1、 第 PAGE 5 頁 共 NUMPAGES 5 頁 Ellipsis（省略）一個句子中某些部分被省略掉了，這種情況在語法中被稱作省略。省略的目的也是為了避免重復，使語言精練。大體上來說，被省略的部分是上文已出現過的詞語或被省略的部分，并非上文出現的內容， 但是在意義上是不言自明的。1. 簡單句中的省略1) 省略主語。例如：“Get up.” （省略了主語you）（祈使句中的主語通常被省略。）其它省略主語多限于少數現成的說法。例如：Thank you for your help. （省略了主語I）Doesnt matter. （省略了主語it）2) 省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分。例如：No sm

2、oking. （省略了主謂語There is）Have a cup of tea? （省略了主語及謂語的助動詞部分will you）3) 省略賓語。例如：Do you know Mr. Smith?I dont know. （省略了賓語him）4) 省略表語。例如： Are you hungry? Yes, I am.（省略了表語hungry）5) 同時省略幾個成分。例如： Are you feeling better now? Much better. （省略了I am feeling now） Have you finished your work? Not yet. （省略了I have

3、 finished my work ）6) 其它省略結構。例如：(1) 名詞所有格所修飾的名詞，表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上文已暗示或明確指出過的事物時，常常可以省略。例如：We spent the weekend at the Smiths.(2) What 和 How 引導的感嘆句中，常可省略主語it 和be動詞。例如：What a wonderful victory (it is) for her!(3) 不定式省略，單獨使用不定式符號to代替動詞不定式后被省略的動詞，常在be afraid, expect, forget, hope, intend, like, love, mean, p

4、refer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish 等后邊。例如：I asked him to see the film, but he didnt want to.A. 在have, need, ought, be going, used 等后。例如：I didnt want to go there, but I had to.B. 在某些形容詞glad, happy, pleased, delighted等后。例如：Will you join us?I should love to.C. 如不定式中有be, have, have been, 則常保留be, have,

5、 have been。例如：Are you a sailor?No, but I used to be.He hasnt finished yet.Well, he ought to have.但是， (1) 當前面句子中出現的是復合助動詞時，在省略句中只需保留一個。You wouldnt have won if I hadnt helped you.I would, I think.(2) 當后一個句子中的助動詞不同于前句的助動詞時，則應重復。例如：I think Mary should be told.She has been.(3) 當be 和have 作實義動詞時，其后的有關成分可以省

6、去。例如：I am tired.I am, too.但其它動詞則不可以這樣。例如：Do you like the play?不可以回答：Yes, I like. 而應該說: Yes, I like it / I do.2. 并列句中的省略如果后一個句中含有與前面一個句子相同的部分，我們通常將此予以省略。具體地說，有下面三種情況：7) 相同主語或賓語的省略。例如：He sang and (he) played the guitar. （省略主語）John washed (his own shirt) and ironed his own shirt. （省略賓語）8) 相同謂語的省略。例如：I

7、havent read this book yet but I will (read it) later.Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.但如果be, have 和do 在前一個句中作主要動詞，而在后一個分句中用作助動詞，這時后一個分句中的助動詞不可以省去。例如：Jim was late and was explaining himself.Jane has a good memory and has recited a

8、ll the poems we taught her last night.9) 相同表語的省略。例如：Peter has recently become (a hard-working students), and his brother always was, a hard-working students.3. 主從句中的省略10) 定語從句中作賓語的關系代詞that, which, whom常可以省略；當先行詞是time, reason, place是作狀語的關系副詞when, why, where也可省去。例如：This is the first time (when) he had

9、 trouble with the boss.11) 賓語從句中的省略在以疑問代詞和疑問副詞引導的賓語從句中，如該賓語從句涉及的是上下文所談的內容，有時可以省去賓語從句中除疑問詞以外的部分，而意思不受影響。例如：The doctor believed something was wrong with Mikes chest and he was trying to find out what (was wrong with Mikes chest). You promised to buy a new dress for Mary.Yes, I did. But I didnt say whe

10、n (I would buy it).12) 一般狀語從句中的省略。(1) 如果狀語從句中的主語與主句的主語相同，而謂語又含有動詞be（包括連系動詞和助動詞），這時可以把從句的主語和be動詞一同省去。例如：While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called.Though (he was) tired, the little girl kept on studying.(2) 當從句的主語和主句的賓語一致時，間或也有這樣的省略。Her father told her to be careful when crossing

11、the street.(3) 用so 或not 代替上文內容，用if so / not的省略句式:Get up early tomorrow. If not, you will miss the first bus.13) 比較狀語從句中的省略(4) 如從句中含有與主句相同的成分，通常僅保留參與比較的部分（即：比較的另一方），省略其它成分。例如：Steam takes up more space than water (takes).We are more confident than (we have) ever (been).(5) 如從句中含有先行主語it時，通常省略it 和其指代部分（

12、名詞性從句或不定式）。例如：He spent more money than (it) was intended (that he should spend).You arrived earlier than (it was) usual / necessary (for you to arrive).(6) 比較狀語從句中的賓語一般情況下不可省略，如：James enjoyed the movie more than Susan enjoyed it. 不能省略it。 但是，當謂語動詞為動詞替代詞do時，賓語可以省略。例如：He speaks English as well as his t

13、eacher does.練習：一、單項選擇。1. Alice, why didnt you come yesterday? I _, but I had an unexpected visitor.A. hadB. wouldC. was going toD. did2. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge, and I cant remember _.A. whereB. thereC. whichD. that 3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _ w

14、hether he was going in the right direction.A. seeingB. having seenC. to have seenD. to see4. Tom, did Mr. Li join you in your discussion? No, he _, but he happened to have fallen ill.A. would like toB. was to haveC. willD. was going to join5. _, I think, and the problems could be settled.A. If you d

15、ouble your efforts B. So long as you keep up your spiritsC. Making greater efforts D. A bit more efforts6. Have you been here long? _.A. No, not veryB. Not muchC. Yes, only littleD. No, only yesterday7. Have you fed the dog?No, but _.A. I amB. ImC. Im just going toD. Im just going8. I asked him to g

16、o to the concert, but he didnt _.A. wantB. want itC. want toD. want to go9. Alice feels better today.I think she _.A. willB. will beC. doesD. does so10. He may not be at home, then _, leave him a note.A. if not soB. if he isC. if he notD. if so11. The book, _, appeals to many adult readers, too.A. i

17、t was written for children butB. though which was written for childrenC. was written for childrenD. though written for children12. If you dont go, _.A. neither shall IB. neither do IC. neither am ID. either shall I13. Will you be able to finish the job this month? _.A. I cant say soB. Im not sure so

18、C. I dont know soD. I dont expect so14. Do you want to come with us? _. A. I prefer noB. I prefer not toC. I dont preferD. I dont prefer so15. When _, the museum will be open to the public next year.A. completedB. completingC. being completedD. to be completed16. He often falls asleep while _ televi

19、sion at home.A. to watchB. watchingC. watchedD. watch17. Someone had broken into the office and _ the document.A. stealB. stoleC. stolenD. have stolen18. We are going to the concert the day after tomorrow, and _.A. you are eitherB. so are youC. also will youD. so will you19. If Jane wont go to the p

20、arty, _.A. and Peter wontB. and will Peter notC. will Peter not eitherD. neither will Peter20. Although he ran as fast as _, he didnt win the cross-country race.A. he could doB. he was ableC. possibleD. he could run21. He plays basketball better than _ football.A. he doesB. plays heC. doesD. play22.

21、 Have you finished writing the report? Yes, I _ yesterday.A. haveB. hadC. didD. have done23. We all think you speak English as fluently as _.A. speaks a native speakerB. a native speaker doesC. will a native speaker D. a native speaker is24. You should have thanked her before you left.I meant _, but

22、 when I was leaving I couldnt find her anywhere.A. to doB. toC. doingD. doing so25. You are putting on weight. Why _ your milk without sugar?A. not havingB. not haveC. you not haveD. you not to have26. Everybody is going to climb the mountain. Can I go too, mom?_ Wait till you are old enough, dear.A. Will you? B. Why not? C. I hope so. D. Im afraid not.27. Was he sorry for what hed done?_.A. No wonder B. Well done C. Not really D. Go ahead28. Is it all right if I keep this ph