1、LOGO第第2講講 翻譯的過程翻譯的過程Contents2.1 正確理解正確理解1.2.2 妥帖表達妥帖表達2.2.3 細致校核細致校核3.2.1 正確理解正確理解v 理解是英漢翻譯過程中的第一步，是表達的先決條件。理解是英漢翻譯過程中的第一步，是表達的先決條件。 （1）For over half a century it has proved almost impossible to achieve any broad measure of agreement on a definition of democracy. 2）The Prime Minister said that if Pa

2、rliament went against him on the crucial issue of our joining the Common Market, he would be forced to go to the country. 3）We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. 4）During one four-year period about 600 years ago, the Black Death ki

3、lled at least 25 million people in Europe. 2.1 正確理解正確理解v應當先從以下幾個方面入手：應當先從以下幾個方面入手： 第一，確切理解有關單詞的意義第一，確切理解有關單詞的意義 第二，確切理解有關習語的意義第二，確切理解有關習語的意義 第三，弄清句子結構，明辨語法關系第三，弄清句子結構，明辨語法關系 第四，了解背景知識，透徹理解原文第四，了解背景知識，透徹理解原文第一，確切理解有關單詞的意義第一，確切理解有關單詞的意義v“詞典和手表一樣：再差的也比沒有好，最好詞典和手表一樣：再差的也比沒有好，最好的也不會準確無誤。的也不會準確無誤?！眝(Dicti

4、onaries are like watches: the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.)第二，確切理解有關習語的意義第二，確切理解有關習語的意義v習語在此主要指那些慣用語或固定詞組。習語在此主要指那些慣用語或固定詞組。 (5) The name of the game is controlling the population. (6) There had been a meeting of the minds. (7) Trousers are the order o

5、f the day for women when traveling. (8) He is an odd fish; when we are joking, he flies off the handle. (9) What Paul talks is boastful and nonsensical in a fashion. (10) None of his arguments seemed to me to hold water.第二，確切理解有關習語的意義第二，確切理解有關習語的意義v 英語中有些習語表面上看來同漢語中的某些說法十分相似，英語中有些習語表面上看來同漢語中的某些說法十分相

6、似，但意義卻程度不同地存在差異。因此，翻譯時要高度警惕但意義卻程度不同地存在差異。因此，翻譯時要高度警惕這類這類“假朋友假朋友”（false friends），切忌望文生義、不求），切忌望文生義、不求甚解造成誤譯。例如：甚解造成誤譯。例如： to bark at the moon to be in ones black book to gild the lily to hold ones horse to call names to eat ones words to move heaven and earth to pull ones leg (to make) small talk a w

7、alking skeleton 第三，弄清句子結構，明辨語法關系第三，弄清句子結構，明辨語法關系v要把每句原文譯得忠實準確，必須弄清句子的要把每句原文譯得忠實準確，必須弄清句子的結構，辨明句子內在的語法關系。結構，辨明句子內在的語法關系。 (11) They parted good friends. (12) Alexander smells vodka. (13) John finished a poor fourth in the Boston primary. (14) Standing there, you would make an easy target. (15) He was

8、convinced on the basis of what had by then appeared that there would be a lot of trouble ahead. 第三，弄清句子結構，明辨語法關系第三，弄清句子結構，明辨語法關系 (16) Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying suffi

9、cient details to enable the thing to be constructed. (17) Everybody has a responsibility to the society of which he is a part and through this to mankind. (18) Potatoes are an important source of starchy food in temperate countries and bananas in tropics.第三，弄清句子結構，明辨語法關系第三，弄清句子結構，明辨語法關系 (19) To this

10、 are added the data on expected royalties, tax rates, etc, including their probable variation. (20) From the shore-line out to a distance which may be anywhere from a few miles to a few hundred miles run the gentle slopes of the continental shelf, geologically part of the continents.第四，了解背景知識，透徹理解原文

11、第四，了解背景知識，透徹理解原文v 在很多情況下，譯者盡管能夠順利地辨析句子結構、認清語在很多情況下，譯者盡管能夠順利地辨析句子結構、認清語法關系，但仍然不能準確透徹地理解原文內容。究其原因，法關系，但仍然不能準確透徹地理解原文內容。究其原因，往往是由于譯者缺乏相關的文化背景知識，包括一定的專業往往是由于譯者缺乏相關的文化背景知識，包括一定的專業知識，因而無法確切地理解原文中的某些詞語，致使譯文出知識，因而無法確切地理解原文中的某些詞語，致使譯文出現錯誤或者令讀者不知所云。現錯誤或者令讀者不知所云。 21) Green can be counted on. He eats no fish an

12、d plays the game. (22) There are some kinds of rays from the sun which would burn us to death if we were not protected from them. (23) The objects inhabiting our universe range from the very familiar area of the earth and its moon to the strange pulsars, neutron stars, and black holes on the fringes

13、 of our perception.2.2 妥帖表達妥帖表達v表達的好壞不僅取決于對原文的理解程度，而且表達的好壞不僅取決于對原文的理解程度，而且依賴于譯者對譯文語言的修養程度以及靈活運用依賴于譯者對譯文語言的修養程度以及靈活運用各種翻譯方法與技巧的能力。假若語言使用不當、各種翻譯方法與技巧的能力。假若語言使用不當、表達方式欠妥，譯文或詞不達意或佶屈聱牙，正表達方式欠妥，譯文或詞不達意或佶屈聱牙，正確的理解也就難以在譯文中體現出來。這正如以確的理解也就難以在譯文中體現出來。這正如以下幾例中的下幾例中的“原譯原譯”所示：所示： (24) Susan stiffened, her face li

14、vid. 原譯：蘇珊變得僵硬了，臉色發青。原譯：蘇珊變得僵硬了，臉色發青。 (25) For me personally, it was a blessing in disguise. 原譯：這對于我個人來說，是化了裝的幸福。原譯：這對于我個人來說，是化了裝的幸福。2.2 妥帖表達妥帖表達 (26) He sought the distraction of distance. 原譯：他以距離來排除煩悶。原譯：他以距離來排除煩悶。 (27) The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 原譯：厚厚的地毯消解了我的腳步聲原譯：厚厚的地毯消解了

15、我的腳步聲。 (28) Doctors cannot learn which persons face the most danger until permanent hearing damage has been done. 原譯：醫生們無法知道，在永久性聽覺損傷出原譯：醫生們無法知道，在永久性聽覺損傷出現之前，哪些人面臨的危險最大。現之前，哪些人面臨的危險最大。在英漢翻譯的表達中應當著重注意的幾在英漢翻譯的表達中應當著重注意的幾個原則性問題：個原則性問題：v首先，無論采用哪種翻譯方法和技巧，表達中首先，無論采用哪種翻譯方法和技巧，表達中應當始終堅持應當始終堅持“忠實、通順忠實、通順”的基本

16、原則；特的基本原則；特別需要注意克服翻譯表達中的幾種傾向：別需要注意克服翻譯表達中的幾種傾向： 一是，只看細節，不顧整體；一是，只看細節，不顧整體； 二是，表達過度或表達不足；二是，表達過度或表達不足； 三是，拘泥于原文詞、句形式，無視譯文語三是，拘泥于原文詞、句形式，無視譯文語言的表達習慣。言的表達習慣。v下面針對這三種傾向進一步分別加以探討。下面針對這三種傾向進一步分別加以探討。在英漢翻譯的表達中應當著重注意的幾在英漢翻譯的表達中應當著重注意的幾個原則性問題：個原則性問題：v 第一，表達時要從整體著眼，從細節入手第一，表達時要從整體著眼，從細節入手v 第二，表達須充分，避免表達過度或表達不

17、足第二，表達須充分，避免表達過度或表達不足 (29) Mary went upstairs. 原譯：瑪麗上二樓去了。原譯：瑪麗上二樓去了。 (30) Sterling sold consumer goods in great demand but short supply. 原譯：斯特林投機倒把兜售緊俏商品。原譯：斯特林投機倒把兜售緊俏商品。 (31) Two days before he died, he talked about what he would have missed without the opportunity for a loving parting. 原譯：他在死前兩天

18、談到，如果不接受治療，他就會錯過原譯：他在死前兩天談到，如果不接受治療，他就會錯過這些充滿親情的離別。這些充滿親情的離別。v(32) Brown is as poor as a church mouse.v(33) His mind went back to that bookthe book the lord Himself must have put into his hands out of the hundreds of Army library books sent to the Florida training camp. (34) His last book on buildin

19、g types, although fragmentary and almost unknown, is I think one of his important ones.在英漢翻譯的表達中應當著重注意的幾在英漢翻譯的表達中應當著重注意的幾個原則性問題：個原則性問題：在英漢翻譯的表達中應當著重注意的幾在英漢翻譯的表達中應當著重注意的幾個原則性問題：個原則性問題：v 第三，表達中要遵循譯文語言的習慣，努力避免第三，表達中要遵循譯文語言的習慣，努力避免“翻譯腔翻譯腔”. 英譯漢時，必須遵循漢語的表達習慣。只有這樣，譯文才能通順英譯漢時，必須遵循漢語的表達習慣。只有這樣，譯文才能通順自然、明白曉暢

20、，可讀性強。也正是由于充分注意了這一點，下自然、明白曉暢，可讀性強。也正是由于充分注意了這一點，下面兩例的譯文才成為不留譯痕的佳譯：面兩例的譯文才成為不留譯痕的佳譯： (35) Although the recession has reached every corner of the planet, the impact is uneven. (36) The mighty Pacific washes the shores of five continentsNorth America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Antarctic; The

21、giant Pacific stretches 9,300 miles from the Arctic Circle at Bering Strait to the South Polar zone; It is not on the shores of continents or in the coastal islands, however, that the soul of the great Pacific is found.在英漢翻譯的表達中應當著重注意的幾在英漢翻譯的表達中應當著重注意的幾個原則性問題：個原則性問題： (37) A luxuriant tan speaks health and glamour. 原譯：豐潤的棕色皮膚訴說著健康和魅力。原譯：豐潤的棕色皮膚訴說著健康和魅力。 (38) This season saw an ominous dawning of the tenth of November. 原譯：這一季節看見十一月十日的不祥的破曉。原譯：這一季節看見十一月十日的不祥的破曉。 (39) The governments at all levels are so competent, economical and efficient that nobody fails t