancient cultures as dollar bills are to modern culture. Personification: (擬人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(賦予) to inanimate(無生命的) objects, or to ideas and

8、abstractions(抽象). 把事、物、觀念等擬作人，賦予它們以人的思想, 感情與行為方式。Personification: (擬人）e.g. The wind whistled through the trees.Money talks; money prints; money broadcasts; money reigns. Hyperbole: (夸張）It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. 在真實的基礎上有意言過其實以更好地反映事物的本質。Hyperbole:

9、(夸張）e.g. He almost died laughing.Hamlet: I love Ophelia: forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum.His eloquence would split rocks.My legs weigh three tons.Understatement(低調陳述/含蓄陳述)It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of e

10、mphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it or minimizing the importance, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. 輕描淡寫地陳述一種想法。UnderstatementYou know I would be a little disappointed if you were to be hit by a drunk driver

11、 at two a.m., so I hope you will be home early. The face wasnt a bad one: it had what they called charm.(正話反說，反映說話者的矜持)The man is no fool. 這個人決不是個傻瓜Yes, I know a little about rocks. ( A rock expert says)Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(無冒犯) expression for one that

12、 may offend or suggest something unpleasant. 用比較溫和的詞代替粗魯的詞或使人不愉快的詞， 用通行的詞代替禁忌的詞。Euphemism: (委婉）e.g. Charles Shively, 94, passed away at home and went to be with the Lord on April 22, 2004, from natural causes.He went to sleep peacefullybut forever. (be called to God; be no more; go to his long home;

13、 be gone to a better land)funeralmemorial service graveyard memory garden. Metonymy (轉喻/借代）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the meaning of one thing for that of another. 用一個單詞代替另外一個在概念上有關聯的單詞Metonymy (轉喻/借代）e.g. The pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces/war).

14、Beware of bottle. (謹防喝醉酒) The red eyes walked into the classroom.He has a good ear for music. 他善于欣賞音樂。 He has a sharp tongue.他言語尖刻。 Synecdoche (提喻）Synecdoche is some kind of generalization or specification that involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. 用局部代替整體，單

15、個代替類別，具體代替抽象；或反過來。 Synecdoche (提喻）They say theres bread and work for all. Turning our long boat round on the last morning required all hands on deck (hands = people)Troops halt the drivers (troops = soldiers) She wore gold around her neck. (gold = chain) Pun: (雙關語）It is a play on words, or rather a

16、play on the form and meaning of words. 一個詞在上下文中有雙重或更多的含義。英語中常用同形異義詞（拼寫相同但意義不同）或同音異義詞（發音相同或相似，拼寫與意義不同）來造成雙關的效果。Pun: (雙關語）e.g. A cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here “arms” has two meanings: a persons body; weapons carried by a soldier.)e.g. Ask for me tomorrow and you shall

17、find me a grave man. ( grave man，即是嚴肅的人，又是墳墓中的死人。) Zeugma: (軛式搭配/拈連）It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. 用一個形容詞修飾兩個名詞，其中一個修飾是通順的、規范的，另外一個修飾則是勉強的

18、、不規范的。Zeugma: (軛式搭配/拈連）e.g. With weeping eyes and grieving hearts - With weeping eyes and heartsThe sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here moon is not strong enough to burn)She was dressed in a maids cap and a bright smile. It is better to have a patched jacket than to have a pa

19、tched character. Irony: (反語/諷刺） It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. 即通常所謂的說反話，反意正說，正意反說。常用于諷刺或嘲弄的場合. Irony: (反語/諷刺）e.g. We are lucky. (when something bad happens) What you

20、said makes me feel really good. (when someone says sth unpleasant)This diligent student seldom reads more than an hour per week.Sarcasm: (諷刺）It is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a bitter manner, and its aim is to ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. e.g. Laws are like cobw

21、ebs（蜘蛛網）, which may catch small flies, but let wasps（黃蜂） break through. Paradox: (似非而是的雋語) It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study m

22、ay prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. Paradox: (似非而是的雋語)e.g. More haste, less speed.What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young. We should work hard to learn being lazy.Oxymoron: (矛盾修飾）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(結合) of two contrasti

23、ng, contradictory or incongruous(不協調) terms一種把互相矛盾或不調和的詞合在一起的修辭手法，Oxymoron: (矛盾修飾）e.g. a deafening silence震耳欲聾的沉默; a mournful optimist悲傷的樂觀. bitter-sweet memories; orderly chaos(混亂) ; proud humility(侮辱). Climax: (漸進/層進）It is derived from the Greek word for “ladder” and implies the progression of tho

24、ught at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. 一層層地推進與加強最終達到高潮或頂點。Climax: (漸進/層進）e.g. I came, I saw, I conquered.Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. The audience smiled, chuc

25、kled（竊笑）, and finally howled（捧腹大笑）.Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. 采用突然下降的手法使句意從嚴肅、深刻、重要等等的概念中急轉到滑稽、平庸、瑣細等的概念上， 從而造成一種語義上的大的反差而獲得一種鮮

26、明、幽默的交際效果。Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）What shall I do? I have lost my lover and lipstick too. An early morning walk in the foot hill of the Himalayas lifts his spirit above material concerns and inspires in him noble thoughts. It also makes him hungry.Transferred Epithet: (移就/轉類形容詞）It is a figure of

27、speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修飾) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. Transferred Epithet: (移就/轉類形容詞）e.g. I spent sleepless nights on my project. He closed his busy life at the age of 80.The Amer

28、ican society saw a gnawing蟲咬般痛苦的 poverty during the Great Depression.They talked to the foreigners in hesitant English（結結巴巴的英語）.He crashed down a protesting chair. Parody（仿擬）模仿別的固定表達方式而新創的語言表達方式 You are gin-drunk; I am creed-drunk. 你是酒醉，我是信條迷醉。 I had no outlook, but an uplook rather. My place in soc

29、iety was at the bottom. 我沒有人生觀， 但我有“上爬觀”， 我的地位在社會的最低層。 chiasmus（回文/交錯法） A grammatical figure by which the order of words in one of two of parallel clauses is inverted in the other. One of the most fascinating features of chiasmus is this “marking with an X”chiasmus（回文/交錯法）e.g. Pleasure is a sin, and

30、 sometimes sin is a pleasure1) Its not the men in my life its the life in my men.2) Home is where the great are small and the small are greatAlliteration: (頭韻）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same initial consonant sound at freque

31、nt intervals(間隔). 在詞的開頭重復相同的元音或輔音Alliteration: (頭韻）e.g. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. the wild winds of winter ; the white foam flew; the furrow followed free.Onomatopoeia: (擬聲）It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which

32、are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement.以相似的語音描摹非語言的聲音。Onomatopoeia: (擬聲）I hear the clock tick tacking, and time goes by.No one talks in these factories. Everyone is too busy. The only sounds are the snip, snip of scissors and the hum of sewing machines. Click 滴答聲 clink 丁當聲

33、 coo 咕咕聲 mew 貓叫聲 moo 牛叫聲 Antithesis: (對偶/對照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. 兩個或多個句子，結構相同，但含義相反，或者含義形成對比.Antithesis: (對偶/對照）Speech is silver; silence is golden.Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our

34、 aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe. Thats one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. -Neil Armstrong Parallelism（平行結構/排比）Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. e.g. Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle. The mediocr

35、e teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires. (William A. Ward)Parallelism（平行結構/排比） The mistakes of the fool are known to the world, but not to himself. The mistakes of the wise man are known to himself, but not to the world. (Charles Cale

36、b Colton) Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I may remember. Involve me and I will learn. (Benjamin Franklin) Repetition（反復）：repeating words or phrases : Words or phrases are repeated throughout the text to emphasize certain facts or ideas.一次地使用同一詞語或句子。Down, down, down. Would the fall never come to

37、an end! I wonder how many miles Ive fallen by this time? she said aloud. Anaphora:（首語重復法） successive clauses or sentences start with the same word(s) Every child must be taught these principles. Every citizen must uphold them. And every immigrant, by embracing these ideals, makes our country more, n

38、ot less, American.Anaphora:（首語重復法）In books I find the dead as if they were alive; in books I foresee things to come; in books warlike affairs are set forth; from books come forth the laws of peace. Slowly and grimly they advanced, not knowing what lay ahead, not knowing what they would find at the top of the hill, not knowing that they were so near to Disneyland. rhetorical question (反問句)question without a direct answer But how can we expect to enjoy the scenery when the scenery consists entirely of garish (brightly colored) billboards? . . For if we lose the ability to perceive our faul