1、.：.；蘆蟻続，旬針儼Inaugural Address of Andrew JacksonWEDNESDAY, MARCH 4, 1829Fellow-Citizens:揖飲斷About to undertake the arduous duties that I have been appointed to perform by the choice of a free people, I avail myself of this customary and solemn occasion to express the gratitude which their confidence in

2、spires and to acknowledge the accountability which my situation enjoins. While the magnitude of their interests convinces me that no thanks can be adequate to the honor they have conferred, it admonishes me that the best return I can make is the zealous dedication of my humble abilities to their ser

3、vice and their good.?厘軸繍覚毅溜塗噐厘議取賞販暦宸頁徭喇議繁酎侭恬竃議擾夲厘女処宸匯埃協沒撹議廸冢魁栽燕器繁酎議佚販壓厘坪伉爾軟議湖爾岻秤旺傚下俊鞭厘議岼了侭減嗤議夭販。繁酎議自寄購廣耕隼聞厘侮侮湖欺販採湖秤岻看脅音怎參烏基繁酎侭験嚠厘議蕃圉徽揖扮匆聞厘峽誼厘侭嬬恂竃議恷挫烏基暢狛噐割諾犯秤仇委厘裏院議嬬薦月公繁酎議並匍才繁酎議侑牽。As the instrument of the Federal Constitution it will devolve on me for a stated period to execute the laws of the United

4、 States, to superintend their foreign and their confederate relations, to manage their revenue, to command their forces, and, by communications to the Legislature, to watch over and to promote their interests generally. And the principles of action by which I shall endeavor to accomplish this circle

5、 of duties it is now proper for me briefly to explain.功象選溢隈議號協厘壓匯倖鳩協議扮豚坪繍墮佩參和岼夭峇佩膽忽議隈舵麼隔翌住式選溢坪何購狼吉並暦砿尖畠忽飽辺峺屍畠忽冷廾薦楚旺宥狛嚥羨隈字更住算吭需參鴻刑仇隠擦才陥序膽忽議光旋吩。斤噐厘壓適薦頼撹宸匯狼雙販暦扮侭勣恆儉議佩強圻夸厘嗤駅勣壓緩恂匯酒勣傍苧。In administering the laws of Congress I shall keep steadily in view the limitations as well as the extent of the Executiv

6、e power trusting thereby to discharge the functions of my office without transcending its authority. With foreign nations it will be my study to preserve peace and to cultivate friendship on fair and honorable terms, and in the adjustment of any differences that may exist or arise to exhibit the for

7、bearance becoming a powerful nation rather than the sensibility belonging to a gallant people.壓糞仏忽氏隈舵扮厘勣扮震藻吭佩屓幡薦議業式凪袈律豚李処緩閲窒壓墮佩厘議岼夭扮窟伏埆幡佩葎。壓翌住圭中厘繍適薦侮房母打仇參巷塋才音払恊冢議訳周略擦才峠才窟婢嗔呵壓距盾販採辛嬬贋壓賜佶軟議尸極扮勣幣竃嚥匯倖膿忽各議錐否寄業遇音頁匯倖裟啾議酎怛椎劔狛噐樗湖。In such measures as I may be called on to pursue in regard to the rights of the

8、separate States I hope to be animated by a proper respect for those sovereign members of our Union, taking care not to confound the powers they have reserved to themselves with those they have granted to the Confederacy.?厘壓竃噐俶勣扮辛嬬寡函匯乂膚式光巒幡旋議企仏厘錬李斤厘斷選男議光倖徭麼撹埀侭宇議癖輝恊嶷嬬校爾潛厘女風貫並音崛噐委麿斷隠藻公徭失議幡旋才麿斷娩嚠選溢議幡旋詞葎

9、匯霧。The management of the public revenue-that searching operation in all governments-is among the most delicate and important trusts in ours, and it will, of course, demand no inconsiderable share of my official solicitude. Under every aspect in which it can be considered it would appear that advanta

10、ge must result from the observance of a strict and faithful economy. This I shall aim at the more anxiously both because it will facilitate the extinguishment of the national debt, the unnecessary duration of which is incompatible with real independence, and because it will counteract that tendency

11、to public and private profligacy which a profuse expenditure of money by the Government is but too apt to engender. Powerful auxiliaries to the attainment of this desirable end are to be found in the regulations provided by the wisdom of Congress for the specific appropriation of public money and th

12、e prompt accountability of public officers.?將唔忽垂辺秘痛頁侭嗤屓軒寄継巓嫗議垢恬匆頁厘斷屓軒嶄恷蒔返、恷嶷勣議岼夭岻匯厘尖侭輝隼勣嚠參怎校議嶷篇才購廣。貫厘斷嬬校深打欺議嶽嶽秤趨棲心染佩準埃駅嬬揮棲載寄駸吩。厘繍厚葎識俳仇參緩葎朕炎咀葎宸劔匯圭中嗤旋噐灰賠忽娥斤緩恬音駅勣議溶決嚥寔屎議鏡羨糞壓載音各総匯圭中珊繍丘崙屓軒寄返寄重雑熱侭自叟很伏議巷、暴曾圭中譲冒吭屍飼議欠賑。忽氏廝苧崘仇號協王錘倬廨錘廨喘屓軒郊埀嗽嬬式扮潤賠嬲朕宸乂脅自寄仇嗤廁噐器欺宸匯尖議朕炎。With regard to a proper selection of the subj

13、ects of impost with a view to revenue, it would seem to me that the spirit of equity, caution and compromise in which the Constitution was formed requires that the great interests of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures should be equally favored, and that perhaps the only exception to this rule s

14、hould consist in the peculiar encouragement of any products of either of them that may be found essential to our national independence.?崛噐參槙秘葎朕議遇癖輝僉夲尢辺購飽議斤宸匯諒籾壓厘心棲崙匡隈扮侭云彭議巷峠、女風才要亅議娼舞勣箔斤滴匍、斌匍才崙夛匍議嶷寄旋吩嚠參揖吉議孚綱峪嗤輝駅倬蒙歩皇潛凪嶄蝶乂嚥厘斷忽社議鏡羨俚呑購議恢瞳扮宸匯圻夸賜俯嘉嗤率匯議箭翌。Internal improvement and the diffusion of knowledge,

15、 so far as they can be promoted by the constitutional acts of the Federal Government, are of high importance.?忽坪議個序才岑紛議勧毆祥選溢屓軒侭嬬卆象隈訳箭嚠參陥序遇冱痛頁醤嗤自寄嶷勣來議垢恬。Considering standing armies as dangerous to free governments in time of peace, I shall not seek to enlarge our present establishment, nor disregard

16、that salutary lesson of political experience which teaches that the military should be held subordinate to the civil power. The gradual increase of our Navy, whose flag has displayed in distant climes our skill in navigation and our fame in arms; the preservation of our forts, arsenals, and dockyard

17、s, and the introduction of progressive improvements in the discipline and science of both branches of our military service are so plainly prescribed by prudence that I should be excused for omitting their mention sooner than for enlarging on their importance. But the bulwark of our defense is the na

18、tional militia, which in the present state of our intelligence and population must render us invincible. As long as our Government is administered for the good of the people, and is regulated by their will; as long as it secures to us the rights of person and of property, liberty of conscience and o

19、f the press, it will be worth defending; and so long as it is worth defending a patriotic militia will cover it with an impenetrable aegis. Partial injuries and occasional mortifications we may be subjected to, but a million of armed freemen, possessed of the means of war, can never be conquered by

20、a foreign foe. To any just system, therefore, calculated to strengthen this natural safeguard of the country I shall cheerfully lend all the aid in my power.?深打欺械姥囑壓才峠扮豚斤徭喇屓軒更撹議璃于厘音嬉麻脹箔制寄囑錦嗤議園崙匆音氏策篇屓嵶將刮侭験嚠議匯訳嗤吩縮儺囑錦哘輝船奉噐猟郊屓軒厘忽今囑廝聞徭失議縄崢闘剌壓劭垓議今囃婢幣阻厘斷議砂今室寶才囑並蕗李書朔珊倬幟化制秀。略擦厘斷議勣毘、囑諮垂才鷹遊壓厘斷曾倖汚嶽議囑並儺膳才囑並室寶圭中哈

21、秘枠序議個序返粁宸乂諒籾廝嗤蕪風議苧猟號協咀遇厘敘壓緩待紗戻式法音峰凪嶷勣來。徽厘斷契囮議韻摂抜頁畠忽議酎汚祥朕念厘斷議岑紛才繁笥彜趨棲傍酎汚駅嬬聞厘斷音辛媾覆厘斷議屓軒峪勣嬬葎繁酎議旋吩一並鞭繁酎議吭崗埃崩峪勣嬬隠嬾繁酎議繁附才夏恢幡旋隠嬾繁酎嗤佚剿徭喇才竃井徭喇椎祥峙誼紗參佐寮遇峪勣萬峙誼佐寮厘斷握忽議酎汚祥氏壓萬中念廏軟匯祇釈音辛丸議徳嬾。厘斷嗤扮佃窒壟欺何蛍議彬墾才甜櫛議莫疲徽認為嵐冷廾軟棲議徭喇繁返燐囮黍議冷匂頁畳音氏瓜販採翌忽黍繁侭尢捲議。咀緩斤噐販採崋壓紗膿厘忽宸匯爺隼寮平議栽尖崙業厘脅繍壓厘議幡岻坪仞隼嚠參畠薦屶隔。It will be my sincere and const

22、ant desire to observe toward the Indian tribes within our limits a just and liberal policy, and to give that humane and considerate attention to their rights and their wants which is consistent with the habits of our Government and the feelings of our people.?斤噐厘忽廠坪議咫及蘆繁光何鯛厘繍扮震云彭穫嵜議垳李峇佩匯嶽巷屎才錐搾議屓貨繁祇遇

23、悶疎仇購廣麿斷議幡旋才勣箔峪勣麿斷議幡旋才勣箔憲栽厘斷屓軒議樓降旺拝才厘忽繁酎議秤湖匯崑。The recent demonstration of public sentiment inscribes on the list of Executive duties, in characters too legible to be overlooked, the task of reform, which will require particularly the correction of those abuses that have brought the patronage of the F

24、ederal Government into conflict with the freedom of elections, and the counteraction of those causes which have disturbed the rightful course of appointment and have placed or continued power in unfaithful or incompetent hands.?恷除巷巉膿倉柵囎序佩個醐貫遇聞宸匯販暦雙秘阻佩屓何壇議岼夭燕坪凪忖治噴蛍賠萱畳音氏壟欺策篇。宸匯個醐議嶷泣壓噐隨屎陳乂擬崑參選溢尢捲議販岼單棋棲

25、形墾僉訟徭喇議嶽嶽益極丘崙椎乂孤氾屎輝販凋殻會議咀殆賠萱椎乂繍幡旋住公賜寫傯藻壓蟻院嬬詫宀返嶄議功坿。In the performance of a task thus generally delineated I shall endeavor to select men whose diligence and talents will insure in their respective stations able and faithful cooperation, depending for the advancement of the public service more on the

26、 integrity and zeal of the public officers than on their numbers.?壓峇佩貧峰販暦扮厘繍勝薦販喘椎乂輩茶嬬孤、貫遇嬬校壓凪光徭議鈷了貧序佩嶢糞栽恬議繁葎阻容序屓軒議垢恬厘繍厚謹仇卆正屓軒郊埀議閃準才犯秤遇音頁麿斷議方楚。A diffidence, perhaps too just, in my own qualifications will teach me to look with reverence to the examples of public virtue left by my illustrious predeces

27、sors, and with veneration to the lights that flow from the mind that founded and the mind that reformed our system. The same diffidence induces me to hope for instruction and aid from the coordinate branches of the Government, and for the indulgence and support of my fellow-citizens generally. And a

28、 firm reliance on the goodness of that Power whose providence mercifully protected our national infancy, and has since upheld our liberties in various vicissitudes, encourages me to offer up my ardent supplications that He will continue to make our beloved country the object of His divine care and g

29、racious benediction.?厘斤徭失毅販宸匯岼暦議彿嵎髪窪徭佚宸劔傍匆俯壅如輝音狛宸聞厘峽誼厘勣恆貫光了旬竃念販議茨劔彰剿麿斷藻和議巷慌膽蟻尚捗麿斷議高市房咀葎頁麿斷幹羨才個夛阻厘斷忽社議崙業匆屎頁喇噐髪窪徭佚嘉聞厘喩葎豚李誼欺屓軒凪麿峠雫何壇議峺擬才逸廁誼欺鴻寄巷酎揖飲議悶疎才屶隔。壓厘斷議忽社賓侃噐驃騙岻嶄扮貧吸軸公嚠阻畔竿議隠擦壓朔棲議光嶽欠堝延暫嶄貧吸嗽匯岷略擦彭厘斷議徭喇咀遇厘斤貧吸議畔竿宇嗤釈協議佚廷宸聞厘嗤啾賑犯倉仇畷箔貧吸寫傯詠嗷厘斷辛握議忽社翰嚠厘忽膽挫議廝牽。冉荻性艮，爽刃Inaugural Speech by Abraham LincolnMarch 4th

30、 1861SpeechF 、Cs栽巉忽議巷酎斷In compliance with a custom as old as the Government itself, I appear before you to address you briefly and to take in your presence the oath prescribed by the Constitution of the United States to be taken by the President before he enters on the execution of this office.恆貫才屓軒

31、云附匯劔硬析議降箭厘壓低斷中念恂匯肝酒苧虞勣議處讐旺輝魁羨和閉冱宸頁膽忽隈侭號協議壓悳由佩聞岼夭岻念侭勣墮佩議卩塀。I do not consider it necessary at present for me to discuss those matters of administration about which there is no special anxiety or excitement.厘狀誼短嗤駅勣冥網佩屓巷暦朕念短嗤蒙艶喃打賜互佶議並秤Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States t

32、hat by the accession of a Republican Administration their property and their peace and personal security are to be endangered. There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed and been open to their inspection.

33、 It is found in nearly all the published speeches of him who now addresses you. I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that: I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do

34、 so, and I have no inclination to do so.摑何幗巒議繁酎心軟棲贋壓彭夘打慌才騎峇屓吭龍彭麿斷議夏恢、才峠才繁附蘆畠繍氏竃裡。宸嶽夘打蒸涙苧崘議尖喇。寔議並糞頁恷嗤薦議屬象工寄社肇殊篇。低斷辛參貫麿叱窄侭嗤議處讐嶄窟宸匯泣！祥頁壓壓低斷中念處讐議宸繁。厘峪嬬貫宸乂處讐嶄薬僉匯鐙輝扮厘窟燕傚冱！厘旺音二夕岷俊仇賜寂俊仇肇孤膚們笛巒議降箭。厘佚厘短嗤宸劔恂議栽隈幡薦厘匆音買宸劔肇恂。Those who nominated and elected me did so with full knowledge that I had made this and many

35、 similar declarations and had never recanted them; and more than this, they placed in the platform for my acceptance, and as a law to themselves and to me, the clear and emphatic resolution which I now read:戻兆才僉訟厘議宸乂繁頼畠賠萱厘廝恂阻宸倖蕗苧才俯謹竊貌蕗苧遇拝畳音個延音敘泌緩壓屓跨傚冱嶄厘俊追僉訟繁議匯賠漣苧鳩議畳詠宸斤麿斷、斤厘脅頁匯倖隈舵厘壓傚響匯演畳詠Resolved, Th

36、at the maintenance inviolate of the rights of the States, and especially the right of each State to order and control its own domestic institutions according to its own judgment exclusively, is essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our political fabric depend; a

37、nd we denounce the lawless invasion by armed force of the soil of any State or Territory, no matter what pretext, as among the gravest of crimes.隠隔光巒議幡旋音瓜摧簑蒙艶頁光巒卆真徭失議鏡羨登僅肇凋綜才砿尖徭附字更議幡旋宸嶽幡薦峠財頁駅勣議嬬隠屬厘斷議屓悶勝鋲勝膽才隔消海垓厘斷巷蝕投似喘掲隈冷薦肇盃係光巒賜彈巒議輿仇議佩葎音胎喘採嶽熔簡脅頁恷寄議具佩。I now reiterate these sentiments, and in doing so

38、I only press upon the public attention the most conclusive evidence of which the case is susceptible that the property, peace, and security of no section are to be in any wise endangered by the now incoming Administration. I add, too, that all the protection which, consistently with the Constitution

39、 and the laws, can be given will be cheerfully given to all the States when lawfully demanded, for whatever cause - as cheerfully to one section as to another.厘壓嶷賦宸乂麼嫖峪頁巷巉燕苧匯倖恷亙苧議並糞短嗤陳倖仇曝議夏恢、才峠才蘆畠氏鞭欺軸繍貧販議屓軒議們吭盃係。厘珊勣紗貧匯鞘音胎竃噐採嶽尖喇峪勣光巒議勣箔栽隈屓軒脅氏互佶仇公嚠嚥隈才隈舵匯崑議隠擦！斤光巒音氏搾緩院泳。There is much controversy about th

40、e delivering up of fugitives from service or labour. The clause I now read is as plainly written in the Constitution as any other of its provisions:斤噐撚卦毛閲捲汚叨才捲斥叨宀宸倖諒籾嗤載謹蛍灘。壓厘傚下匯倖訳錘宸倖訳錘才販採凪麿訳錘匯劔脅頁炎苧壓隈戦No person held to service or labour in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, sha

41、ll in consequence of any law or regulation therein be discharged from such service or labour, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due.販採象匯巒岻隈舵壓乎巒嶄捲叨賜捲斥叨岻繁毛吏総匯巒音嬬功象総匯巒販採隈舵賜訳箭登畳遇盾茅凪捲叨賜捲斥叨遇哘卆孚嗤幡勣箔乎捲叨賜捲斥叨岻輝並匯圭議勣箔委乎繁撚僕。It is scarcely questioned that this

42、provision was intended by those who made it for the reclaiming of what we call fugitive slaves; and the intention of the lawgiver is the law. All members of Congress swear their support to the whole Constitution - to this provision as much as to any other. To the proposition, then, that slaves whose

43、 cases come within the terms of this clause shall be delivered up their oaths are unanimous. Now, if they would make the effort in good temper, could they not with nearly equal unanimity frame and pass a law by means of which to keep good that unanimous oath?坐涙夘諒宸匯訳錘議匡羨宀頁勣箔拷珊厘斷宥械侭傍議毛蘭笛船隈舵崙匡宀議朕議祥頁隈舵。

44、侭嗤忽氏詠埀脅傚閉啜擦屁倖隈！宸倖訳錘才凪麿訳錘匯劔恆便。咀緩斤噐癖栽宸匯訳錘秤趨議笛船哘乎撚僕麿斷議閉冱頁揖議。壓泌惚麿斷峠伉床賑仇恬匯桑適薦議三葎採音嬬喘餓音謹揖議心隈肇宥狛匯隈舵聞誼宸匯崑議傚閉海消仇隠嗤There is some difference of opinion whether this clause should be enforced by national or by State authority, but surely that difference is not a very material one. If the slave is to be surrende

45、red, it can be of but little consequence to him or to others by which authority it is done. And should anyone in any case be content that his oath shall go un-kept on a merely unsubstantial controversy as to how it shall be kept?宸匯訳錘頁喇忽社珊頁喇巒屓軒棲糞仏嗤彭音揖議心隈徽糞縞貧宸旺掲焚擔載嶷勣議諒籾。泌惚宸倖笛船勣撚卦椎擔音砿陳倖郊圭棲糞仏斤麿賜凪麿繁棲傍脅頁短

46、嗤唹議。斤噐奕劔肇墮佩匯倖閉冱販採繁壓販採秤趨和奕氏峪咀匯倖掲糞嵎來議尸胎遇音肇佚便典冱豊垳吭宸劔椿Again: In any law upon this subject ought not all the safeguards of liberty known in civilized and humane jurisprudence to be introduced, so that a free man be not in any case surrendered as a slave? And might it not be well at the same time to provi

47、de by law for the enforcement of that clause in the Constitution which guarantees that the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States?壅傍壓宸倖諒籾貧侃噐猟苧才繁祇議隈舵悶狼嶄祥音嬬委佐寮徭喇議販採隈舵斑繁繁岑參宴匯倖徭喇繁音氏壓販採秤趨和瓜輝恬匯倖笛船撚僕遇揖扮隈議宸匯訳錘議隈舵峇佩音匆頁誼欺阻香街宅隈音頁隠屬耽匯倖巒議巷酎啜嗤凪麿

48、巒巷酎匯劔議児云繁幡才詩窒幡宅I take the official oath to-day with no mental reservations and with no purpose to construe the Constitution or laws by any hypercritical rules; and while I do not choose now to specify particular acts of Congress as proper to be enforced, I do suggest that it will be much safer for a

49、ll, both in official and private stations, to conform to and abide by all those acts which stand un-repealed than to violate any of them trusting to find impunity in having them held to be unconstitutional.書爺厘廸冢傚閉屢涙隠藻吭需匆音喘秦箔議樫業肇蛍裂隈賜隈舵。厘壓音嬬恂宸劔議僉夲忽氏議蝶乂蒙艶隈宛勣肇街久糞仏。徽厘恂匯倖秀詠音胎頁屎塀才暴和魁栽貧塘栽才捲貫珊隆礙議侭嗤隈綜氏厚葎蘆畠音勣峺

50、李離噓隈遇乾係凪嶄匯氏音鞭獲侃。壓厘斷議忽社隈埃崩岻和貫及匯了悳由販岼蝕兵欺壓廝嗤72定阻。凪寂嗤15了來鯉光呟才掲械彎埆議巷酎枠朔峇嫺阻屓軒議佩屓何壇。麿斷針捲阻俯謹取佃怦砿尖彭屓軒何壇匯違遇冱脅哺誼阻琉寄議撹祥。寫覚宸乂念繁議將刮才崘斯壓宸琉寄遇蒙歩議是廠嶄厘毅輝軟揖劔議垢恬肇業狛隈號協議膨定玉壙販豚。選溢議蛍叢參念峪頁匯嶽璃賄泌書抜頁佃參閲窒議盃弄阻。It is seventy-two years since the first inauguration of a President under our National Constitution. During that period

51、fifteen different and greatly distinguished citizens have in succession administered the executive branch of the Government. They have conducted it through many perils, and generally with great success. Yet, with all this scope of precedent, I now enter upon the same task for the brief constitutiona

52、l term of four years under great and peculiar difficulty. A disruption of the Federal Union, heretofore only menaced, is now formidably attempted.厘佚壓噸宥隈才隈嶄光巒更撹議選溢頁喟冴贋壓議。壓侭嗤忽社屓軒議児云隈嶄泌惚短嗤苧鳩峺竃宸嶽喟冴來椎匆圧根彭宸匯泣。辛參僅協短嗤匯倖栽隈屓軒葎萬議児云隈號協阻嶮潤議豚。音僅仇峇佩厘斷忽社隈苧猟號協議訳錘選溢繍氏喟垓贋傯宸音辛嬬嶮潤茅掲頁階埆隈云附議蝶乂佩葎。I hold that in contemplati

53、on of universal law and of the Constitution the Union of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments. It is safe to assert that no government proper ever had a provision in its organic law for its own termination. Continue to

54、 execute all the express provisions of our National Constitution, and the Union will endure forever, it being impossible to destroy it except by some action not provided for in the instrument itself.壅傍泌惚栽巉忽音頁匯倖屎號屓軒遇峪頁光巒議匯倖弐埃來嵎議選男恬葎匯崕弐埃佃祇祥嬬校音將狛侭嗤急埃宀遇涙蕗涙連仇払丼阻宅急埃議匯圭辛參離郡萬！賜宀傍忘支萬！徽音頁俶勣侭嗤議急埃宀嘉嬬栽隈仇系峭萬宅Agai

55、n: If the United States be not a government proper, but an association of States in the nature of contract merely, can it, as a contract, be peaceably unmade by less than all the parties who made it? One party to a contract may violate it - break it, so to speak - but does it not require all to lawf

56、ully rescind it?貫宸乂噸演隈夸棲容尖厘斷窟貫隈舵貧肇深賀宸嶽喟冴來議麼嫖廝瓜選溢徭附議煽雰喟消仇鳩羨。選溢曳隈硬析誼謹。並糞貧萬頁壓1774定選栽匡埃遇撹羨議。1776定議鏡羨傚冱聞凪頼鋲旺決傯和棲。1778定選栽屓軒訳錘聞凪序匯化撹母輝扮13倖巒喇緩苧鳩傚閉才隠屬選溢氏喟冴贋壓。恷朔壓1787定傚下崙協才範辛隈議匯倖朕議頁怏撹匯倖厚頼膽議選溢。徽泌惚峪喇匯巒賜匯何蛍巒篤撒選溢遇栽隈曬椎擔選溢曳短嗤隈岻念厚音頼膽萬廝疋払阻喟冴來宸匯勣殆。貫宸乂鉱泣容僅短嗤陳倖巒嬬功象徭附吭夕祥辛參栽隈仇用宣選溢侭恬竃議畳詠才隈綜壓隈舵貧頁予斥議匯巒賜方巒郡森膽忽峇屓輝蕉議羽薦佩強辛卆凪糞縞秤侘

57、範協葎郡菟賜醐凋。Descending from these general principles, we find the proposition that in legal contemplation the Union is perpetual confirmed by the history of the Union itself. The Union is much older than the Constitution. It was formed, in fact, by the Articles of Association in 1774. It was matured an

58、d continued by the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It was further matured, and the faith of all the then thirteen States expressly plighted and engaged that it should be perpetual, by the Articles of Confederation in 1778. And finally, in 1787, one of the declared objects for ordaining and esta

59、blishing the Constitution was to form a more perfect Union.But if destruction of the Union by one or by a part only of the States be lawfully possible, the Union is less perfect than before the Constitution, having lost the vital element of perpetuity.It follows from these views that no State upon i

60、ts own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union; that resolves and ordinances to that effect are legally void, and that acts of violence within any State or States against the authority of the United States are insurrectionary or revolutionary, according to circumstances.I therefore consider th