1、P192.6 MobilityGSM is a cellular telephone system that supports mobility over a large area. Unlike cordless telephone systems, it provides location,roaming, and hand-over. GSM是移動電話系統,在一個大面積內支持流動性。與無線電話系統相比,它還能提供定,漫游和區域切換等。2.6.1 Location AreaThe ability to locate a user is not supported in first-gene

2、ration cellular systems. This means that when a mobile is called, the network has to broadcast the notification of this call in all the radio coverage. In GSM, however, location areas (LAs, which are groups of cells, are defined by the operator. The system is able to identify the LA in which the sub

3、scriber is located. This way, when a user receives a call, the notification (or paging is only transmitted in this area. This is far more efficient, since the physical resource use is limited.第一代蜂窩系統不能夠準確找到用戶所在位臵。這意味著,當有一個電話被叫時,網絡得在無線信號覆蓋的整個區域內發出該電話的通知。然而在GSM網絡中,位置區域(LAs即若干個小區組成的區群,由經營者指定。該系統能夠確定用戶所

4、在的位置區域。這樣,當用戶收到一個電話,通知(或傳呼只在這個區域內轉交。這是更為有效,盡管物理資源的使用是有限的。Roaming In particular, the GSM system has the capability of international roaming, or the ability to make and receive phone calls to and from other nations as if one has never left home. This is possible because bilateral agreements have been

5、signed between the different operators, to allow GSM mobile clients to take advantage of GSM services with the same subscription when traveling to different countries, as if they has a subscription to the local network. To allow this, the SIM cark contains a list of the networks with which a roaming

6、 agreement exists. When a user is roaming to a foreign country, the mobile phone automatically starts a search for a network stipulated on the SIM card list. The choice of a network is performed automatically, and if more than one network is given in the list, the choice is based on the order in whi

7、ch the operators appear. This order can be changed by the user. The home PLMN is the network in which the user has subscribed, while the visited PLMN often refers to the PLMN in which the user is roaming. When a user receives a call on a visited PLMN, the transfer of the call from the home PLMN to t

8、he visited PLAN is charged to the called user by his operator.特別是, GSM系統支持國際漫游,能夠在其它國家發起或接收呼叫,就像在自己家里一樣。這是可能的,因為不同運營商之間的雙邊協定已經簽署了,允許GSM移動的客戶在不同的國家旅行時能夠利用GSM服務,就像它們已經訂購了本地網絡一樣。為了實現這一點, SIM卡中包含了一個網絡清單,其中包含有漫游協議。當用戶漫游到國外,手機自動開始搜索SIM卡清單上規定的網絡。選擇網絡是自動執行的,如果列表中的網絡有多個,則根據運營商規定的順序進行選擇。選擇順序可以被用戶修改。主PLMN是指用戶已

9、在此認購的網絡,而通常指的是用戶漫游到的網絡。當用戶在訪問PLMN收到一個電話,從主PLMN 到訪問PLMN的轉移呼叫由他的運營商記入被叫用戶。2.6.3 HandoverWhen the user is moving from one cell to the other during a cell, the radio link between BTS 1 and the MS can be replaced by another link, between BTS 2 and the MS. The continuity of the call can be performed in a

10、seamless way for the user. This is called handover. Which respect to dual-band telephones, one interesting feature is called the dual-band handover. It allows the user in an area covered both by the GSM-900 and by the DCS-1800 frequency bands, for instance,to be able to transfer automatically from o

11、ne system to the other in the middle of a call. 2.6.3 當用戶正在從一個小區轉入另一個小區,BTS 1和用戶之間的無線信號鏈接可轉至。BTS 2和用戶之間的無線信號鏈接。通話的連續性可為用戶提供一個無縫的連接。這就是所謂的移交。這方面的雙頻電話,一個有趣的特點是所謂的雙頻段切換。它允許用戶在一個覆蓋了GSM-900和DCS-1800頻帶的區域內能夠在一次通話中自動地從一個系統轉移到另一個系統中。2.7 Beacon ChannelFor each BTS of a GSM network, one frequency channel is u

12、sed to broadcast general signaling information about this cell. This particular carrier frequency is called a beacon channel, and it is transmitted by the BTS with the maximum power used in the cell, so that every MS in the cell is able to receive it. 對于GSM網絡中的每個基站,使用其中一個信道來承載該小區的主要信號。這種特殊的載波頻率被稱為信標

13、信道,它在整個小區中的功率最大,使小區中的每個用戶能夠收到它。2.8 MS Idle ModeWhen it is not in communication, but still powered on, the MS is said to be in idle mode. This means that it is in a low consumption mode, but synchronized to the network and able to receive or initiate calls.2.8 當用戶處于開機狀態但不在進行通信時,可視為待機模式。這就是說,此時它處于低耗狀態

14、,但和網絡同步,并能夠接收或發起呼叫。UNIT 14Immersive interactive technology is one of the modern DSP topics its at the intersection of the traditionally separate areas of computer animation , computer vision , graphics ,speech and audio processing ,image and video processing , and communications.沉浸式的交互技術是現代的 DSP 課題之

15、一 -它的計算機動畫、計算機視覺、圖形、語音和音頻處理、圖像和視頻處理和通訊的傳統上不同區域的交叉點。The topic of this special issue is immersive interactive technologies .It represents one of the “modern”topic in DSP and is at the intersection of the traditionally separate areas of computer animation,computer vision,graphics,speech and audio proce

16、ssing,image and video processing, and communications(not to mention psychology,physiology,kinesiology,and control.Such R&D topics act as a catalyst in bringing together researchers from outside the digital signal processing area,and this is clear by looking at the authors in this issue. Each article

17、 brings a different perspective to the discussion.這個特殊問題的主題是沉浸式交互技術.它代表了DSP的“現代”的主題之一,是在計算機動畫,計算機視覺,圖像,語音和音頻處理,圖像和視頻處理的傳統獨立區域的交叉身臨其境的互動技術和通信(更不用說心理學,生理學,運動學和控制。這類研發課題作為從數字信號處理領域外匯集研究的催化劑,這是看在這個問題上的明確的作者。每篇文章帶來不同的角度來討論。The objective of immersive interactive technologies is to build a virtual environm

18、ent that provides users with the sense of immersion. In virtual conferencing and collaboration applications,for example,the objective is to give participants the feeling that they share the same three-dimensional (3-D space. Even when thousands of miles away,thesystem allows participants to have the

19、 same possibilities in interacting as if they were physically in a single office,lab,or conference room. They can look at the same blueprint or blackboard (or whiteboard,and they can all touch and interact with the same 3-D object. There are numerous efforts and products directed towards this object

20、ive,but there is much progress to be made before we achieve a truly immersive environment. A colleague was telling me that he has tried all means available to him to keep remotely advising his students.Still nothing he finds can replace the experience of flying back and sitting at the same table wit

21、h his students and colleagues.沉浸式互動技術的目標是建立一個虛擬的環境,為用戶提供沉浸感。在虛擬會議和協作應用程序,例如,目的是讓參與者感覺一下他們共享同一個三維 (3-D 空間。甚至當數千英里遠,該系統允許參與者有相同的可能性在相互作用好像他們身體在單一的辦公室、實驗室或會議里可以看看相同的藍圖或黑板(或白板,和他們可以接觸并與相同的三維對象進行交互。有很多的努力和產品針對這一目標,但有很大的進步,直到我們實現真正實現一個身臨其境的環境。一位同事告訴我他曾向他提供的一切手段繼續遠程指導他的學生。他仍然沒有發現可以替代飛回來,與他的學生和同事坐在同一張桌子的感覺。

22、Another objective of immersive interactive technologies is to augment the physical worId experience of an individual.These systems are typically the subject of science fiction literature and movies.For example, a user is tracked by a “Machine”and his or intentions and thoughts and moods are understo

23、od by the machine automatically at all times.The person is not constrained to sit at the desk in front of the monitor(getting computer “off the desktop”,“pervading”the physical word,and connecting with what other users are doing are different definitions of ubiquitous computingor hold or wear(wearab

24、le computinga portable device that is wirelessly connected to the rest of the world( ubiquitous communications Instead,every motion,facial actions expression,or even secret thought(as described by his/her EKGis interpreted(multimodal interaction.沉浸式互動技術的另一個目的是增加個人的物理世界經驗。這些系統通常是科幻文學和電影的主題,例如,用戶被“機器”

25、跟蹤及自動的理解他或意圖,思想和情緒。人不在受限坐在辦公桌在顯示器前(讓電腦從桌面遍及物理字,并連接其他正在做有不同的定義無處不在的計算的用戶,持有或穿(可穿戴計算無線連接到世界其他地區的便攜式設備(無處不在的通信。相反,每一個動作,面部表情動作,甚至秘密思想(如由他/她的心電圖被解釋(多模式交互。Unit 15 Computer System Overview (計算機系統概述A computer is tool for mainpulating and storing information. Generally speaking, A compute r is an electronic

26、 device that can accept input, process it according to a set of instructions, store the instructions and the results of processing, and produce results as its output.計算機是為控制和存儲信息的工具。一般來說,一臺計算機是一種電子裝置,可以接受輸入,處理它根據一系列指令集,存儲的指示和處理結果,并產生作為其輸出結果。15.1 Digital Computer (數字計算機The digital computer is a digit

27、al system that performs various computation tasks. The word “digital” implies that the information in the computer is represented by variables that take a limite d number of discrete values. The decimal digits 0, 1, 2, , 9, for example, provide 10 discrete values. The first electronic digital comput

28、ers, developed in the late 1940s, were used primarily for nu merical computations. In this case the discrete elements are the digits. From this application the t erm digital computer has emerged. In practice, digital computers function is more reliable if only two states are used. Because of the phy

29、sical restriction of components, and because human logic tends to be binary, digital components that are constrained to take discrete values are further co nstrained to take only two values and are said to be binary.數字式計算機是數字系統,執行各種計算任務。單詞“數字化”意味著在計算機信息由變量采取了數量有限的離散值的代表。十進制數字0,1,2,.,9,例如: 提供10個離散值。第

30、一臺電子數字計算機的,在20世紀40年代末開發的,他們主要用于數值計算。在這種情況下,離散元素的數字。從這個數字電腦一詞出現了應用。在實踐中,數位電腦的功能是更可靠,如果只有兩個國家的使用。由于組件的物理限制,因為人的邏輯往往是二進制,是采取限制離散值的數字組成部分進一步限制到只需要兩個值,并說是二進制。Digital computer use the binary number system, which has two digits: 0 and 1. A binary digit is called one bit.Information is represented in digita

31、l computer in groups of bits. By using various coding techniques , groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary numbers but also oth er discrete symbols, such as decimal digits or letters of the alphabet For example, American Stan dard Code for Information Interchange originally used 7 bi

32、ts to form a character .By judicious use of binary arrangements and by using various coding techniques , the groups of bits are used to d evelop complete sets of instructions for performing various types of computations. In contrast to the common decimal numbers that employ the base 10 system . bina

33、ry number use a base 2 syst em with two digits : 0 and 1 . The decimal equivalent of a binary number can be found by expandi ng it into a power series with a base of 2.數字計算機使用二進制數字系統,它有兩個數字:0和1的二進制數稱為一個位。信息被表示在數字計算機中比特組。通過使用各種編碼技術,比特組可以由表示不僅二進制數,還包括其他的離散符號,如十進制數或字母。例如字母,美國標準信息交換碼最初用于7位組合形成一個字符。通過明智地

34、使用二進制安排和通過使用各種編碼技術,被使用的比特的組來開發成套指令,用于執行各種類型的計算。在對比的是使用底座10系統的共同的十進制數。二進制數用一個基座2系統用兩個數字:0和1。的二進制數的十進制等效可以通過展開成冪級數為2的基被發現。A computer system consists of hardware system and software system.The hardware systemis the physical equipment that you can see and touch,such as the disks and the screen.The softw

35、a re system is the intangible control that governs the computer;it is the total of all the programs th at can be run on the computer.A program is list of instructions.Programs tell the hardware what t o do. The hardware of the computer is usually divided into three major parts: input and output devi

36、ces (I/O devices,a Central Processing Unit(CPU,and memory.Software ca n be classified according to its purpose. Application software is designed to accomplish real-world tasks in fields such as accounting, entertainment, and enginerring. If youve ever played a video g ame or typed a paper on a word

37、processor, youve already had some experience with application software programs. System software, on the other hand, controls the computer system itself. Syst em software includes not only the complex programs used by technicians create application soft ware in the first place but also the organizat

38、ional programs needed to start up the computer and govern its use of other programs.計算機系統由硬件系統和軟件系統的硬件系統是物理設備,你可以看到和觸摸,如磁盤和screen.The軟件系統,是無形的控制,支配的電腦,它是總所有的,可以在程序運行的computer.A方案是instructions.Programs名單告訴硬件該怎么做。計算機的硬件通常分為三個主要部分:輸入和輸出設備(I / O設備,中央處理單元(CPU和memory.Software可分為根據其用途。應用軟件設計等領域實現會計,娛樂現實世界的

39、任務和工科。如果你打過一個視頻游戲或鍵入一個字處理器文件,你已經有一些應用軟件方案的經驗。系統軟件另一方面,控制計算機系統本身。系統軟件不僅包括由技術人員使用復雜的程序創建擺在首位,但還需要應用軟件啟動計算機并指導其使用其他方案的組織方案。15.2 Data Types(數據類型Binary information in digital computers is stored in memory or processor registers. Registers contain either data or control information . Control information i

40、s a bit or a group of bits used to specify the sequence of command signals needed for manipulation of the data in other registers. Data are numbers and other binary-code information that are operated on to achieve required co mputational results. Now, we present the most common types of data found i

41、n digital computer r egisters.在計算機的二進制數字信息存儲在內存或處理器寄存器。寄存器包含數據或控制信息。控制信息是位或1位的組使用指定的命令信號序列在其他寄存器的數據處理需要。數據是數字和其他二進制代碼信息的經營,以達到預期的計算結果。現在,我們目前在數字計算機寄存器發現數據的最常見的類型。The data types found in the registers of digital computers may be classified as being one of t he following categories:數據類型存在于計算機的登記數字可能被視

42、作下列類別之一分類:Numeric data can often be represented as integers. In unsigned integers, an n-bit value can r ange from 0 to 2n-1.An n-bit signed integer can have any value between -2n-1 and2n - 1 - 1,inclus ive.Both formats can be used in arithmetic algorithms. Some numeric data cannot be represente d in

43、 integers. These values, which typically include fractional portions, are represented in floating point format in computers. A computer may have special registers and instructions exclusively for floating point data.數字數據通常可以表示為整數。在無符號整數,一個n位的值的范圍從0到2n - 1.An n 位有符號整數之間可以有任何價值,為2n - 1和2n - 1 - 1,包括所述

44、限度的格式可用于算術算法。有些數字數據不能代表整數。這些值,這通常包括小數部分,是代表在計算機浮點格式。計算機可能有專為特殊寄存器,浮點數據和指令。The Boolean values TRUE and FALSE are used often enough to warrant having their own data type, Boolean, and assembly language instructions. Typically, a data value is set to zero to repres ent FALSE and any nonzero value for T

45、RUE . Boolean assembly language instructions can perform logical operations on these values. Unlike logical instructions, which generate one result per bit o f the operands. Boolean instructions generate only one result. To illustrate the difference, conside r the case in which A=0000 0010 and B=000

46、0 0001. The logical AND of these binary values produc es the result 0000 0000. However, if they are Boolean values, A and B are both TRUE, since they a re both nonzero. Their Boolean AND must produce a result of TRUE, represented by a nonzero value.布爾值TRUE和FALSE的使用頻率足以保證他們有自己的數據類型,布爾,和匯編語言指令。通常,一個數據

47、值設置為0表示為真,假和任何非零值。布爾匯編語言指令可以對這些值邏輯運算。不像邏輯指令,產生每一個操作數位結果。布爾指令只生成一個結果。為了說明區別,考慮的案件中,甲和乙= 0000 = 0000 0010 0001。邏輯和這些二進制值產生結果0000 0000。但是,如果他們是布爾值,A和B都為TRUE,因為它們都是非零。他們必須出示布爾和結果為TRUE,由一個非零值代表。Computers must also deal with character data. The characters are stored as binary values en coded using ASCII,

48、EBCDIC, UNICODE, or some other character encoding standards. Rather than a rithmetically or logically manipulating characters, a computer may concatenate strings of charact ers, replace some characters with others, or otherwise manipulate characters strings.計算機還必須處理字符數據。字符存儲為二進制值編碼使用ASCII,EBCDIC,UNI

49、CODE 或其他字符編碼標準。而非算術或邏輯操作字符,字符的計算機可能會連接字符串,替換他人的,或者以其他方式操縱某些字符的字符字符串。15.3 The Evolution of Computer (計算機的演變The first large-scale electronic computer was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Compu ter(ENIAC ,which became operational in 1946.From that start ,computer have developed throug h four so-

50、called generations,or stages,each one characterized by smaller size,and less expense th an its predecessor.第一個大型電子計算機是電子數字積分計算機(ENIAC的,這成為1946. 自從那開始,電腦已通過了四個時代階段,每一個都有規模小的特點,和花費的費用比它的前身少。15.3.1 First Generation (1944 1958In the earliest general-purpose computer,most input and output media were punc

51、hed cards and magnetic tape. Main memory was almost exclusively made up of hundreds of vacuum tubes-although one computer used a magnetic drum for main memory.These computers were somewh at unreliable because the vacuum tubes failed frequently.They were also slower than any microco mputer used today

52、,produced a tremendous amount of heat,and were very large.They could run o nly one program at a time.在最早的通用計算機,大多數的輸入和輸出媒體穿孔卡片和磁帶。主記憶體幾乎完全由數百個真空管的,盡管一臺計算機上使用一個主貯記計算機磁鼓是有點不可靠,因為電子管經常不起作用.它們也高于目前使用的微機慢,制作了大量熱,而且非常龐大,它們可以每次只運行一個程序。It was during this period that symbolic languages were developed.Symboli

53、c languages use sy mbols made up of letters and numbers to stand for 0 and 1 of machine language.正是在這一時期,符號語言被發展.符號語言的使用由字母和數字組成,以0和1為機器語言。15.3.2 Second Generation (1959 1964In the second generation of computers,transistors replaced vacuum tubes.Although Invente d in 1948,the first all-transistor co

54、mputer did not become available until 1959.Transistors are smaller and less expensive than vacuum tubes, and they operate faster and produce less heat.在第二代計算機,晶體管取代真空管.盡管在1948年發明的第一臺全晶體管計算機沒有到位,直到1959.晶體管比較小,不比真空管昂貴,而且操作速度更快,產生更少的熱量。And the second generation of computers was given auxiliary storage,

55、sometimes called exter nal of secondary storage . Data was stored outside computer on either magnetic tape or magneti c disk.The use of auxiliary storage ended the limitation on how much data the computer could sto re and reduced the use of punched cards. Using magnetic tapes for input and output op

56、erations i ncreased the speed of computer.而第二代計算機給予輔助存儲,有時所謂的二級存儲外部。數據存儲在計算機以外的任何磁帶或磁存儲磁盤。使用輔助結束多少數據可以存儲在計算機上,降低了打孔卡使用的限制。使用輸入和輸出操作磁帶增加了計算機的速度。In addition, improvements were made in the symbolic programming languages.Many new pr ogramming languages were designed , including COBOL in 1960.More and mo

57、re businesses and o rganizations were beginning to use computers for their data processing needs.New languages we re more like English than the earlier ones ,making programming the computer much easier.此外,改進了的符號編程語言。許多新的編程語言,設計,包括1960.更多的企業和組織開始使用COBOL是為他們的計算機做數據處理需求。新的語言比英語更早,使計算機編程更容易。The expense

58、item should be emphasized.The cost of a computer during the first,Second ,and part of the third generations represented a significant protion of a companys budget .Computers were expensive. Cost per instruction executes can be used to compare the cost of computers ove r the last three decades. Signi

59、ficant innovations,spurred by intense competition,have resulted in enormous increases in computer performance and substantial reduction in price . This trend ,esta blished with the introduction of second-generation computers,continues today.項目的費用應在第一,第二,和第三代電腦被強調。部分成本代表了公司的預算明顯可逆。計算機昂貴。每個指令執行成本可以用來比較在過去30年來計算機的成本。重大創新,通過激烈的競爭刺激,導致計算機性能和價格的大幅減少也大幅增加。這種趨勢,隨著第二代計算機的引進建立,今天仍在繼續。P127頁CPUA processor , also called a central processing unit o