1、english of marine engineering(operational level)Makeshift paper shades, deeply charred, have been found in cabins and the occupants seem to have been blissfully unaware of the danger. On no account should combustible material be allowed to come into contact with a naked light bulb - proper shades sh

2、ould be provided.The correctly rated fuse should always be used in a circuit. When a fuse burns out repeatedly, one of heavier load is often fitted though the fault, which may be in the wiring, remains undetected.Similarly, the addition of extra appliances to a circuit which is not designed to carry

3、 the additional load will cause the wires to overheat, producing failure of the insulation, a short circuit and the resultant fire. The most usual cause of accommodation fires, however, has been the habit of smoking in bed. It seems beyond comprehension that people do not realize that just before sl

4、eeping the senses are dulled and it is impossible to be certain that the last cigarette will be properly extinguished. Although people know that this action has cost the lives of many others, they still believe that they could not make such a mistake as to fall asleep whilst smoking. Many fires have

5、 originated in ships galleys, generally because of overheated pans of fat catching fire, but sometimes because of oil leakage where oil fired cooking stoves were fitted. In cargo spaces（貨艙）（貨艙）, proper stowage（裝載）（裝載） and ventilation should prevent overheating and possible spontaneous combustion（自燃）

6、（自燃） and providing no cigarette ends or unextinguished matches are dropped among the cargo, it will be safe. Illegal（違法的） smoking in cargo and storage compartments and in forbidden spaces（限制區域） such as the centre-castle（中樓） on tankers has taken a heavy toll（災難） of both ships and crews. In the machin

7、ery spaces, precautions should mainly take the form of cleanliness, the prevention of oil leakage, and the removal of all combustible materials from vulnerable（易受攻擊的） positions.Even a thick accumulation of paint, often found in old ships, can help to spread（蔓延） a fire. To prevent oil escaping（逃脫） un

8、seen the pipes carrying hot oil under pressure should be above the floor plates, lighting above and below the floor plates（底板） should be bright and comprehensive, and clean save-alls should be placed under the burners and filters.Oil burners（燃燒器） should be carefully assembled and any which drip oil

9、or burn unevenly should be changed. Care should be taken before changing burners and filters to ensure that there is no pressure on them when they are opened. All joints（接頭） and glands（密封） in oil lines and at pumps should be kept tight and leakage prevented, whilst all boundary（邊界） bars and the oil

10、tight（油封） coamings（欄板） designed to contain any overflow of oil should be intact（良好的） and kept clean. Oil should not be allowed to accumulate on tank tops（油艙頂蓋） or in bilges and special care must be taken to prevent any uncontrollable overflow of oil from storage or settling tanks. Fires are still ca

11、used by overflow pipes not being led to（導向） a safe place and by loose or missing flange covers on the top of the tank. Oil level indicators（油位顯示器） should be of a type which will not allow oil to escape in the event of damage to them and it is preferable that they should be of a type which does not r

12、equire piercing（穿孔） of the lower part of the tank. Wood, paints, spirits, tins of oil and rags or waste should not be kept in boiler rooms or/and machinery spaces, secure stowage in the tunnel or steering gear flat（平面） being suitable for such items, whilst dirty oil and oily rags should not be allow

13、ed to accumulate. All electric wiring should be permanent, well maintained and kept clean and dry, and not overloaded by the gradual addition of extra appliances. The question of smoking in the machinery spaces is a vexed（煩惱的） one. It seems evident however that even in places where the danger is gre

14、ater than in ships engine and boiler rooms, it is impossible to make certain that a no smoking rule can be enforced（執行）, so that it is better to admit that people will smoke, and to provide suitable receptacles for the disposal of the cigarette stubs.Certain ships, e.g. tankers and certain bulk dang

15、erous goods carriers will of course have to restrict（限制） the places where smoking may be allowed. But it seems wise to ensure that any person wishing to smoke should have the opportunity of doing so in a safe place at reasonable intervals. If the measured temperature is low, more water will be bypas

16、sed and its temperature will therefore increase. If the measured temperature is high, then less water will be bypassed, more will be cooled and the temperature will fall. A simple system such as this can be used only after careful analysis of the plant conditions and the correct sizing of equipment

17、fitted.Lubricating oil system control The lubricating oil is pumped from the drain tank, very often with a magnetic filter in the suction line, via main suction filters, fitted with a differential pressure alarm. These filters may both be automatically cleaned or one hand-cleaned and one automatical

18、ly.In some cases, when the differential pressure exceeds a pre-set value, the filter is automatically back flushed with air, the displaced oil going to an auxiliary drain tank where it is subsequently filtered and pumped back into the system.Cooling is carried out by a three-way by-pass valve in the

19、 oil line controlled from a sensor at the inlet to the engine. This valve should be fail-safe with all the oil going through the cooler. In some arrangements the filters are placed after the coolers. Temperature monitoring would be carried out on the common inlet temperature, thrust inlet temperatur

20、e, and blower outlet temperatures, all having alarms for high temperature.Low pressure is monitored at the common inlet to the engine with alarm and slowdown or shut down of the main engine. In some cases there may be an alarm only for low pressure on all supplies other than to the main bearings, wi

21、th alarm and shut down only on these.Low level is monitored on the drain tank and header tank by magnetic switches with a 20 seconds delay to prevent false alarms due to surging. Failure of the circulating pumps is alarmed, as is high differential pressure across the filters. Crankcase oil mist detection alarms on high density with engine shut down. The lubricating oil purifier may take oil from the drain tank and discharge the clean oil into th