1、Unit OneOil （油）1. The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time. Some of the Indians of North America used to collect and sell the oil from the wells of Pennsylvania. No one,however,seems to have realized the importance of this oil until it was found that paraffin-oil could be made from

2、it; this led to thedevelopment of the wells and to the making of enormous profits.Whent he internalcombustion engine was invented,oil became of worldwide importance.1、油井的存在由來已久。北美的一些印第安人過去常常去賓夕法尼亞的油井采集油來出售。一直以來，沒有人認識到這種油的重要性，后來人們發現它可提煉出煤油來， 情況才為之一變。自此油井遂蓬勃發展，巨額利潤也由此產生。當內燃機發明后，石 油更具有世界性重要意義。2. What w

3、as the origin of the oil which now drives our motor-cars and aircraft? Scientists are confident about the formation of coal,but they do not seem so sure when asked about oil. They think that the oil under the surface of the earth originated in the distant past,and was formed from living things in th

4、e sea. Countless billions of minute sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed. They were covered with huge deposits of mud; and by processes of chemistry,pressure and temperature were changed through long ages into what we know as oil. For there creatures to become oil,it was necessary

5、that they should be imprisoned between layers of rock for an enormous length of time.The statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing the chief oilfield of the world; very fewof them are far distant fromthe oceans of today. In some places gas and oil come up to

6、the surface of the sea from its bed. The rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too.They are sedimentary rocks,rocks which were laid down by the action of water on the bed of the ocean. Almost always the remains of shells,and other proofs of sea life,are found close to the oil. A very comm

7、ons edimentary rock is called shale,which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on the sea bed. And where there is shale there is likely to be oil.2、現在驅動汽車和飛機的油的起源是什么？科學家對煤的形成一清二楚，然而論及石油時，它們就不那么有把握了。他們認為，處于地表下的油起源于遠古，并是由海洋生物形成的。數億的微小海洋動物和植物繁衍生殖并沉到海底。它們被厚厚的泥沙沉積物所覆蓋，并由于化學變化、壓力和溫度的

8、作用過程，在漫長的時間中變成了我們所知道的石油。這些生物要變成石油，必須被密封在巖石之中很長時間。如果瞧一瞧標明世界主要油田的地圖，石油起源于海洋之說便可以得到證實，極少有油田是遠離今天的海洋的。在某些地方，天然氣和石油從海底冒出海面。含油的巖石與海洋也有淵源關系。它們是水成巖，是由海水作用沉至海底的。在有石油地方的附近幾乎總是有貝殼遺骸和其他海洋生物的證據。一種十分常見的水成巖叫油頁巖，他是一種很軟的巖石，很明顯是因為被壓積在海底而后形成的。而哪兒有油頁巖，哪兒就可能有 石油。3. Geologists,scientists who study rocks,indicate the like

9、ly places to the oil drillers. In some cases oil comes out of the ground without any drilling at all and has been used for hundreds of years. In the island of Trinidad the oil is in the form of asphalt,a substance used for making roads. Sir Walter Raleigh visited the famous pitch lake of Trinidad in

10、 1595; it is said to contain nine thousand million tons of asphalt. There are probably huge quantities of crude oil beneath the surface.3、研究巖石的科學家即地質學家給石油鉆井工指明可能產生油處。有些地方，根本無需挖掘，油自動冒出地面，并已這樣使用了幾百年。在特立尼達島，石油以瀝青-即用作鋪路的物質- 形式存在。在沃爾特·羅利爵士在1595年訪問過特立尼達的著名瀝青湖，據說該湖的瀝青容量有90億噸。在其地表下可能有大量原油。4. The king o

11、f the oilfield is the driller. He is a very skilledman. Sometimeshe sends his drill more than a mile into the earth. During the process of drilling,gas and oil at great pressure may suddenly be met,and if this rushes out and catches fire,the oil well may never be brought into operation at all.This d

12、anger is well known and steps are always taken to prevent it.5. 油田的主角是鉆井工。他們是熟練技術工人。有時他得把鉆頭鉆入地下一英里深。在鉆探過程中，由于巨大的壓力，可能會突然碰上氣和油，而如果油氣噴出來并著了火，此油井便可能永遠無法啟用。這種危險是人人共知的，因此人們采取防護措施。6. There is a lot of luck in drilling for oil. The drill may just miss the oil although it is near; on the other hand,it may s

13、trike oil at a fairly high level. When the drill goes down,it brings up soil. The samples of soil from various depths are examined for traces of oil. Ifthey are disappointed at oneplace,the drillers go to another. Great sums of money have been spent,for example in the deserts of Egypt,in 'prospe

14、cting' for oil. Sometimes little is found. When we buy a few gallons of petrol for our cars,we pay not only the cost of the petrol,but also part of the cost of the search that is always going on.5、在鉆井采油中也常要碰運氣。鉆頭可能離油很近，但卻失之交臂。而有時鉆頭可能在很淺處就碰上了油。鉆頭鉆下去，把土帶上來。人們檢驗從不同深處帶上來的土樣以探明油跡。如果一處落空了，鉆井工就轉移到另一處。為

15、了“勘探 ”石油，已花費了巨額錢財，例如在埃及沙漠就是那樣。有時所獲甚微。當我們為自己的汽車購買幾加侖汽油時，我們付的不僅僅是汽油的價錢，而且還包括了一部分不斷在進行著的勘探 費用。7. Whent he crude oil is obtained from the field,it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated,the first vapors to rise are cooled and become t

16、he finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand,it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.6、當原油從油田取得后，就被送往煉油廠去處理

17、。最常見的處理方式是加熱。油加熱時最早升起的蒸汽冷卻后就為最好的汽油。汽油沸點低，如果倒入少許在手上，它立即就蒸發掉。稍后從油中分離出來的氣體就被冷凝成煤油，最后制出的各種不同等 級的潤滑油。而剩下的部分是用作燃料的重油。8. There are four main areas of the world where deposits of oil appear. The first is that of the Middle East,and includes the regions near the Caspian Sea,the Black Sea,the Red Sea and the

18、Persian Gulf,another is the area between North and South America,and the third,between Asia and Australia,Includes the islands of Sumatra,Borneo and Java.7、世界上已探明的主要蘊藏石油地區有4個，第一是中東地區，包括里海、黑海、紅海和波斯灣附近地區，另一個是北美和南美間的油區，而第三個是亞洲和澳洲之間 的地區，包括蘇門答臘、婆羅洲和爪洼島。9. The forth area is the part near the North Pole. W

19、hen all the present oilfields are exhausted,it is possible that this cold region may become the scene of oil activity. Yet the difficulties will be great,and the costs may be so high that no company will undertake the work. If progress in using atomic power to drive machines is fast enough,it is pos

20、sible that oil-driven engines may give place to the new kind of engine. In that case the demand for oil willfall,the oilfields will gradually disappear,and the deposits at the North Pole may rest where they are for ever.8、第四個油區是靠近北極那部分區域。當所有現今的油田都枯竭了的時候，這一寒冷地區可能會成為石油競爭活動的場所。然而困難將是很大的，同時代價也可能很高，因此沒有一

21、家公司肯承擔這一任務。如果利用原子能來開動機器方面的工作進展迅速，那么以油為動力的發電機可能讓位于新型發動機。在那種情況下，對石油的需求量將 下降，油田將逐漸消失，而北極的儲油也可能永遠睡在原地。Unit TwoAn Introduction to Distillation蒸餾概述1. Petroleum refining is the separation of petroleum into fractions and the subsequent treating of these fractions to make them into petroleum products. Most p

22、etroleum products,including kerosenes,fuel oils,lubricating oils,and waxes,are fractions of petroleum that have been treated to remove undesirable components. Other products,for example,gasolines,aromatic solvents,and even some asphalts,are totally or partly synthetic in that they have compositions

23、that are impossible to achieve by direct separation of these materials from crude petroleum. They result from chemical processes that change the molecular nature of selected portions of crude petroleum; in other words,they are the products of refining or they are refined products. 1、石油煉制即將石油分離成各種餾分，

24、然后將這些餾分經過處理，制成各種石油產品。大部分石油產品，包括 煤油、燃料油、潤滑油和石蠟，都是原油經過處理去掉不需要的成分而得到的石油餾 分。其他石油產品，如汽油、芳烴溶劑、甚至包括有些瀝青，則是通過完全或者部分 合成而制造的。因為組成這些產品的物質成分無法通過直接分離原油獲得，而是通過 化學反應過程，從原油中選定某些成分并改變其分子屬性而獲得的。換言之，它們是 通過煉制得到的，或稱為煉制產品。2. Refining petroleum is a complex series of steps by which the original crude material is eventuall

25、y converted into salable products with the desired qualities and,perhaps more important,in the amounts dictated by the market.2、石油煉制包含一系列復雜的過程。通過這些過程，石油原料最終轉化成為可銷售的 產品。這些產品在質量上符合人類需要，而更重要的是它們在數量上符合市場要求。3. In fact,a refinery is essentially a group of manufacturing plants that vary in number with the

26、variety of products produced; refinery processes must be selected and products manufactured to give a balanced operation: that is,crude oil must be converted into products according to the rate of sale of each. For example,the manufacture of products from the lower boiling portion of petroleum autom

27、atically produces a certain amount of higher boiling components. If the latter cannot be sold as,say,heavy fuel oil,they accumulate until refinery storage facilities are full. To prevent the occurrence of such a situation,the refinery must be flexible and able to change operations asneeded. This usu

28、ally means more processes-a cracking process to change an excess of heavy fuel oil into more gasoline with coke as the residual product or a vacuum distillation process to separate the heavy oil into lubricating oilstocks and asphalt-to accommodate the ever-changing demands of the market. 3、實際上，煉油廠從

29、根本上說是一組生產裝置，其數量根據生產產品的不同而不同。煉油工藝須經選擇，產品生產應該平衡：即從原油生產產品必須依據每一產品的銷售速度而進行。比如，從沸點較低的組分生產石油產品，就會自動產生一定數量的高沸點產品。如果高沸點產品，如重燃料油，無法銷售，這些產品就會積壓，直到裝滿煉廠 的儲存設施。要避免這種情況出現，煉廠應采取靈活措施，并能夠根據需要改變操作。一般而言，這意味著需要更多的工藝以適應不斷變化的市場需求：運用裂化工藝將過 剩重燃料油轉化成汽油，而焦碳成為殘余品；或者運用真空蒸餾工藝將重油分解成潤 滑油和瀝青。4.In addition,a complete refining insta

30、llation must include the following: all necessary non-processing facilities; adequate tankage for storing crude oil,intermediate,and finished products; a dependable source of electrical power,material-handling equipment; workshops and supplies for maintaining a continuous 24 h/day,7 day/week operati

31、on; waste disposal and water-treating equipment; and product-blending facilities. 4、此外，一套完整的煉油裝置須包括以下設備：所有必須的非工藝設施：足夠的儲罐容量用以儲存原油、中間產品和成品；可靠的電力和物質處理設備來源；用于維持一天24小時，一周七天連續運轉所需的車間和物資：廢料和污水處理設備；以及產品調合設施。5. In the early stages of refinery development,when illuminating and lubricating oils were the main p

32、roducts,distillation was the major and often only refinery process. At that time,gasoline was a minor,but more often unwanted,product. As the demand for gasoline increased,conversion processes were developed because distillation could no longer supply the necessary quantities. 5 、在早期煉油工業發展過程中，照明用油和潤

33、滑油是主要的產品，蒸餾 則成了主要的甚至經常是唯一的煉油工藝。當時，汽油本身盡管不是重要產品，但也 常討人嫌。隨著市場對汽油需求的增加，產品轉化工藝隨之發展，因為蒸餾已不能滿 足對汽油的數量需求。6. Nevertheless,distillation has remained a major refinery process and a process to which just about every crude that enters the refinery is subjected. A multitude of separations are accomplished by dis

34、tillation,but its most important and primary function in the refinery is its use for the separation of crude oil into component fractions. 6、但是，蒸餾仍然是重要的煉油工藝，而且所有原油進入煉廠都必須經過蒸餾。許多分離過程是通過蒸餾進行的，但蒸餾在 煉油廠中的最重要和主要的功能則是它在將原油分離成不同餾分過程中的作用。7. Thus it is possible to obtain products ranging from gaseous materia

35、ls taken off the top of the distillation column to a heavy residue or “bottom ”,which is usually nonvolatile,with correspondingly lighter materials taken off at intermediate points. However,the majority of crude oils,and this applies to the heavier,more viscous petroleums,which are processed by dist

36、illation,are usually separated into the lighter fractions(gas,gasoline,naphtha,kerosene,and gas oil) and the bottom or,as it is more generally called,the reduced crude. 7 、由此，我們有可能獲得石油產品，這些產品包括從蒸餾塔頂部得到的氣態物質，包括比重較大的渣油或稱“殘渣 ” ( 一般而言揮發性較差 ) ，以及從蒸餾塔中部得到的比重較小的其他相應物質。但是，經過蒸餾處理的大多數原油，包括比重較大、粘度更大的原油，一般都分離為較

37、輕組分(氣、汽油、粗汽油、煤油和粗柴油) 和殘渣，或者更多稱作常壓重油。8. The reduced crude may then be processed by vacuum or steam distillation to separate the high-boiling lubricating oil fractions without the danger of decomposition,which occurs at high (>350 ,660 ) temperatures.Indeed,atmospheric distillationmay be terminated

38、 with a lower boiling fraction( “cut ”) if it is thought that vacuum or steam distillation will yield a better quality product or if the process appears to be economically more favorable.8、然后，通過真空蒸餾或蒸汽蒸餾，常壓重油可以分離成高沸點潤滑油組分而沒有分解的危險。這種分離在高溫狀態下進行(>350 ，660 ) 。如果認為真空蒸餾或蒸汽蒸餾生產的產品質量更好，或者從經濟角度看更為有利，則低沸點組

39、分分離出來后，常壓蒸餾即可結束。Unit ThreePetroleum Geology and Other Sciences 石油地質學與其它科學1. Petroleum geology is the application of geology (the study of rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil and gas. Geology itself is firmly based on chemistry,physics,and biology,involving the application of essentia

40、lly abstract concepts to observed data. In the past these data were basically observation and subjective,but they are now increasingly physical and chemical,and therefore more objective. Geology,in general,and petroleum geology,in particular,still rely on value judgements based on experience and an

41、assessment of validity among the data presented.1、石油地質學是地質學( 巖石研究) 在油氣勘探開發和生產中的應用。地質學本身是以化學、物理和生物學為基礎，應用其基本的抽象理論概念來解釋觀察到的資料。在 過去，這些資料主要憑主觀觀察獲取。現在借助物理和化學手段，因而更具客觀性。從根本上講，地質學和石油地質學，仍然特別依賴于基于經驗的數值判斷和對現有資 料的有效性評估。2. The application of chemistry to the study of rocks (geochemistry) has many uses in petro

42、leum geology. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogical composition of rocks is important at many levels. In the early stages of exploration certain general conclusions as to the distribution and quality of potentialreservoircould be madef rom their gross lithology. For example,the porosity of sandsto

43、nes tends to be facies related,whereas in carbonate rocks this is generally not so. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogy of reservoirs enables estimates to be made of the rate at which they may lose porosity during burial,and this detailed mineralogical information is essential for the accurate inte

44、rpretation of geophysical well logs through reservoirs. Knowledge of the chemistry of pore fluids and their effect on the stability of minerals can be used to predict where porosity may be destroyed by cementation,preserved in its original form,or enhanced by solution of minerals by formation waters

45、.2、化學應用到石油地質的巖石研究( 地球化學) 中有許多作用。巖石礦物組分的詳細資料在許多方面很重要。在勘探早期，就潛在儲層的分布和質量我們可以從總的巖性得出某些通用的結論。例如，砂巖孔隙度一般與相有關，而一般在碳酸鹽巖中則并非如此。儲層礦物學的詳細知識可以幫助我們估計出在埋藏過程中孔隙度損失的速率。這樣詳細的礦物組分資料對于準確地解釋儲層地球物理測井非常必要。了解孔隙流體的化學組成及其對巖石穩定性的影響，有助于預測哪些地區孔隙度因膠結作用而變差，哪些地區孔隙度保持不變，哪些地區孔隙度因地層水的溶蝕作用而提高。3. Organic chemistry is involved both in

46、the analysis of oil and gas and in the study of the diagenesis of the plant and animal tissues in sediments and the way in which the resultant organic compound,kerogen,generates petroleum.3、有機化學則可應用于分析原油和天然氣，研究沉積物中植物和動物組織的成巖作用，研究動植物組織轉化為合成有機化合物，揭示由此而生成的有機化合物干酪根生 成石油的方式。4. The application of physics

47、to the study of rocks (geophysics) is very important in petroleum geology. In its broadest application geophysics makes a major contribution to understanding the earth's crust and,especially through the application of modern plate tectonic theory,the genesis and petroleum potential of sedimentar

48、y basins. More specially,physical concepts are required to understand folds,faults,and diapirs,and hence their roles in petroleum entrapment.4、在石油地質中，將物理應用到巖石研究(地球物理)中很重要。地球物理的廣泛應用對于了解地殼，尤其是應用了現代板塊構造理論后，對于了解沉積盆地的成因和潛在石油資源作出了重要貢獻。更為特別的是，在理解褶皺、斷層和底辟以及它們在石油圈閉過程中的作用時需要物理概念。5. Modern petroleum exploratio

49、n is unthinkable without the aid of magnetism,gravity,and seismic surveys in finding potential petroleum traps.Nor could any finds be evaluated effectively without geophysical wireline well logs to measure the lithology,porosity,and petroleum content of a reservoir.5、利用現代石油勘探手段尋找潛在的石油圈閉時，如果沒有地磁、重力和地

50、震勘探，是不可想象的。同樣，如果沒有地球物理電纜測井測量巖性、孔隙度和儲層中石油的含量，對任何發現的圈閉也不可能做到有效評價。6. Biology is applied to geology in several ways,notably through the study of fossils (paleontology),and is especially significant in establishing biostratigraphic zones for regional stratigraphical correlation. The shift in emphasis fro

51、m the use of macrofossils to microfossils for zonation,caused byoil exploration,has already been noted. Ecology,the study of the relationship between living organisms and their environment,isalso important in petroleumgeology. Carbonate sediments,in general,and reefs,in particular,can only bestudied

52、 profitably with the aid of a detailed knowledge of the ecology of modern marine fauna and flora. Biology,and especially biochemistry,is important in studying the transformation of plant and animal tissues into kerogen during burial and the generation of oil or gas that may be caused by this transfo

53、rmation.6、生物學可以從幾個方面應用于地質學。較為明顯的是用于化石研究( 古生物學) ，同時，生物學對區域地層對比和建立生物層序地層帶具有極為重要的意義。由石油勘探引起的劃帶重點化石已經顯然由大化石轉移到微體化石。生態學，即研究生物與其環境之間關系的科學，在石油地質中也很重要。碳酸鹽巖沉積物，特別是生物礁，只有在現代海洋動物群落和植物群落生態學詳細資料的幫助下才能獲得有益的研究成果。生物學，尤其是生物化學，對于埋藏過程中動植物組織轉化為干酪根并由此生成石油和天然氣的研究很重要。7. Geologists,in contrast to some nongeologists,believe

54、 that knowledge ofthe concepts of geology can help to find petroleum and,furthermore,often think that petroleum geology and petroleum exploration are synonyms,which they are not. Theories that petroleum is not formed by the transformation of organic matter in sediments have already been noted and ar

55、e examined in more detail.If the petroleum geologists' view of oil generation and migration are not accepted,then present exploration methods would need extensive modification.7、地質學家相對于非地質學家來說，更相信了解地質概念有助于尋找石油。而且，常常認為石油地質和石油勘探是同義詞，而實際上并非如此。石油并不是由沉積物中的有機物轉化而來的理論已經引起人們的關注，并在許多細節問題上得以證實。如果石油地質學者關于油

56、氣生成和運移的觀點不被接受，那么目前的勘探方法需要大幅度 改變。8. Some petroleum explorationists still do not admit to a need for geologists to aid them in their search. In 1982 a successful oil finder fromMidland,Texas,admitted to not using geologists because when his competitorshired them,all it did was to increase their costs

57、per barrelof oil found. TheSouth African State Oil Company( SOEKOR)i s under a statutory obligation imposed by its government to put to the test every claim to an oil-finding method,beit a dowsing or some sophisticated scientific technique. These examples arenot isolated cases,and it has been argued

58、 that oil may better be found by random drilling than by the appliance of scientific principles.8、一些石油勘探家仍然不承認在找油過程中需要地質學家的幫助。1982年，一位德州米德蘭油田的發現者聲稱沒有雇傭地質學家。他的對手雇傭了地質學家，結果只是增加了每桶原油的成本。南非國家石油公司在政府法律強行規定下，對每種發現石油的方法 （ 尋找礦藏和水源機械方法或復雜的科學方法）必須進行測驗。上述事例并非是獨一無二的，它說明尋找石油可能的較好方法是隨機鉆探，而不是應用科學原理。Unit FourThe Future of Energy 能源的未來Viewpoints: It's the End of Oil / Oil Is Here to Stay觀點：石油的終結/ 石油仍有潛力1.It's the End of Oil 石油的終結2. World oil production is about to reach a peak and go into its final decline. For years,a handful of petroleum geologists,including me,have been predicting peak oil