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1、l The main defect in such saving schemes is that theres nothing in them for the kids. College is a thousand years away, and they probably think theyd just as soon stay home anyway. Indeed, the true purpose of such plans is usually not to promote saving but to prevent consumption. Appalled by what th
2、eir children spend on candy and video games( or rather, appalled by the degree to which their childrens overspending seems to mimic their own), parents devise ways to lock up their childrens resources. l 這類儲蓄計劃的主要缺陷在于,孩子本人一無所獲。上大學(xué)還不知要過多少年,他們或許會想他們寧愿呆在家里。實(shí)際上,這類計劃的真正目的通常不是促進(jìn)儲蓄而是限制消費(fèi)。孩子們在糖果、電子游戲上的花費(fèi)之大令
3、家長們十分震驚(或者更確切地說,孩子們的超支行為似乎是在竭力仿效父母,這令家長們十分震驚),于是家長便設(shè)法把孩子們的錢存起來不讓用。 lWorse, a former opponent charged Lewis with steroid use. Lewis firmly denied the charges and countered by providing before a judge that the magazine that had published the stories did so without foundations to their claims. He also
4、participated in drug test after drug test to prove he was clean. An opponent of steroid use, Lewis was never linked to drug use by anything but rumor l 更糟糕的是, 劉易斯以前的一個對手指控他也服用了類固醇。 劉易斯對此堅決予以否認(rèn)。并在法官面前證明雜志刊登這樣的消息是毫無根據(jù)的行為, 以此作為反擊。 他一次次的參加藥檢以證明自身的清白。劉易斯反對在比賽中服用類固醇。 除了在謠言中, 他從未和使用藥物的丑聞聯(lián)系在一起過。 考研精要語法點(diǎn)集錦考研
5、精要語法點(diǎn)集錦l表示否定、逆轉(zhuǎn)、反對的綴詞歸納表示否定、逆轉(zhuǎn)、反對的綴詞歸納ldis-加在名、形、副或動前表否定,不改變原詞性。加在名、形、副或動前表否定,不改變原詞性。disagree; disaster; disease; distrust; disorder; disregard(忽視忽視)in-; im-lin-, im加在名、形、副前。詞尾是加在名、形、副前。詞尾是-ant, -ent, -ate, -ite, -ible等的單詞,多用等的單詞,多用in-。im-為為in-的變體,加在的變體,加在“/b/, /m/, /p/”前;前;il-, ir-, ig也為也為in-的變體,分別
6、加的變體,分別加在輔音在輔音/l/, /r/, /n/前,便于發(fā)音前,便于發(fā)音 inadequate, inaccessible(難接近的難接近的,難達(dá)到難達(dá)到的的,難達(dá)成的難達(dá)成的 ), invalid, imbalance, immoral, immature, illegal, illiterate(文盲的文盲的), irregular, irresistible, ignoreun-lun-加在名、副、形或充當(dāng)形容詞加在名、副、形或充當(dāng)形容詞的分詞前的分詞前l(fā)un-加在名、動前構(gòu)成動詞時表加在名、動前構(gòu)成動詞時表”反動作反動作“,即撤消,即撤消/取消原來的動取消原來的動作和原來名詞的功
7、能,詞義應(yīng)反過作和原來名詞的功能,詞義應(yīng)反過來理解。來理解。unnatural, unlikely, unknown, unfold, unfasten(解解開開 ), untie, uncover(揭露揭露,脫帽脫帽 )non-lnon-加于名、形、副或作為形容加于名、形、副或作為形容詞的分詞前,其否定意義沒有詞的分詞前,其否定意義沒有in-強(qiáng),不轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)α⒚妗?qiáng),不轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)α⒚妗?nonsense, nonprofit, nonconformist(不信奉英國國教的不信奉英國國教的 ), nonconductor(不傳導(dǎo)體不傳導(dǎo)體,絕緣體絕緣體 )mis-lmis-加在名、動前,也可加在動名加
8、在名、動前,也可加在動名詞和用作形容詞的分詞前詞和用作形容詞的分詞前l(fā)Misconception(誤解誤解,錯誤想法錯誤想法 ), misplace(錯放錯放(誤給誤給) ), mischief(傷傷害害,災(zāi)禍災(zāi)禍,惡作劇惡作劇 ), mistakede-lde-加在動、形前表進(jìn)行相反的行加在動、形前表進(jìn)行相反的行為或達(dá)到相反的效果為或達(dá)到相反的效果ldeform(使使.殘缺殘缺,使使.變形變形 ), decode(解碼解碼,譯解譯解), deforest(采伐森采伐森林林,清除樹林清除樹林 ), degenerate(退化退化,墮落墮落)anti-, ant-l加在名、形前,其詞干往往是防加
9、在名、形前,其詞干往往是防/抗的對象。抗的對象。ant-用于元音和輔音用于元音和輔音/h/前前l(fā)Antarctic(南極的南極的), antibody(抗體抗體 ), anticlimax(令人泄氣的轉(zhuǎn)變令人泄氣的轉(zhuǎn)變 ), anticolonial(反殖民主義的反殖民主義的 ), anti-Janpanesecounter-l加在名、動、形前加在名、動、形前Counterbalance(平衡平衡,平衡力平衡力;使平衡使平衡,抵銷抵銷 ), counterpart(相似之物相似之物(正副二正副二份中之一份中之一,對應(yīng)物對應(yīng)物) ), countermeasure(對策對策 ), counter
10、attack(反擊反擊,反攻反攻 ), counter-strike(回?fù)艋負(fù)?)mal-, male-l加在名、形、動前,表示加在名、形、動前,表示”不善、不善、惡、壞、失惡、壞、失“等否定含義,其反義等否定含義,其反義前綴為前綴為bene-lmaltreat, malfunction(故障故障), malpractice(失職失職,行為不當(dāng)行為不當(dāng) ), malnutrition(營養(yǎng)不良營養(yǎng)不良 )-lesslvalueless, helpless, tireless, homelesslanti - against 反對反對 anticlockwise, anti-sunburn la
11、uto- self 自己的自己的 antobiography, automobile lco- with 共同、一起共同、一起 cooperate, coordinate lcontra- against 反,防止反,防止 contradict, contravene lde- remove 除去,脫離除去,脫離 deregulate, deselect ldis- not 中斷、消除中斷、消除 disappear, disconnect lil- not 否定,相反否定,相反 illegal, illogical linter- between 相互,在相互,在之間之間 internatio
12、nal, interchange lmis- badly / wrongly 錯,誤錯,誤 misinform, misbehave, misunderstand lmulti- many 許多許多 multinational, multilingual lnon- opposite 不,非,無不,非,無 non-profit, non-finite lout- more than 超過超過 outperform, outdo lover- too much 過多,過剩過多,過剩 oversleep, overwork lpost- after 在在之后之后 postpone, postnat
13、al lpre- before 在在之前之前 predict, precook lre- again 再,重再,重 rewrite, relive lsub- under 在在的下面的下面 submarine, subliminal (下意識的下意識的 )lsuper- higher / improved 超,過于超,過于 supermarket, superhuman ltrans- across 橫越,變化橫越,變化 transatlantic, transplant luni- one 單一單一 uniform, unilateral (單方面單方面,單邊的單邊的,片片面的面的 )lun
14、der- not enough 過少,不足過少,不足 underpaid, underfed不充分供料不充分供料(供料不足供料不足,下給下給,下部進(jìn)料下部進(jìn)料) l后綴后綴含義含義例詞例詞l-ess表示陰性表示陰性l-er/-ist/-or表示職業(yè)表示職業(yè)l-ese表示國籍表示國籍l-al表示行為表示行為l-ance/-ence表示行為狀態(tài)表示行為狀態(tài)l-ation表示行為狀態(tài)表示行為狀態(tài)l-dom表示狀態(tài)領(lǐng)域表示狀態(tài)領(lǐng)域l-hood表示身份性質(zhì)表示身份性質(zhì)l-ity/-ness/-th 表示性質(zhì)狀態(tài)表示性質(zhì)狀態(tài)l-ment/-ion/-urel表示行為結(jié)果表示行為結(jié)果l-ship表示身份狀態(tài)
15、表示身份狀態(tài)l后綴后綴含義含義l-able/-ible可可的,能的,能的的l-al屬于屬于的,具有的,具有特點(diǎn)的特點(diǎn)的l-ed具有具有特點(diǎn)的特點(diǎn)的l-ful具有具有/ 充滿充滿的的l-ing具有具有特點(diǎn)的特點(diǎn)的/表動作的結(jié)果表動作的結(jié)果l-ish有有屬性的屬性的l-ive有有的傾向的的傾向的l-less沒有沒有的的l-like像像的的l-y充滿充滿的的l-en使使/變得變得l-ize使使l-ly在在狀態(tài)中狀態(tài)中l(wèi)-ward(s)朝朝方向方向l考點(diǎn)一:考點(diǎn)一: 原級比較一般用原級比較一般用 as as ; not so as ; the same as ;l特殊結(jié)構(gòu)特殊結(jié)構(gòu) A is to B
16、what / as X is to Y ; lA+倍數(shù)或幾分之幾倍數(shù)或幾分之幾 as + adj. / adv. + as +B.lThe work is not as difficult as you think.lAir is to us as water is to fish. 我們與空氣我們與空氣的關(guān)系就像魚和水的關(guān)系。的關(guān)系就像魚和水的關(guān)系。lThis book is twice as thick as that one.比較級的考點(diǎn)歸納比較級的考點(diǎn)歸納l考點(diǎn)二:比較級常用結(jié)構(gòu)考點(diǎn)二:比較級常用結(jié)構(gòu) A 比較級比較級 than + Bl特殊結(jié)構(gòu):特殊結(jié)構(gòu):the more the m
17、ore (越(越越越);); more and more (越來越)(越來越)lThis question is less difficult than that that question. (比較對象為彼此獨(dú)立的人或(比較對象為彼此獨(dú)立的人或事物)事物)lIron is more useful than any other metal. (比較對象具有所屬關(guān)系,(比較對象具有所屬關(guān)系, 含有最高級含義)含有最高級含義)lThe city is becoming more and more beautiful.l考點(diǎn)三:以拉丁文考點(diǎn)三:以拉丁文-ior結(jié)尾的含有比較意義的結(jié)尾的含有比較意義的
18、形容詞后接形容詞后接to 而不是而不是than. 這些詞是:這些詞是:lsuperior, inferior , senior , junior , major , minor, anterior, prior(在(在之前)之前) ,lposterior (在(在之后)之后)lHe is three years senior to me.lThis type of computer is superior to that type.l考點(diǎn)四:最高級用于三者以上的事物之間的考點(diǎn)四:最高級用于三者以上的事物之間的比較,所以比較的范圍自然是少不了。一般比較,所以比較的范圍自然是少不了。一般表示地方用
19、介詞表示地方用介詞in; 表示所屬關(guān)系和人物比表示所屬關(guān)系和人物比較用介詞較用介詞 of. ( 即即the +最高級最高級in /of )lThe Yangtze River is the longest river in China, but it is the third longest river in the world.lThe youngest member of the family is most successful.lOf all forms of energy, electricity is most widely used.l考點(diǎn)五:在考點(diǎn)五:在 more than 結(jié)
20、構(gòu)中,結(jié)構(gòu)中, than 有時有時可看作關(guān)系代詞,相當(dāng)于可看作關(guān)系代詞,相當(dāng)于than whatlThere ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today. (Than = than what)l人們不應(yīng)該像今天這樣擔(dān)心害怕患上癌癥。人們不應(yīng)該像今天這樣擔(dān)心害怕患上癌癥。lThere are more wonders in heaven and earth than are dreamt of. ( than=than what)l天
21、地間的奇跡比人們所夢想的要多得多。天地間的奇跡比人們所夢想的要多得多。lThe medicine is more effective than is expected.l考點(diǎn)六:英語中有一小部分表示絕對意義的形容考點(diǎn)六:英語中有一小部分表示絕對意義的形容詞沒有比較級和最高級。如:詞沒有比較級和最高級。如:ldead, deaf, empty, total, whole, perfect, complete, right, wrong, equal, daily, false, finallabsolute, alone, round, pregnant, square, supreme, un
22、ique, straight, eternal(永久的永久的,永恒的永恒的 ), unanimous(全體一致全體一致的的,一致同意的一致同意的 )l考點(diǎn)七:幾組由考點(diǎn)七:幾組由 “more than ;more than” 和和“no / not 比較級比較級” 等構(gòu)成的慣用句式及其等構(gòu)成的慣用句式及其含義。含義。lmore than 其含義為:其含義為: “不僅是,不僅是, 非常,非常, 十分十分”等,等, 用法和意義較多。用法和意義較多。lmore than 其含義可以是:其含義可以是: “與其說與其說不如不如說,說, 不是不是而是而是”lWhat we are doing today
23、is more than donating some money.l今天我們所做的不只是捐一些錢。今天我們所做的不只是捐一些錢。 Their action was more than justified. 他們的行動是完全有理由的。他們的行動是完全有理由的。lHe is more brave than wise. 他有勇無謀。他有勇無謀。lThe book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammer.l這本書看起來與其說是一本語法書,不如說是一本這本書看起來與其說是一本語法書,不如說是一本詞典。詞典。lno more than 強(qiáng)調(diào)少,意為強(qiáng)調(diào)少,
24、意為“只有,不過,僅僅只有,不過,僅僅”lnot more than 客觀敘述,意為客觀敘述,意為“不超過不超過”lHe has no more than five dollars on him.l他身上僅有他身上僅有5美元。(強(qiáng)調(diào)少)美元。(強(qiáng)調(diào)少)lHe has not more than five dollars on him.l他身上帶的錢不超過僅有他身上帶的錢不超過僅有5美元。(強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)額少于美元。(強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)額少于5美元)美元)lno more than含有消極否定的意思,可譯為含有消極否定的意思,可譯為“A與與B都不都不,不,不 也不也不”lnot more than 含有積極、肯定的
25、意思,表示程含有積極、肯定的意思,表示程度上的差異。度上的差異。lHe is no more diligent than you.l他不勤奮,你也不勤奮。(兩人都不勤奮)他不勤奮,你也不勤奮。(兩人都不勤奮)lHe is not more diligent than you.l他沒有像你那樣勤奮。(兩人都勤奮,但你更勤奮)他沒有像你那樣勤奮。(兩人都勤奮,但你更勤奮)lno less than = as much as 意為:意為:“竟有竟有之多,之多,多達(dá)多達(dá)”強(qiáng)調(diào)多強(qiáng)調(diào)多l(xiāng)not less than 意為意為“不少于,至少不少于,至少”,可觀地描述,可觀地描述lno less than 前
26、后均為肯定,含有驚奇的感情色前后均為肯定,含有驚奇的感情色彩。可譯為:彩。可譯為:“是是是,是, 正是,正是, 和和 一樣,一樣, 多達(dá),多達(dá),應(yīng)有應(yīng)有之多之多”lHis son has read no less than 50 English books.l他的兒子竟然讀了他的兒子竟然讀了50本英文書。(強(qiáng)調(diào)多)本英文書。(強(qiáng)調(diào)多)lHis son has read not less than 50 English books.l他的兒子讀了不少于他的兒子讀了不少于50本英文書。(不強(qiáng)調(diào)多或少)本英文書。(不強(qiáng)調(diào)多或少)lThe middle-aged man was no less a p
27、erson than the new minister.l這位中年人正是新來的部長。這位中年人正是新來的部長。lHer voice is no less sweet than it used to be.l她的歌聲和以前一樣甜美。她的歌聲和以前一樣甜美。非謂語動詞非謂語動詞l非謂語動詞是指分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分非謂語動詞是指分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)、不定式、動名詞等三種形式,詞)、不定式、動名詞等三種形式,即:即: doing , done , to do , doing 。l 現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞 doing : 有有being done(被動式)(被動式) ; having done
28、 (完成式)(完成式); having been done (完成被動式)(完成被動式) 不定式不定式 to do : 有有to be done (被動式)(被動式); to have done (完成式)(完成式); to be doing(進(jìn)行(進(jìn)行式)式) 動名詞動名詞 doing : 有有having done(完成式)(完成式); being done(被動式)(被動式) ; 非謂語動詞的特點(diǎn) l三種非謂語動詞都具有動詞的特征,雖然它們?nèi)N非謂語動詞都具有動詞的特征,雖然它們沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,但是它們都能帶自己的沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,但是它們都能帶自己的狀語或有時跟賓語。它們都有各自
29、的特征:分狀語或有時跟賓語。它們都有各自的特征:分詞具有形容詞和副詞的特征;動名詞具有名詞詞具有形容詞和副詞的特征;動名詞具有名詞的特征;不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特的特征;不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。具體來講:分詞在句子中可以做定語、表征。具體來講:分詞在句子中可以做定語、表語、狀語或補(bǔ)足語等;動名詞在句子中可以做語、狀語或補(bǔ)足語等;動名詞在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語等;不定式在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語等;不定式在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語、補(bǔ)足語或狀語。主語、賓語、表語、補(bǔ)足語或狀語。 一、一、 動詞不定式動詞不定式 l1To learn a foreign langu
30、age is difficult. 2 His wish is to be a driver. 3Tom wanted to have a cup of beer. 4The teacher told us to do morning exercises. 5I have nothing to say. 6They went to see their aunt. 7Its easy to see their aunt. 8I dont know what to do next. 9I heard them make a noise. 掌握動詞不定式應(yīng)注意的幾個問題 l1 “to” 是不定式符號
31、還是介詞,下列短是不定式符號還是介詞,下列短語中的語中的to 都是介詞。都是介詞。 object to, close to, come to, lead to, refer to, equal to, familiar to, point to , thanks to , devote to, next to, belong to , be used to, look forward to l2 帶帶to 還是不帶還是不帶to I have no choice but to give in. I cannot do anything but give in. I saw him enter t
32、he classroom . ( 但是:但是: He was seen to enter the classroom .) l3 動詞不定式邏輯主語是由動詞不定式邏輯主語是由for 作為標(biāo)記作為標(biāo)記的。但是有時用的。但是有時用of . Its necessary for you to study hard . Its foolish of him to do it . 與與of 連用的形容詞有:連用的形容詞有: good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite , p
33、ossible l4后接不定式作賓語的動詞有:后接不定式作賓語的動詞有: want , hope , wish , like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , promise , teach , refuse , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , fail , manage , offer , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect etc 需要賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞不能用動詞不定式直接需要賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞不能用動詞不定式直接
34、做介詞的賓語,而要用做介詞的賓語,而要用it做形式賓語。例如:做形式賓語。例如:通常不說通常不說We think to obey the laws is important . 而說而說We think it important to obey the laws . l5不定式的省略。下列短語中,如果意義明不定式的省略。下列短語中,如果意義明確,常常省略到確,常常省略到to 。 want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to ,
35、used to , be able to l6不定式作定語,應(yīng)注意兩種關(guān)系:不定式作定語,應(yīng)注意兩種關(guān)系: 1)動賓關(guān)系:)動賓關(guān)系: He has a lot of meeting to attend. Please lend me something to write with. He is looking for a room to live He is looking for a room to live in. He has no money and no place to live (in). I think the best way to travel (by) is on fo
36、ot. There is no time to think (about). 2)主謂關(guān)系:)主謂關(guān)系: She is always the last (person) to speak at the meeting. -Im going to the post office, for I have a letter to post. ( 邏輯主語是邏輯主語是I ) -Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now. ( 邏輯主語不是邏輯主語不是I )l7不定式作狀語,可以有以下幾種意義:不定式作狀語,可以有以下幾種意義: 1) 原因原因 H
37、e is lucky to get here on time . 這種結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的形容詞有:這種結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的形容詞有: happy, glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager , anxious . lucky , fortunate , proud , angry surprised , frightened , disappointed , ready , clever , foolish , worthy 2) 目的目的 He came to help me with my maths . 3) 結(jié)果結(jié)果 I hurried to get th
38、ere only to find him out . The book is too hard for the boy to read . He is old enough to go to school . l8 . 不定式作補(bǔ)足語不定式作補(bǔ)足語 I saw him play in the street just now . 能跟不帶能跟不帶to 的不定式作補(bǔ)足語的動詞有:的不定式作補(bǔ)足語的動詞有: see , feel , hear , listen to , look at , watch , let , have make, observe, notice 注注: 當(dāng)這些詞為被動式時,
39、不定式要帶當(dāng)這些詞為被動式時,不定式要帶to , 如:如: He was seen to play in the street just now. 二動名詞二動名詞 lLearning English is very difficult . 學(xué)英語非常困難。學(xué)英語非常困難。 His job is driving a bus . 他的工作是開車。他的工作是開車。 I enjoy dancing . 我喜歡跳舞。我喜歡跳舞。 I have got used to living in the country . 我已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了住農(nóng)村。我已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了住農(nóng)村。 Take some sleeping tabl
40、ets , and you will soon fall asleep . 吃點(diǎn)安眠藥,你很快就會入睡。吃點(diǎn)安眠藥,你很快就會入睡。 l注意以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu):注意以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu): 1Theres no telling what will happen. =Its impossible to tell what will happen. = No one can tell what will happen. 2Its no use talking with him. Its no good speaking to them like that. 3Theres some difficulty ( in
41、 ) doing 在此句型中在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下單詞替換可以由以下單詞替換: trouble , problem , fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard time l注意以下幾個問題:注意以下幾個問題: 1下列動詞后跟不定式與跟動名詞作賓語意義有區(qū)下列動詞后跟不定式與跟動名詞作賓語意義有區(qū)別,別, forget to do 忘記要做某事忘記要做某事 forget doing 忘記做了某事忘記做了某事 remember to do 記住要做某事記住要做某事 remember doing 記著做了某事記著做了某事mean to do
42、有意要做某事有意要做某事 mean doing 意味著做了某事意味著做了某事 regret to do 對要做的事表示后悔對要做的事表示后悔 regret doing 對做過去的事后悔對做過去的事后悔 lcant help to do不能幫助做某事不能幫助做某事 cant help doing 情不自禁做某事情不自禁做某事 try to do 盡力去做某事盡力去做某事 try doing 試著做某事試著做某事 learn to do 學(xué)著去做某事學(xué)著去做某事 learn doing 學(xué)會做某事學(xué)會做某事stop to do 停下來去做(另一件事)停下來去做(另一件事) stop doing 停
43、止做某事停止做某事 go on to do 接著做(另外一件事)接著做(另外一件事) go on doing 繼續(xù)做某事繼續(xù)做某事 used to do 過去做某事過去做某事 be used to doing 習(xí)慣做某事習(xí)慣做某事 l2動名詞作定語與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語意義有區(qū)別動名詞作定語與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語意義有區(qū)別 動名詞作定語表達(dá)動名詞作定語表達(dá) n+ for doing 的含義的含義 - 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表達(dá)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表達(dá) n + which (who) be doing的含義的含義 如:如:a sleeping car = a car for sleeping a running hors
44、e = a horse which is running 前者是動名詞前者是動名詞 , 后者是現(xiàn)在分詞后者是現(xiàn)在分詞 又如:又如: drinking water, walking stick(手杖手杖 ), running water(自來水自來水 ), sleeping boy 3 動名詞的邏輯主語:動名詞的邏輯主語: 動名詞的邏輯主語為代詞或名詞的所有格形式。動名詞的邏輯主語為代詞或名詞的所有格形式。 例如:例如:His coming made us very happy . 4動名詞的語態(tài)和時態(tài)動名詞的語態(tài)和時態(tài) 5 動名詞主動形式表被動的情況:動名詞主動形式表被動的情況: need d
45、oing , want doing , require doing 例如:例如: This room needs painting. 這個房間這個房間需要粉刷。需要粉刷。 l6只能跟動名詞作賓語的動詞:只能跟動名詞作賓語的動詞:l admit , avoid , advise , consider , delay , deny , enjoy , escape , excuse , fancy(想像力想像力,幻想幻想,喜好喜好 ) , finish , complete , forbid , imagine , mind , miss , permit . practise , require
46、 , suggest , risk , keep, take to(喜愛喜愛(開始開始,從事從事,養(yǎng)成養(yǎng)成,養(yǎng)成養(yǎng)成,走向走向,容易學(xué)會容易學(xué)會) , look forward to , get down to (開始開始,著手著手), feel like , cant help , cant stand , be used to ,insist on , succeed in , set about, give up , include 三 分詞 1 The story is interesting . Im interested in it . 這個故事有興趣,我對這個故事感興趣。這個故事
47、有興趣,我對這個故事感興趣。 2 . This is a moving film . 這是一部動人的電影。這是一部動人的電影。 3. The secretary worked late into the night , preparing a long speech for the president . 秘書工作到深夜,為主席準(zhǔn)備一篇長篇演講稿。秘書工作到深夜,為主席準(zhǔn)備一篇長篇演講稿。4. Given more time , Ill do it well . 如果給我多一點(diǎn)時間,我會做的更好。如果給我多一點(diǎn)時間,我會做的更好。 When he passed the back of the
48、street , he saw the thief stealing some money from the bank . 當(dāng)他后街時,看到小偷正從銀行偷錢當(dāng)他后街時,看到小偷正從銀行偷錢。 l應(yīng)注意的幾個問題:應(yīng)注意的幾個問題:l1現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別Do you know the woman talking to Tom ? = Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ? The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor. = The soldier who wa
49、s wounded in the war has become a doctor. China is a developing country and America is a developed country. l2分詞作表語分詞作表語 The news sounds encouraging . They got very excited . 1)現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作表語的區(qū)別:)現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作表語的區(qū)別: The news is interesting . He is interested in the news . doing 作表語,主語與表語是主謂關(guān)系作表語,主語與表語是主謂
50、關(guān)系 ;done 作表語,主語作表語,主語與表語是動賓關(guān)系。與表語是動賓關(guān)系。 2)表語與被動式的區(qū)別:)表語與被動式的區(qū)別: The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .(強(qiáng)調(diào)動作)(強(qiáng)調(diào)動作) The blackboard is broken . Youd better have it repaired.(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài))(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)) 3)常作表語的過去分詞:)常作表語的過去分詞: amused , injured , covered , known , dressed , lost , broken , gone , delighted, excited ,
51、 pleased , satisfied , married , worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank , done l3現(xiàn)在分詞、動名詞現(xiàn)在分詞、動名詞 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的區(qū)別 The situation in our country is encouraging . (表表語語) The situation in our country is encouraging the people . ( 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時) My job is looking after
52、the little baby . (動名詞動名詞) 能回答能回答how-question 的是現(xiàn)在分詞,的是現(xiàn)在分詞,l能回答能回答what-question 的動名詞,的動名詞,l既不能回答既不能回答how-question 也不能回答也不能回答what-question 的是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。的是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。 例如:例如: -How is the situation in our country ?l -It is encouraging . -What is your job ? l -My job is looking after the little baby . l4注意的四種結(jié)構(gòu):注
53、意的四種結(jié)構(gòu): have something to do 有某事要做有某事要做 have something done 使某事被做使某事被做 have somebody do something 使某人做使某人做某事某事 have something doing 讓某事一直做著讓某事一直做著 l5 需要跟反身代詞作賓語的動詞:需要跟反身代詞作賓語的動詞: seat , prepare , hide , dress 如:如:I seated myself on the chair . I was seated on the chair . l6分詞做狀語與不定式的區(qū)別:分詞做狀語與不定式的區(qū)別:
54、 分詞做狀語表示時間、原因、讓步、分詞做狀語表示時間、原因、讓步、 條件、方條件、方式、伴隨等;而不定式表示目的和結(jié)果。式、伴隨等;而不定式表示目的和結(jié)果。 Having finished the homework, I went home. ( 時間)時間) Being a Party member , I should work hard . (原因)(原因) Given more time ,I can do my work better . ( 條件條件 ) He ran out of the classroom ,shouting at the boy. ( 伴隨)伴隨) To ge
55、t more knowledge , we must work harder and harder . ( 目的目的 ) He is old enough to join the army . ( 結(jié)果)結(jié)果)l7分詞、動名詞和不定式作定語的區(qū)別分詞、動名詞和不定式作定語的區(qū)別 a running horse 現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞 = a horse that is running a fallen leaf 過去分詞過去分詞 = a leaf that has already fallen a walking stick 動名詞動名詞 = a stick for walking somethin
56、g to do 不定式不定式 = something that I should do l8不定式被動式、分詞的被動式和過去分詞不定式被動式、分詞的被動式和過去分詞的區(qū)別:的區(qū)別: I have a problem to be discussed at the meeting . ( 將來將來) The building being built on the river is the Science Museum . (正在進(jìn)行)(正在進(jìn)行) The building completed three years ago is now in bad conditions . ( 過去)過去) l
57、9分詞做狀語需要注意的一個問題:分詞做狀語需要注意的一個問題: 分詞與句子主語的邏輯關(guān)系分詞與句子主語的邏輯關(guān)系 Seeing from the hill , the city looks beautiful .( 錯誤錯誤 ) Seen from the hill , the city looks beautiful . ( 正確)正確) Seeing 與與the city 不是主謂關(guān)系;不是主謂關(guān)系;seen 與與city 是動賓關(guān)系是動賓關(guān)系 代詞及其指代一致代詞及其指代一致一代詞的指代一代詞的指代 1that的指代作用的指代作用 that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù),用指代不
58、可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù),用those),后面通常跟有修飾語,如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)),后面通常跟有修飾語,如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的中的that of。如。如 Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both. 這里這里that指代前面的指代前面的the role。 No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that ea
59、rned by his own labor. l2one的指代作用的指代作用 one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)為指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如:指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如: A good writer is_who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way. A that Bhe Cone Dthis 答案為答案為C 3do的替代作用。的替代作用。 do代替動詞,注意數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。如:代替動詞,注意數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。如: For him to be re-elected,
60、 what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does. 二代詞指代一致問題二代詞指代一致問題 代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致,代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致,或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。 Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form it
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