1、The normal structure of the eyeball2021/10/23 星期六12021/10/23 星期六2Terms角膜：corneaCorne/o-,Cornea角膜，Megacornea大角膜，Microcornea小角膜，Kerat/o-,Keratitis角膜炎，Keratomalacia角膜軟化癥鞏膜：scleraScler/o-,Scleritis鞏膜炎，Episcleritis表層鞏膜炎，Episclera鞏膜上層（epi-，beyond something）,epidermis表皮，上皮Epidermal表皮的，外皮的2021/10/23 星期六3虹膜:

2、iris , Irid/o-,Iridotomy虹膜切開術(shù)，iridectomy虹膜切除術(shù)，iridocyclitis虹膜睫狀體炎睫狀體：ciliary body脈絡(luò)膜:choroid , Choroid/o-,choroidal脈絡(luò)膜的，choroidoretinitis脈絡(luò)膜視網(wǎng)膜炎視網(wǎng)膜：retin/oretinitis視網(wǎng)膜炎，retinopathy視網(wǎng)膜病變,diabetic retinopathy糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變 瞳孔:pupil ,Pupill/o-,pupillomotor瞳孔運(yùn)動的，pupillometer瞳孔計(jì)玻璃體:vitreous , Vitre/o-,vitreous

3、玻璃體的,Vitrectomy玻璃體切除術(shù),Vitreretinal玻璃體視網(wǎng)膜的,Vitreretinopathy玻璃體視網(wǎng)膜病變晶狀體：lens視盤：optic disk黃斑:macular視神經(jīng)：optic nerve中央凹:Fovea2021/10/23 星期六4Diabetic retinopathyDefinition Causes Symptoms Risk factors Tests and diagnosis When to seek medical advice Complications Treatments and drugs Prevention Diabetic r

4、etinopathy 2021/10/23 星期六5DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that results from damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina). 2021/10/23 星期六6causeDiabetic retinopathy can happen to anyone who has type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes

5、. 2021/10/23 星期六7Causes When you have diabetes, your body doesnt use sugar (glucose) properly. 2021/10/23 星期六8CausesIf your blood sugar level is too high, your natural lens may swell which can blur your vision. 2021/10/23 星期六9CausesEventually, too much sugar in your blood can damage the tiny blood v

6、essels (capillaries毛細(xì)血管) that nourish the retina. This can result in diabetic retinopathy.capillary ,Capill/o- , n.& adj.毛細(xì)管(的)Capillaritis毛細(xì)管炎2021/10/23 星期六10Symptoms At first, diabetic retinopathy may cause no symptoms or only mild vision problems.2021/10/23 星期六11Symptoms You can have diabetic ret

7、inopathy and not know it. In fact, symptoms are unusual in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. 2021/10/23 星期六12Symptoms Eventually, however, diabetic retinopathy can result in blindness. In China ,diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness in adults. 2021/10/23 星期六13symptomsIn fact,

8、up to 45 percent of adults diagnosed with diabetes in China have some degree of diabetic retinopathy, according to the National Eye Institute. 2021/10/23 星期六14symptomsAnd the longer you have diabetes, the more likely you are to develop diabetic retinopathy. 2021/10/23 星期六15SymptomsDiabetic retinopat

9、hy usually affects both eyes. 2021/10/23 星期六16SymptomsAs the condition progresses, diabetic retinopathy symptoms may include: A) Spots floating in your vision B) Blurred vision C)Dark streaks or a red film that blocks your vision D) Poor night vision E) Vision loss2021/10/23 星期六17Diabetic retinopath

10、y is usually classified as early or advanced.Early diabetic retinopathy. Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) is the most common type of diabetic retinopathy. It can be described as mild, moderate or severe. NPDR : (Non Prolifertive Dibetic Retinopthy) 非增殖性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變2021/10/23 星期六18When you ha

11、ve NPDR, the walls of the blood vessels in your retina weaken. 2021/10/23 星期六19Tiny bulges（凸起） protrude（伸入） from the vessel walls, sometimes leaking or oozing fluid and blood into the retina. These bulges are called microaneurysms. Microaneurysms : 微動脈瘤，微血管瘤2021/10/23 星期六20In the early stages of dia

12、betic retinopathy, the walls of the blood vessels in your retina weaken. Tiny bulges protrude from the vessel walls, sometimes leaking or oozing fluid and blood into the retina. As diabetic retinopathy progresses, new blood vessels may grow and threaten your vision. 2021/10/23 星期六21 As the condition

13、 progresses, the smaller vessels may close entirely and the larger retinal veins may begin to dilate（擴(kuò)大） and become irregular in diameter（直徑）. Nerve fibers in the retina may begin to swell. 2021/10/23 星期六22Sometimes the central part of the retina (macula) begins to swell, too. This is known as macul

14、ar edema. Macula : 黃斑M(jìn)acular edema ：黃斑水腫2021/10/23 星期六232021/10/23 星期六24termsExtensive ：廣泛的，大量的Intraretinal microvascular abnormalitis （IRMA）視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)微血管異常Intraretinal : 視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)部的Microvascular ：微血管的Cotton wool spots : 棉絨斑Hemorrhage ：出血Roots that means blood：Hemo- ，hema- ,hem-, haemo- ,haema- ,haem-rrhage ,出

15、血，流血Gastrointestinalrrhage 消化道出血2021/10/23 星期六252021/10/23 星期六26Advanced diabetic retinopathy. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is the most severe type of diabetic retinopathy. 2021/10/23 星期六27When you have PDR, abnormal blood vessels grow in the retina. 2021/10/23 星期六28Sometimes the new blo

16、od vessels grow or leak into the vitreous (the clear, jelly-like substance that fills the center of your eye ). 玻璃體:vitreous ，Vitre/o-,vitreous玻璃體的,Vitrectomy玻璃體切除術(shù),Jelly-like :膠狀的2021/10/23 星期六29Eventually, scar tissue stimulated by the growth of new blood vessels may cause the retina to detach（脫離）

17、 from the back of your eye. 2021/10/23 星期六30If the new blood vessels interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye, pressure may build up in the eyeball. This can damage the optic nerve . (The nerve that carries images from your eye to your brain ). 2021/10/23 星期六312021/10/23 星期六32Periphera

18、l : 外圍的，不重要的Peri- ，外圍的，周圍的Perinatal 圍產(chǎn)期的，出生前后的Periportal 門靜脈周的，Periarteritis 動脈周圍炎，periappendicitis 闌尾周炎2021/10/23 星期六332021/10/23 星期六34Exudative maculopathy : 滲出性黃斑病變Hard exudates :硬滲出物Hard exudates and hemorrhages lateral to macula ：單側(cè)性黃斑硬性滲出和出血 Lateral :側(cè)部的2021/10/23 星期六352021/10/23 星期六36Apparent

19、 ：明顯的Quadrant ：象限，四分之一圓Prominent ：顯著的2021/10/23 星期六37Risk factors Diabetic retinopathy can happen to anyone who has diabetes. The risk is highest if you: 2021/10/23 星期六38Risk factorsHave poor control of your blood sugar levelHave high blood pressureHave high cholesterolAre pregnantAre black or Hispa

20、nicSmokeHispanic ：西班牙人Cholesterol ：膽固醇2021/10/23 星期六39Risk factorsThe longer you have diabetes, the greater your risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. 2021/10/23 星期六40When to seek medical advice Early detection of diabetic retinopathy is the best way to prevent vision loss:（a）If you have diabetes

21、, see your eye doctor for a yearly dilated eye exam（擴(kuò)瞳檢查） even if your vision seems fine.（b）If you become pregnant, your eye doctor may recommend additional eye exams throughout your pregnancy. (c)Contact your eye doctor right away if you experience sudden vision changes or your vision becomes blurr

22、y, spotty or hazy（模糊或有斑點(diǎn)）. 2021/10/23 星期六41ComplicationsThe abnormal growth of new blood vessels in the retina can lead to serious vision problems: 2021/10/23 星期六42Vitreous hemorrhage. The new blood vessels may bleed into the clear, jelly-like substance that fills the center of your eye（vitreous）. R

23、etinal detachment（視網(wǎng)膜脫離）. This may cause blurred vision, spots floating in your vision or severe vision loss.2021/10/23 星期六43Glaucoma. The new blood vessels may interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye and cause pressure in the eye to build up. Blindness. Eventually, diabetic retinopat

24、hy can lead to complete vision loss. Glaucoma ：青光眼2021/10/23 星期六44Tests and diagnosisDiabetic retinopathy is best diagnosed with a dilated eye exam. During the exam, your eye doctor will look for: Abnormal blood vesselsSwelling, blood or fatty deposits in the retina Damage to the nerve tissueGrowth

25、of new blood vessels and scar tissueBleeding in the vitreousRetinal detachment2021/10/23 星期六45Tests and diagnosisAs part of the eye exam, your doctor may do a retinal photography test called fluorescein angiography. Your doctor also may request an optical coherence tomography (OCT) exam. Fundus fluo

26、rescein angiography (FFA)熒光素眼底血管造影術(shù)Fundus 眼底，基底，宮底，F(xiàn)luorescein 熒光素，angiography 血管造影術(shù)2021/10/23 星期六46Fundus hemorrhage 眼底出血Optical coherence tomography （OCT）光學(xué)相干斷層掃描Coherence 連續(xù)性，相關(guān)性，一致性Tomography ：X線斷層攝影術(shù)=laminography2021/10/23 星期六47Treatments Treatment for diabetic retinopathy depends on the type o

27、f diabetic retinopathy you have, its severity and how well it may respond to specific treatments. 2021/10/23 星期六48Early diabetic retinopathy If you have nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, you may not need treatment right away. However, your eye doctor will closely monitor your retina to determin

28、e if you need laser treatment.2021/10/23 星期六49Advanced diabetic retinopathyIf you have proliferative diabetic retinopathy, youll need prompt surgical treatment. Sometimes surgery is recommended for severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, too.Depending on the specific problems with your retina, options may include: 2021/10/23 星期六50Treatments and drugs laser treatmentsurgical treatment. Virtectomy2021/10/23 星期六51Prevention Remember, diabetes